What Role Does Sugar Play in the Body?
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Metabolism of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Glucose Is the Most Common Monosaccharide Consumed by Humans
Metabolism of Monosaccharides and disaccharides Glucose is the most common monosaccharide consumed by humans. Two other monosaccharides that occur in significant amounts in the diet are fructose and galactose. Galactose is an important component of cell structural carbohydrates. Catabolism of fructose and galactose are essential pathways of energy metabolism in the body (both illustrated with blue in the adjacent diagram). About 15-20% of calories in the diet are supplied by fructose (55 g/day). The major source of fructose is the disaccharide sucrose. Entry of fructose is not dependent on insulin. Galactose is an important component Of cell structural carbohydrates. Fructose needs to be phosphorylated to enter the pathway either by hexokinase or fructokinase. Hexokinase has low affinity towards fructose (high Km) therefore unless high concentrations of fructose exist very little fructose will be converted to Fructose 6-P. Fructokinase provides the main mechanism of phosphorylation to fructose 1-P, Fructose 1-P does not convert to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate but is metabolized to Glyceraldehyde and DHAP by aldolase B. DHAP can enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis while Glyceraldehyde can be metabolized by a number of pathways. The rate of fructose metabolism is more rapid than that of glucose because trioses formed from fructose 1-phosphate bypass PFK1, the rate limiting step in glycolisis. What disorders are associated with fructose metabolism? Where? First lets summarize the various routes of Fructose metabolism in the diagram. Disorders of fructose metabolism can result from excessive fructose consumption. An increase in fructose 1-P due to rapid phosphorylation. This accumulation leads to sequestering of phosphate (A & B). -
Relationships Among Impurity Components, Sucrose, and Sugarbeet Processing Quality
2 Journal of Sugar Beet Research Vol. 52 Nos. 1 & 2 Relationships Among Impurity Components, Sucrose, and Sugarbeet Processing Quality L. G. Campbell and K.K. Fugate USDA-ARS Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102-2765 Corresponding author: Larry Campbell ([email protected]) DOI: 10.5274/jsbr.52.1.2 ABSTRACT Sodium, potassium, amino-nitrogen, and invert sugar are nat- urally-occurring constituents of the sugarbeet root, referred to as impurities, which impede sucrose extraction during rou- tine factory operations. Three germplasm lines selected for low sodium, potassium, or amino-nitrogen and a line selected for high amino-nitrogen concentration from the same parental population and two lines selected from another source, one for high and the other for low amino-nitrogen concentration, were the basis for examining relationships among the impurity components and between the impurity components and sucrose concentration, sucrose loss to mo- lasses, and sucrose extraction rate. Concentrations of the three impurity components were altered through selection; however, in no case did this result in a consistent significant increase in sucrose concentration or estimates of the propor- tion of the sucrose that would be extracted. Correlation analyses indicated a larger role for sodium than for potas- sium or amino-nitrogen in determining relative sucrose con- centration. Selection for low sodium concentration, however, did not increase the percent extractable sucrose, relative to the parental population. The probability of significant im- provement in the processing quality of elite germplasm by re- ducing the concentration of individual impurity components appears to be low, based upon the populations examined in this study. -
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Handout
HEALTH INDICATOR 13: HEALTH INDICATOR 1:SUGAR-SWEETENED INDIVIDUALS BELOW BEVERAGE 200% FEDERAL CONSUMPTION POVERTY LEVEL (FPL) DESIRED RESULT: REDUCE OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY DESIRED RESULT: DECREASE THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY Rationale for Selection: CURRENT TARGET Rationale for Selection: Obesity continues to be a concern in North Carolina. Sugar-sweetened 33.6%CURRENT 17.0%TARGET (Youth-2017) (Youth) beveragesIncome (SSB) level are the is aleading strong source predictor of calories of a andperson’s added access sugars toin 36.8% 27% the Americanresources diet. and health status. Low income restricts access to 34.2%(2013-17) 20.0% (Adults-2017) (Adults) quality housing, transportation, food, and education, which Context F, G Obesity islimits one of the opportunities largest contributors tofor morbidity people and mortality to live healthy lives. DEFINITION DEFINITION 102 Percent of youth and adults reporting in the United States, for both youth and adults. Across all ages, the “Sugar-sweetened Percent of individuals with incomes at or consumption of one or more sugar- rates of obesity continue to rise. For years, efforts to reduce overweight beverages (SSBs) are below 200% of the FPL sweetened beverages (SSBs) per day and obesityContext have largely been focused on physical activity and healthy the leading dietary eating (e.g., fruit and vegetable intake). New efforts are also targeting Poverty is directly linked to negative health outcomes. Income is centralsource to ofaccessing added resources sugar DETAILSDETAILS sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, which is directly linked Not applicable needed to be healthy such as safe housing, nutritious food, education, and transportation,103 Youth (high school students) and adults to obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and dental problems.103 for Americans. -
The Toxic Truth About Sugar Added Sweeteners Pose Dangers to Health That Justify Controlling Them Like Alcohol, Argue Robert H
COMMENT ECOLOGY How elephants NEUROSCIENCE The LITERATURE How Charles OBITUARY Philip Lawley and the could reduce fire risk in source of the self in Dickens drew on science, but discovery that DNA damage Australia p.30 the brain’s wiring p.31 left room for wonder p.32 can cause cancer p.36 ILLUSTRATION BY MARK SMITH BY ILLUSTRATION The toxic truth about sugar Added sweeteners pose dangers to health that justify controlling them like alcohol, argue Robert H. Lustig, Laura A. Schmidt and Claire D. Brindis. ast September, the United Nations will have a normal lifespan. Conversely, up declared that, for the first time in SUMMARY to 40% of normal-weight people develop human history, chronic non-commu- ● Sugar consumption is linked to a rise the diseases that constitute the metabolic Lnicable diseases such as heart disease, cancer in non-communicable disease syndrome: diabetes, hypertension, lipid and diabetes pose a greater health burden ● Sugar’s effects on the body can be problems, cardiovascular disease and worldwide than do infectious diseases, similar to those of alcohol non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Obesity contributing to 35 million deaths annually. ● Regulation could include tax, limiting is not the cause; rather, it is a marker for This is not just a problem of the developed sales during school hours and placing metabolic dysfunction, which is even more world. Every country that has adopted the age limits on purchase prevalent. Western diet — one dominated by low-cost, The UN announcement targets tobacco, highly processed food — has witnessed rising alcohol and diet as the central risk factors rates of obesity and related diseases. -
17 Products You Didn't Know Had Added Sugar
17 Products you didn’t know had added sugar! Adapted from Healthline.com 1. Low-Fat Yogurt Yogurt can be a highly nutritious food. However, not all yogurt is created equal. Like many other low-fat products, low-fat yogurts have sugar added to them to enhance flavor. It's best to choose full-fat, natural or Greek yogurt. 2. BBQ Sauce BBQ sauce can make a tasty marinade or dip. However, 2 tablespoons of it can contain around 14 grams of sugar, or over 3 teaspoons. In fact, up to 40% of the weight of BBQ sauce may be pure sugar. 3. Ketchup Ketchup is one of the most popular condiments worldwide, but like BBQ sauce, it is often loaded with sugar. A single tablespoon of ketchup contains 1 teaspoon of sugar. 4. Fruit Juice It usually takes a lot of fruit to produce a single glass of fruit juice, so you get much more sugar in a glass of juice than you would get by eating whole fruit. This makes it easy to consume a large amount of sugar quickly. It's best to choose whole fruit and minimize your intake of fruit juices. 5. Spaghetti Sauce All spaghetti sauces will contain some natural sugar given that they're made with tomatoes. However, many spaghetti sauces have extra sugar added to them as well. Check the ingredient list! 6. Sports Drinks Sports drinks can often be mistaken as a healthy choice for those who exercise. However, sports drinks are designed to hydrate and fuel trained athletes during prolonged, intense periods of exercise. -
Calories Are Different DEPENDING on WHERE THEY COME FROM, THEY HAVE a DIFFERENT EFFECT
, ,, ,, LET S DEBUNK THIS MYTH: ALL CALORIES SHOULD BE TREATED EQUALLY This myth is a dangerous assumption Threatening our health COUNTING CALORIES HAS BEEN MISLEADING! a calorie IS A unit OF measurEMENT Conventionally used The system dates back It fails to accurately reveal to measure the amount of to the 1900s; it is useful what happens to energy from energy that foods produce but also inadequate foods once in our body WE BURN DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF CALORIES TO DIGEST DIFFERENT FOOD FIBERS PROTEINS FATS You eat 160 calories in It takes twice as much energy All fats are 9 calories/gram. almonds, but only absorb to metabolize protein than it But omega-3 fats are 130 because some fiber takes to metabolize carbs heart-healthy, while trans calories pass through (more calories are fats will clog your arteries without metabolizing spent in processing it) and kill you then calories are different DEPENDING ON WHERE THEY COME FROM, THEY HAVE A DIFFERENT EFFECT High-risk diseases Type 2 diabetes , reached epidemic a DANGEROUS LEVELS, AND are metabolic diSEASE, linked to sugar IS NOW AN IMMINENT overconsumption RISK FOR CHILDREN Sugar is like alcohol for a child. The food industry targets customers Without limits, sugar can cause at early ages, with tactics like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease those used by the tobacco industry 20 years ago, type 2 diabetes Today, in the U.S. there are was so rarely found in children that 60,000 children with cases were reported in medical journals type 2 diabetes companies FILL our foods with tons of HIDDEN ADDED SUGAR 61 names like rice Soft drinks contain The average breakfast 74% of all food items syrup, barley malt and 37% of all added cereal likely exceeds the in U.S. -
FOOD ALLERGEN LABELING All Food Labels Printed After Jan
FOOD ALLERGEN LABELING All food labels printed after Jan. 1, 2006 Must comply with the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA) • Eight foods or food groups have been identified as causing 90% of all documented food allergies & represent the foods most likely to result in severe or life-threatening reactions. • These 8 are: peanuts, tree nuts (e.g., walnuts, hazel nuts, almonds), soybeans, wheat, eggs, milk, fish (e.g., bass, flounder, cod), & crustacean shellfish (e.g., crab, lobster, shrimp). Tree nuts, fish, and crustacean shellfish must be listed by individual name, not as group term such as “tree nuts”. • FALCPA requires that food manufacturers label food products that contain an ingredient that is one of the eight major allergens or that contains protein from a major food allergen in one of the following ways: 1. The ingredient statement lists by name all of the allergenic ingredients in the food, for instance: INGREDIENTS: WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR, WATER, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL, MILK, EGGS, YEAST, SALT. or 2. The name of the food source is listed in parenthesis following the common or usual name of the major food allergen in the list of ingredients when the name of the food source of the major allergen isn’t a required part of the ingredient name. INGREDIENTS: ENRICHED FLOUR (WHEAT FLOUR, MALTED BARLEY, NIACIN, REDUCED IRON, THIAMIN MONONITRATE, RIBOFLAVIN, FOLIC ACID), SUGAR, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL, AND/OR COTTONSEED OIL, HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, WHEY (MILK), ALBUMIN (EGGS), VANILLA, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FLAVORING), SALT, LEAVENING (SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE, MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE), SOY LECITHIN, MONO-AND DIGLYCERIDES (EMULSIFIER). -
Is There Hidden Sugar in Your Drink?
Is There Hidden Sugar in Your Drink? Anjali Shankar 9th Grade Moravian Academy Upper School June 5th, 2020 Motivation - I have a big passion for the medical field, showed by last year’s project. - Food labels and nutrition have caught my eye and are important when eating. How do glucose levels Research in different drinks change after adding Question an invertase enzyme? Given that the invertase enzyme breaks down sucrose, glucose levels will rise after adding the enzyme because the sucrose will convert to Hypothesis glucose and fructose. Coca Cola will have the most glucose because it has the most calories of each drink. Glucose - Chemical compound in the body - C6H12O6 - Comes from food and drink - Generally rich in sugars/carbohydrates - Used for many purposes: - Used to make energy (ATP) in cellular respiration - Stores energy - Used to build carbohydrates Chemical Reaction - A chemical reaction transfers a set of compounds into another - Reactants: Enter into a chemical reaction - Products: Compounds produced by the reaction - Catalyst: Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction - Enzyme: Biological catalysts; usually proteins The formula for this experiment is: Invertase Sucrose + Water Glucose + Fructose Invertase C12H22O11 + H20 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 In the Body - The most common sugar is eaten as sucrose. - Also known as table sugar - It is broken down in the body into glucose and fructose through a chemical reaction during digestion. - Fructose: Contains the same elements as glucose, but has a different chemical construction - Often used to make more glucose - The reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme named sucrase. - Modeled by invertase in experiment - The pancreas monitors blood sugar, or amount of glucose in the body. -
Sugar, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cancer
Sugar, metabolic syndrome, and cancer Robert H. Lustig, M.D., M.S.L. Emeritus Professor Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics Institute for Health Policy Studies University of California, San Francisco Adjunct Faculty UC Hastings College of the Law U. Nevada-Reno, November 6, 2017 Disclosures Obesity and Cancer Obesity is a risk factor for cancer Lustig and Bradlow, In: Gagel et al. Int Medicine and Cancer, 2011 Obesity is a risk factor for certain cancers Lustig and Bradlow, In: Gagel et al. Int Medicine and Cancer, 2011 Relative risk of individual cancers due to obesity in 5.2 million UK adults, with smoking removed Bhaskaran et al. Lancet 14 Aug 2014, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8 International Agency for Research on Cancer Lauby-Secretan et al. N Engl J Med 375:794, 2016 • Education and awareness • Clinical guidance, tools, resources • Research promotion • Policy and advocacy • Weight management in cancer survivors J Clin Oncol Oct 1, 2014 But is it just about the calories? Obesity is the problem (?) Obesity is the problem (?) It’s about calories and obesity — or is it? Basu et al. PLoS One 8:e58783, 2013 It’s about calories and obesity — or is it? Basu et al. PLoS One 8:e58783, 2013 It’s about calories and obesity — or is it? Basu et al. PLoS One 8:e58783, 2013 It’s about calories and obesity — or is it? Basu et al. PLoS One 8:e58783, 2013 Diabetes is NOT a subset of obesity • Obesity is increasing worldwide by 1% per year • Diabetes is increasing worldwide by 4% per year Secular trend in diabetes among U.S. -
Sugars Amount Per Serving Calories 300 Calories from Fat 45
Serving Size 1 package (272g) Servings Per Container 1 Sugars Amount Per Serving Calories 300 Calories from Fat 45 % Daily Value* What They Are Total Fat 5g 8% Sugars are the smallest and simplest type of carbohydrate. They are easily Saturated Fat 1.5g 8% digested and absorbed by the body. Trans Fat 0g Cholesterol 30mg 10% There are two types of sugars, and most foods contain some of each kind. Sodium 430mg 18% Total Carbohydrate 55g 18% Single sugars (monosaccharides) Sugars that contain two molecules of Dietary Fiber 6g 24% are small enough to be absorbed sugar linked together (disaccharides) are Sugars 23g directly into the bloodstream. broken down in your body into single sugars. Protein 14g They include: They include: Vitamin A 80% Fructose Sucrose (table sugar ) = glucose + fructose Vitamin C 35% Calcium 6% Galactose Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose Iron 15% Glucose Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your Daily Values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs: Calories: 2,000 2,500 Total Fat Less than 65g 80g Where They Are Found Saturated Fat Less than 20g 25g Cholesterol Less than 300mg 300mg Sugars are found naturally in many nutritious foods and beverages and are also Sodium Less than 2,400mg 2,400mg Total Carbohydrate 300g 375g added to foods and beverages for taste, texture, and preservation. Dietary Fiber 25g 30g Naturally occurring sugars are found in a variety of foods, including: • Dairy products • Fruit (fresh, frozen, dried, and canned in 100% fruit juice) Sugars are a major source of daily calories for many people and can • 100% fruit and vegetable juice increase the risk of developing • Vegetables cavities. -
Facts on Sugar Drink Consumption
Facts on Sugar Drink Consumption Pouring sugar into Americans’ diets In 2013, the average American drank just over 38 gallons of soda a year—or about eight 12-ounce cans a week.1 In 2011, beverage companies produced enough sugar drinks (e.g., sodas, fruit drinks, sports drinks, sweetened teas and coffees, and energy drinks) to provide an average of 45 gallons per American—or slightly more than nine 12-ounce cans a week.2 Sugar drinks were the single-largest source of calories from added sugar in the American diet in 2010, providing an average of about five percent of total calories per person.3 Sugar drinks accounted for 39 percent of all added sugars in the American diet in 2010.4 According to 2009–2010 NHANES data, about 30 percent of adults consume at least one sugar drink per day.5 Sugar drinks significant in teens’ diets Soda, energy drinks, and sports drinks are a top source of calories in children’s and teens’ diets, accounting for 118 calories per day.6 For two to eighteen-year-olds, sugar drinks account for 60 percent of total daily calories from added sugar.7 In 2015, 20 percent of high school students drank soda one or more times per day, 13 percent of students drank two or more, and 7 percent drank three or more. 8 In 2010, U.S. youth consumed an average of 155 calories from sugar-sweetened beverages, amounting to 8 percent of their daily calorie intake.9 In 2008, five percent of children, 16 percent of adolescents, and 20 percent of young adults consumed more than 500 calories a day from sugar drinks—an amount equivalent -
Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia)
Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia) Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood Hunger, nausea glucose (blood sugar), is when your blood Color draining from skin (pallor) glucose levels have fallen low enough that you need to take action to bring them back Feeling sleepy to your target range. This is usually when your blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dL. However, Feeling weak, having no energy talk to your doctor about your own blood Blurred/impaired vision glucose targets, and what level is too low for you. Tingling or numbness in lips, tongue, cheeks Headaches When can it happen? Coordination problems, clumsiness Low blood glucose can happen if you’ve skipped a meal or snack, eaten less than usual, or been Nightmares or crying out in sleep more physically active than usual. If you don’t Seizures take steps to bring glucose levels back to normal, you could even pass out. What should you do? What are the symptoms? The 15-15 rule—have 15 grams of carbohydrate to raise your blood glucose and check it after Each person’s reaction to low blood glucose is 15 minutes. If it’s still below 70 mg/dL, have different. It’s important that you learn your own another serving. signs and symptoms when your blood glucose is low. Repeat these steps until your blood glucose is at least 70 mg/dL. Once your blood glucose is back Signs and to normal, eat a meal or snack to make sure it symptoms of doesn’t lower again. low blood glucose include: This may be: Feeling shaky Glucose tablets (see instructions) Being nervous Gel tube (see instructions) or anxious 4 ounces (1/2 cups) of juice or regular soda Sweating, chills, (not diet) clamminess 1 tablespoon of sugar, honey, or corn syrup Mood swings, irritability, impatience 8 ounces of nonfat or 1% milk Confusion Hard candies, jellybeans, or gumdrops—see Fast heartbeat food label for how many to consume Feeling light-headed or dizzy Continued » Visit diabetes.org or call 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383) for more resources from the American Diabetes Association.