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Tooth enamel microstructure of and Krzyzanowskisaurus (Reptilia:Archosauria) from the Upper Chinle Group, USA: Implications for function, growth, and phylogeny

Andrew B. Heckert and Jessica A. Miller-Camp

ABSTRACT

Tooth enamel microstructure can carry significant phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and functional information within amniotes. Here we provide the first descriptions of the tooth enamel microstructure of two taxa, the crurotarsan Revueltosaurus callenderi Hunt and the putative ornithischian Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti (Heckert), which some consider closely related. To test the hypotheses that enamel thickness corresponds to function and/or phylogeny we analyzed the enamel of each at various scales, measuring enamel thickness and examining microstructural features through- out both longitudinal and cross-sectional thickness using previously established tech- niques to facilitate comparisons. Both taxa possess thick (up to ~150 µm) enamel for their size (< 20 mm crown height). Enamel in R. callenderi ranged from ~5-152 µm across a premaxillary tooth in longitudinal section, and ~42-92 µm in a maxillary/den- tary tooth transverse section. K. hunti enamel thickness was ~18-155 µm longitudinally and ~29-75 µm transversely. Both also had well-developed unit layers (BUL) and weakly developed columnar microstructure. Well-developed lines of incremental growth (LIG) are present in both taxa, through which the columnar enamel grades into parallel crystallite enamel. Their enamel microstructure is therefore grossly similar to that of several ornithischian taxa, especially ankylosaurs, with which they are strongly convergent, and also compares well to rauisuchids and tyrannosaurids. The relatively unique combination of microstructural characteristics in the schmelzmuster of R. cal- lenderi and K. hunti supports the hypothesis that they are closely related, but does not conclusively preclude a different taxonomic placement for K. hunti so we retain its sep- arate generic designation.

Andrew B. Heckert. Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32067, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2067, U.S.A. Jessica A. Miller-Camp. Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32067, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2067, U.S.A. and Department of Geoscience, 121 Trowbridge Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, U.S.A.

KEYWORDS: ; tooth enamel; microstructure; Triassic; Revueltosaurus; crurotarsan

PE Article Number: 16.1.1A Copyright: Society for Paleontology January 2013 Submission: 27 July 2012. Acceptance: 6 December 2012

Heckert, Andrew B. and Miller-Camp, Jessica A. 2013. Tooth enamel microstructure of Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus (Reptilia:Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group, USA: Implications for function, growth, and phylogeny. Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 16, Issue 1; 1A,23p; palaeo-electronica.org/content/2013/344-revueltosaurus-tooth-enamel HECKERT AND MILLER-CAMP: REVUELTOSAURUS TOOTH ENAMEL

INTRODUCTION Institutional abbreviations: NMMNH = New Mex- ico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albu- Studies of diapsid tooth enamel microstruc- querque; UCMP = University of California Museum ture are in their infancy relative to those of synap- of Paleontology, Berkeley. sids, yet have already yielded insight into amniote evolution ranging from functional interpretations to MATERIALS AND METHODS documenting convergent evolution at multiple lev- els (Sander, 1999; Hwang, 2005). Within this We sectioned two teeth of Revueltosaurus framework, we examined the enamel microstruc- callenderi from its type locality (NMMNH locality 1) ture of two teeth each of the unusual crurotarsan in the Bull Canyon Formation of eastern New Mex- Revueltosaurus callenderi Hunt, 1989 and the ico. These teeth include both a premaxillary putative ornithischian Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti (NMMNH P-33799) and a maxillary/dentary (Heckert, 2002); both are known from (NMMNH P-33798) tooth, as first hypothesized by Upper Triassic strata in the American Southwest Hunt (1989) and confirmed by Parker et al. (2005) (Figure 1). Revueltosaurus is a classic example of with more complete materials. The teeth were how much, or how little, teeth can reveal embedded in epoxy and sectioned at the Stein- regarding a (non-synapsid amniote). When mann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Palä- it was known solely from its teeth, Revueltosaurus ontologie, Bereich Paläontology, then called the callenderi was variously considered a prosauropod Institut für Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, using (Hunt, 1988), an ?ornithischian (Hunt, 1989), an techniques similar to that utilized by Sander (1999) ornithischian “form ” (Padian, 1990), Ornith- in his previous studies (Sander, personal commun. ischia incertae sedis and/or a nomen dubium 2005). The premaxillary tooth was sectioned longi- (Sereno, 1991; Norman et al., 2004) and a valid tudinally and the maxillary tooth was sectioned ornithischian taxon (Hunt and Lucas, 1994; Hunt et transversely. We also sectioned two teeth of al., 1998; Heckert, 2002). Upon the discovery of Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti from the Petrified Forest more complete material, including and post- Formation of eastern Arizona using similar proto- crania, Parker et al. (2005) demonstrated that, cols as described by Hwang (2005). We sectioned although the teeth are diagnostic, R. callenderi is UCMP 165213 in longitudinal section and UCMP actually a crurotarsan archosaur. The present 165211 in transverse section. All teeth were etched study on the microstructure of R. callenderi was for 30 seconds in 5% HCl. They were then cleaned first undertaken when Revueltosaurus was consid- in an ultrasonic bath for 30 seconds before being ered a basal ornithischian, as all of the ornithis- coated with gold in a sputter coater. The scanning chian taxa sampled in the definitive treatment of electron microscope (SEM) images here were reptilian enamel microstructure (Sander, 1999) taken using a Quanta 200 ESEM utilizing XT were both young (Early or younger) microscope server imaging software housed at the and relatively derived (e.g., Iguanodon). Thus, this College of Arts and Sciences microscopy facility at study was originally designed to help fill in that gap. Appalachian State University. Now that Revueltosaurus has been found to We note that tooth position is harder to estab- occupy a very different branch of the archosaurian lish in Krzyzanowskisaurus than Revueltosaurus, tree, we feel that there is still something to learn as most Krzyzanowskisaurus teeth resemble more from documenting these structures, both to com- complex versions of Revueltosaurus premaxillary plement and expand upon Sander’s (1999) work teeth. Heckert (2002, 2005) hypothesized that the and to provide basic morphological information on taller, less symmetrical tooth crowns of this unusual taxon. Similarly, Krzyzanowskisaurus Krzyzanowskisaurus lacking additional cingula are was originally described as Revueltosaurus hunti probably premaxillary teeth, and that the more (Heckert, 2002). Heckert (2005) assigned it to its complex teeth with labial and lingual cingula likely own genus and considered it an ornithischian represent maxillary/dentary teeth. However, it is (Heckert, 2002) but Parker et al. (2005) considered also possible that these doubly cingulated teeth it to likely represent a Revueltosaurus-like crurotar- wore against an outer, rhamphotheca-like (beak) san (Figure 2). structure. Regardless, according to this hypothesis Anatomical abbreviations: BUL = basal unit UCMP 165213 may represent a premaxillary tooth, layer; EDJ = enamel-dentine junction; LIG = lines and UCMP 165211 may represent a maxillary/den- of incremental growth (incremental lines of some tary tooth. Accordingly, we sectioned them longitu- authors); OES = outer enamel surface. dinally and transversely, respectively, to facilitate comparisons with Revueltosaurus. These teeth

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FIGURE 1. Location map and stratigraphic section showing the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of Revuelto- saurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus. This includes the localites of the Revueltosaurus (NMMNH locality 1) and Krzyzanowskisaurus (UCMP locality 7307) teeth described here. Tooth illustrations after Heckert (2002, 2005). LVF = land vertebrate faunachron (following Lucas et al., 2007); L-1171 = type location of Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti; PFV = locality yielding abundant Revueltosaurus in the Petrified Forest National Park.

3 HECKERT AND MILLER-CAMP: REVUELTOSAURUS TOOTH ENAMEL Crocodylidae* Alligatoridae* * *

Crocodylia Revueltosaurus Sauropodomorpha** Sauropodomorpha** Krzyzanowskisaurus Aetosauria* Phytosauridae* Ceratopsia** * Hadrosauridae** Iguanodontidae**

Ornithopoda Thyreophora** Krzyzanowskisaurus Trilophosaurus Theropoda***

Ornithischia Saurischia Dinosauria Ornithodira Archosauria

*= Taxon sampled (as Stagonolepididae) by Sander (1999) **= Taxon sampled by both Sander (1999) and Hwang (2005, 2009, 2011) ***= Taxon sampled by Sander (1999), Hwang (2005, 2009, 2011), and Stokosa (2005)

FIGURE 2. Generalized archosaurian phylogeny showing the relationships of taxa sampled by Sander (1999) and Hwang (2005) (in black) as well as Revueltosaurus (blue) and Krzyzanowskisaurus (red). Dashed lines demonstrate the two hypothesized positions of Krzyzanowskisaurus, either as a crurotarsan closely allied to Revueltosaurus (e.g., Parker et al., 2005; Irmis et al., 2007) or a basal ornithischian (Heckert, 2002, 2005).

were not as well preserved, and thus were less mental growth (LIG). We use the term “lines of amenable to sectioning and SEM examination, incremental growth” (LIG) here, as used by Hwang resulting in fewer images and measurements, (2005) to describe interruptions in the microstruc- although we note that there is no reason not to tural texture. These are the “incremental lines” of consider the available images and measurements Sander (1999) and Stokosa (2005) and are also representative. known as “striae of Retzius” in mammalian/human The tooth enamel microstructure terminology anatomical terminology. Presently it is unclear what we utilize reflects that developed in previous stud- governs the growth cycles of LIGs in , ies, principally Sander (1999, 2000) and Hwang although Appenzeller et al. (2005) recently argued (2005), and the macroscopic tooth descriptions fol- that they are developed daily and represent the low Smith and Dodson (2003) generally and previ- activity of the autonomous nervous system. ous descriptions of Revueltosaurus teeth (e.g., We calculated the enamel thicknesses Hunt, 1989; Hunt and Lucas, 1994; Heckert, 2002) reported here by measuring their thickness perpen- in particular. We note that this means that we use dicular to the enamel-dentine junction in the mesial/distal, labial/lingual, and basal/apical (or images used here, using the program tpsDig 2.0 occlusal) to describe and orient isolated teeth and (Rohlf, 2010). Although tpsDig provided up to five features of the tooth crown. Descriptions of micro- significant figures (to hundredth of a micron), for a structural features follow the standardized format variety of reasons we suggest using no more than of Hwang (2005, 2011), with enamel described three. We recognize the difficulty of replicating from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) outward to measurements, especially if the section images are the outer enamel surface (OES). Enamel thickness not perfectly perpendicular to the electron gun, and and distribution is described first, followed by type so made 10 measurements (close together) on one and schmelzmuster, followed by discussion of any image to assess the precision of the tpsDig mea- special features. Particular features we describe surement protocol. After accepting the mean of are the basal unit layer (BUL) and lines of incre- these measurements as the “true value” (and the

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number reported in the tables), we calculated the teeth, so we chose to investigate the tooth enamel absolute value of the difference between measured microstructure of Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanows- and “true” values, and divided the mean of that dif- kisaurus as an additional means of assessing the ference by the “true value.” We used a similar pro- degree of similarity between the two taxa. cedure for the median value, and both the mean “Reptilian” (sauropsid) tooth enamel micro- and median values provide a relative error of 0.5% structure studies were not truly feasible until the (0.005), so we consider these measurements the advent of SEM microscopy (see Sander, 1999 for a most precise estimates of sauropsid enamel thick- more complete review). Accordingly, the study of ness in the literature. Obviously, slightly oblique archosaurian tooth enamel has a history of study sections will inflate thickness measurements, so nearly as brief as the taxonomic history of Revuel- the measurements we provide, although more pre- tosaurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus. Buffetaut et al. cise than any previously reported for archosaurian (1986) were the first to publish SEM images of tooth enamel microstructure, should be considered dinosaurian tooth enamel microstructure, and addi- as maximum estimates. tional studies led by Dauphin (Dauphin, 1988, Dau- phin et al., 1988a,b) were published shortly HISTORY OF STUDY thereafter. These later studies sampled a variety of dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian archosaurs, There are two distinct aspects of the history of among others, and in these taxa the enamel micro- this study, one regarding the study of Revueltosau- structure was described in general terms. Follow- rus and Krzyzanowskisaurus and another related ing the monumental work on synapsid enamel to the study of reptilian tooth enamel microstruc- microstructure edited by Koenigswald and Sander ture. (1997), Sander (1999, 2000) published the first Regarding the first aspect, Hunt (1989) reasonably systematic survey of sauropsid tooth named Revueltosaurus callenderi as an ?ornithis- enamel microstructure. His work, especially the chian . Various authors reported additional 1999 monograph, remains the standard reference occurrences and noted its biostratigraphic utility for microstructural features in non-synapsid amni- (e.g., Padian, 1990; Hunt and Lucas, 1994; Long otes. More recently Stokosa (2001, 2005) exam- and Murry, 1995; Heckert and Lucas, 1997; Hunt et ined the microstructure of a variety of al., 1998). Although there was some debate tyrannosaurid and dromaeosaurid taxa from the regarding the validity of the taxon, most workers Upper Cretaceous of western North America, and accepted it as a likely basal ornithischian albeit a Hwang (2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011) sampled nomen dubium (e.g., Sereno, 1991; Norman et al., an array of dinosaurian teeth from the Mesozoic of 2004). Heckert (2002) reviewed Revueltosaurus North America as well as the Cretaceous of Asia occurrences and recognized a second species, en route to completing a dissertation (Hwang, Revueltosaurus hunti for older, more complex teeth 2007) and related abstracts and papers (Hwang, originally assigned to Revueltosaurus callenderi by 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011). Unlike Sander (1999), Long and Murry (1995). Parker et al. (2005; see who saw little phylogenetic signal in enamel micro- also Hunt et al., 2005) reported postcrania associ- structure, especially at lower (family-level) taxo- ated with tooth-bearing elements demonstrating nomic rank, Hwang (2005, 2009) identified some that R. callenderi was a crurotarsan, not a dino- similarity in tooth enamel microstructures related to saur, and Heckert (2005) coined the new generic phylogenetic position, although she concurs with name Krzyzanowskisaurus for “R.” hunti. The affin- Sander (1999) that relatively few unambiguous ities of the latter remain enigmatic, with Parker et synapomorphies are evident in the enamel micro- al. (2005) positing that it likely represents a cruro- structure at lower taxonomic levels. In Table 1 we tarsan allied to R. callenderi, and Heckert (2005) summarize many of the observations of Sander hypothesizing that the more derived dentition of (1999), Hwang (2005, 2009), and Stokosa (2005) Krzyzanowskisaurus really is that of an ornithis- as well as our interpretations of the results of ear- chian. Irmis et al. (2007; see also Nesbitt et al., lier workers based on their descriptions and pub- 2007) interpreted the “cingulum” of Krzyzanowskis- lished illustrations. This study supersedes an aurus hunti to represent an autapomorphic state, extended abstract we published previously that but otherwise considered the tooth morphology focused solely on Revueltosaurus (Heckert and similar enough to justify retention of “K.” hunti in Camp, 2006). Revueltosaurus as R. hunti To date, unambiguous Krzyzanowskisaurus remains are known only from

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TABLE 1. Comparison of tooth enamel thickness and enamel microstructural features in different archosauromorphs compiled from the literature. Tooth Enamel Microstructure

Higher Taxon Taxon Sampler Comments minimum thickness maximum thickness Parallel Columnar BUL LIG Wavy Tubules Trilophosaurus Sander (1999) 20 20 x x

Crurotarsi Phytosauridae Sander (1999) 20 20 x x I and III (Dockum) Phytosauridae Sander (1999) 150 x x x x II (Dockum) Phytosauridae (Hallau)Sander (1999) 60 x Rauisuchidae Sander (1999) 60 100 x x x x 95% columnar; outer is parallel; rare LIG Mesosuchia Machimosaurus hugi Sander (1999) 350 x x x LIG rare

Crocodylia: Allognathosuchus sp. Sander (1999) 300 x x x up to 50/50 Alligatoridae columnar/parallel; sometimes 95/5; LIG only in parallel Alligator Sander (1999) 1000 x x x x Mostly columnar; mississippiensis LIG in columnar enamel Crocodylia: Deinosuchus Sander (1999) <150 525 x x 40% columnar; Crocodylidae riograndensis 55% microunit; only specimen w/ described microunits Asiatosuchus Sander (1999) 500 x x compound unit enamel/weakly columnar Pristichampsa Sander (1999) 20 50 x x x LIG best in the carinae Eusuchia indet Sander (1999) 50 125 x x x Columnar yields to parallel Dinosauria:Saurischia: Theropoda

Basal Theropoda Hwang (2009) x x x x 100 µm average indet. thickness; Kayenta Fm "carnosaur" in UCMP collections D:S:T:Ceratosauria bauri Hwang (2005, 10 10 x x C. bauri of Hwang 2011) (2005) a distinct taxon (Hwang, 2011, p. 192) Ceratosaurus Hwang (2011) 20 70 x x x x x 120 µm average nasicornis thickness; varies wildly Majungasaurus sp. Hwang (2011) <50 >90 x x x x x

D:S:T:Allosauroidea Allosaurus fragilis Hwang (2011) 20 >85 x x x x

cf. Allosaurus Sander (1999) 10 15 x Not even LIG

CharcharodontosaurusBuffetaut et al. x called "prisms" in (1986) published description

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TABLE 1 (continued).

Higher Taxon Taxon Sampler Comments minimum thickness maximum thickness Parallel Columnar BUL LIG Wavy Tubules Spinosaurus Buffetaut et al. x called "prisms" in (1986) published description "Carnosaur" Buffetaut et al. x?x (1986) D:S:T: Coelurosauria x

D:S:T:C: Tyrannosauridae indet. Sander (1999) 150 200 x x Thickest at base of Tyrannosauridae (TX) carina; parallel only at the outer edge, great columnar Tyrannosauridae indet. Sander (1999) 120 x x x (MT) Tyrannosauridae indet. Hwang (2005, x x x x 115 µm average 2009) thickness Tyrannosauridae indet. Hwang (2009) x x x 60µm average (="Nanotyrannus") thickness; juvenile tyrannosaurid assigned to "Nanotyrannus" in UWGM collections Daspletosaurus Hwang (2011) x x x 80 µm average torosus thickness cf. Gorgosaurus sp. Hwang (2009) x x x x 80 µm average thickness Gorgosaurus libratus Hwang (2011) x x x x x

Albertosaurus Hwang (2005) 60 180 x x sarcophagus Albertosaurus sp. Stokosa 100 120 x x x (2005) ?Albertosaurus gen. A. Stokosa 40 55 x x x SDSM 12737; tip of indet. (2005) tooth ?Albertosaurus gen. A. Stokosa 180 200 x x x SDSM 15143 indet. (2005) ?Albertosaurus gen. A. Stokosa 95 100 x x x SDSM 64351 indet. (2005) Tyrannosaurus sp. Hwang (2011) x x 200 µm average thickness cf. Tyrannosaurus rex Stokosa 45 50 x x x x SDSM 15135; (2005) Poorly developed columnar cf. Tyrannosaurus rex Stokosa 60 75 SDSM 64287 (2005) cf. Tyrannosaurus rex Stokosa 80 90 SDSM 15115 (2005) Tarbosaurus Dauphin et al. x intrepreted from pl. (1989) 2, fig. 4 Tarbosaurus Hwang (2005) 300 x x

D:S:T:C:incertae Richardoestesia cf. R. Stokosa 10 10 x sedis gilmorei (2005)

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TABLE 1 (continued).

Higher Taxon Taxon Sampler Comments minimum thickness maximum thickness Parallel Columnar BUL LIG Wavy Tubules Richardoestesia Hwang (2011) ~10 ~10 x x x x 10 µm average gilmorei thickness Richardoestesia Hwang (2011) ~13 ~13 x x x 13 µm average isosceles thickness Richardoestesia sp. Stokosa 10 15 x (2005) D:S:T:C:Maniraptora Troodontid indet. A Hwang (2005) 60 x

Troodontid indet. B Hwang (2005) x x

Troodontid n. gen. et. Hwang (2005) 30 x x Sp. Troodon sp. Sander (1999) 20 x x x Columnar units small (2µm) and weak, seem to arise from BUL (Sander, p. 65) Troodon sp. Hwang (2009, x x 20µm average 2011) thickness; parallel crystallites Troodon sp. cf. T. Stokosa 10 15 x formosus (2005) Paronychodon cf. P. Stokosa 015x lacustris (2005) Paronychodon Sander (1999) 20 x x LIG are few and lacustris weak Paronychodon Hwang (2005) x x (Troodontid) Byronosaurus jaffei Hwang (2005) 13 x x Paronychodon Hwang (2005) (Dromaeosaurid) Velociraptor Dauphin et al. x interpreted from pl. (1989) 1, figs. 4-5 Velociraptor Hwang (2005) 24 x x mongoliensis Bambiraptor feinbergi Hwang (2005) x x? No LIG in Hwang (2005), but faint in Hwang (writ. Comm.) Dromaeosauridae Hwang (2005) 55 x x indet. Deinonychus Hwang (2011) 17 30+ x x x x BUL poorly antirrhopus developed; LIG faint Saurornitholestes sp. Hwang (2011) 7 20+ x x x BUL half of enamel thickness Dromaemosaurus sp. Hwang (2011) 25 35 x x x x BUL half of enamel thickness, but not well-developed Dromaeosaurus sp. cf. Stokosa 40 45 x x x Columnar at EDJ, D. albertensis (2005) divergent parallel more at OES

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TABLE 1 (continued).

Higher Taxon Taxon Sampler Comments minimum thickness maximum thickness Parallel Columnar BUL LIG Wavy Tubules D:S:T:Avialae Indeterminate Avialan Hwang (2011) x x x 20 µm average A thickness Indeterminate Avialan Hwang (2011) x x x 16 µm average B thickness Sauropodomorpha

Plateosaurus Sander (1999) 10 40 x ? x Columnar is very engelhardti poorly developed; probably more divergent parallel cf. Diplodocus Sander (1999) 150 x Pseudo-wavy (Sander, p. 68) Diplodocus longus Hwang (2011) 440 490 x x x x 465 µm average thickness Camarasaurus sp. Hwang (2011) 700 1000+ x x x x 850 µm average thickness Titanosauridae indet. Hwang (2011) x x x x x 170 µm average thickness Dinosauria:

D:O:Stegosauria Stegosaurus sp. Hwang (2011) x x x 30-40 µm average thickness D:O:Ankylosauria Ankylosauria indet. Sander (1999) 60 x x Ankylosaurus Hwang (2005) 60 x x x x magniventris Edmontonia Hwang (2005) 100+ x x x x rugosidens Sauropelta edwardsi Hwang (2005) 105 x x x x

Euplocephalus Hwang (2009, 35 65 x x x x x 55 µm average 2011) thickness; originally identified as a pachycephalosauri d Dinosauria:Ornithischia:Euornithopoda

D:O:E: Thescelosaurus sp. Sander (1999) 14 140 x x BUL thin Hypsilophodontidae Thescelosaurus sp. Hwang (2011) 20 90 x x x x Hwang (2011) suspects Sander's (1999) specimen is not Thescelosaurus D:O:E:Dryomorpha Dryosaurus altus Hwang (2011) x x x x 55-65 µm average thickness Camptosaurus dispar Hwang (2011) x x x

D:O:E: Iguanodon sp. Sander (1999) 100 150 x x Inner and outer Iguanodontidae wavy enamel Tenontosaurus tilleti Hwang (2005) 100+ x x x x

D:O:E: Hadrosauridae indet. Sander (1999) 160 210 x x Hadrosauridae Hadrosaurinae indet. Hwang (2009) x x

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TABLE 1 (continued).

Higher Taxon Taxon Sampler Comments minimum thickness maximum thickness Parallel Columnar BUL LIG Wavy Tubules Anatosaurus sp. Sander (1999) 100 100+ x x x BUL inverted

Saurolophus sp. Hwang (2011) 165+ x x 115 µm average thickness Gilmoreosaurus Hwang (2005) x x mongoliensis Bactrosaurus johnsoni Hwang (2005) x x

Kritosaurus navajoviusHwang (2005) x x Hypacrosaurus Hwang (2005) x x altispinus Corythosaurus Hwang (2005) x x casuaris Prosaurolophus Hwang (2011) ~200 x x 135 µm average maximus thickness Dinosauria:Ornithischia: Ceratopsia

Neoceratopsia indet. Hwang (2009) x Average 285 µm; originally assigned to Thescelosaurus sp. Psittacosaurus sp. Hwang (2005) x x ? enamel voids Protoceratops Dauphin et al. x x x interpreted from pl. (1988) 1, figs. 7-8 (maxilla) and 12 (premaxilla) Leptoceratops gracilis Hwang (2005) 420 x x x

Protoceratops sp. Hwang (2005) 120+ x x x D:O:C:Ceratopsidae Ceratopsidae indet. Sander (1999) 150 x x x x (Can) Ceratopsidae indet. Sander (1999) (WY) Triceratops sp. Hwang (2005) 325 x x x

Centrosaurus apertus Hwang (2011) x x x x 170-270 µm average thickness depending on position Pachyrhinosaurus Hwang (2011) x x x x 170-270 µm canadensis average thickness depending on position Dinosauria:Ornithischia:Pachycephalosauridae

Pachycephalosauridae Hwang (2005) 20 x anterior tooth, indet. A diverging parallel Pachycephalosauridae Hwang (2005) 40 x x x posterior tooth, indet. B incipient columnar Pachycephalosauridae Hwang (2005) 50 x x x posterior tooth, indet. C incipient columnar

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FIGURE 3. Variation in enamel thickness in the teeth of Revueltosaurus callenderi. 1-9, premaxillary tooth (P- 33799); 10-14, maxillary tooth (P-33798). 1, overview of premaxillary tooth indicating approximate place where measurements and micrographs shown in this figure and Figure 4 were taken; 2-9, close-up views showing enamel thickness variation, with enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) oriented relative to overview in (1); and 10, overview of maxillary tooth section, indicating approximate place where measurements and micrographs shown in this figure and Figure 5 were taken; 11-14, close-up views showing enamel thickness variation, with enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) oriented relative to overview in (10). Scale bars equal 100 µm except for 1 (5 mm), 2 (10 µm), and 10 (2 mm).

DESCRIPTION tudinal section of the premaxillary tooth of Revuel- tosaurus and very little across the transverse Revueltosaurus section of the maxillary/dentary tooth (Figures 4, Here we provide details of the enamel micro- 5). In the premaxillary tooth, the enamel was thin- structural features observed in the topotype pre- nest basally (~4.9 µm) and thickest apically (as maxillary tooth (NMMNH P-33799; Figures 3.1–9, much as 152 µm), with average enamel thickness 4) and maxillary-dentary tooth (NMMNH P-33798; approximately 66 µm (Table 2), although excluding Figures 3.10–14, 5) of Revueltosaurus callenderi more basal portions of the tooth (enamel < 40 µm following the format of Hwang (2005, 2011). thick) results in an average enamel thicknesses of Enamel distribution and thickness. Enamel approximately 83 µm in the more functional portion thickness varied considerably throughout the longi- of the tooth crown. The enamel in the maxillary-

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FIGURE 4. Scanning electron microscope images of NMMNH P-33799, Revueltosaurus callenderi premaxillary tooth showing variation in enamel microstructure in longitudinal section. 1, overview of tooth indicating approximate place where measurements and micrographs shown in this figure were taken; 2-8, close-up views showing enamel thick- ness variation, with enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) oriented relative to overview in (1) and outer enamel surface (OES) away from the same overview. White scale bars equal 20 µm except for 1 (5 mm) and 4 (50 µm). dentary tooth was almost uniformly 50-55 µm thick across closer to the OES. Generally these are bet- except across the denticles, where it thickened to ter seen in transverse sections in the maxillary- as much as 92.0 µm but was more typically ~60-63 dentary tooth (Figure 5.2, 5.4–5) than in the pre- µm. Average transverse thickness was approxi- maxillary tooth (Figure 4.2). The outer quarter to mately 55.5 µm (discounting the one 92.0 µm mea- half of the enamel thickness bears numerous well- surement) and 58.5 µm counting all developed LIGs. Again, these are more distinct in measurements, including one thin (42 µm) mea- the transversely sectioned maxillary tooth (Figure surement. 5.2–8) than in the longitudinal section of the pre- Enamel types and schmelzmuster. Typically maxillary tooth (Figure 4.2, 5, 8). Rarely LIGs are Revueltosaurus teeth have a thin (< 5 µm) but well- evident for more than half of the tooth’s enamel developed BUL from which weakly developed thickness. LIGs are less than 2 µm apart and, in columnar enamel emanates (Figures 4, 5). Individ- transverse section, approximately 15 can be traced ual columnar units are difficult to discern but are across a micrograph (Figure 5.5–8). They are ~10µm across basally and expand to ~15-20 µm fainter and difficult to trace, but much more numer-

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FIGURE 5. Scanning electron microscope images of NMMNH P-33798, Revueltosaurus callenderi maxillary tooth enamel microstructure in transverse section. 1, overview of tooth indicating approximate place where measure- ments and micrographs shown in this figure were taken; 2-8, close-up views showing enamel thickness variation, with EDJ oriented relative to overview in (1) and OES away from the same overview. Scale bars equal 20 µm except 1 (2 mm), 3 (50 µm). ous in the tip of the premaxillary tooth (Figure 4.4). Special types and features. The densely packed Near the OES, in the region with the most LIGS, LIGs are probably the most distinctive feature of the enamel reverts to a stacked series of parallel the schmelzmuster in Revueltosaurus callenderi. crystallites that accounts for approximately 10 µm The fact that they are both prominent and densely of the total enamel thickness. packed may reflect particularly slow ontogenetic

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TABLE 2. Measurements of enamel thickness in the teeth of Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus sampled here.

Revueltosaurus callenderi enamel measurements from longitudinal section of NMMNH P-33798

Enamel thickness Figure Section Measured at: (µm) 3.2 Longitudinal 4.87 end of [full width of] enamel (thinnest enamel) 3.3 Longitudinal 20.42 middle of frame 3.4 Longitudinal 36.23 middle of frame 3.5 Longitudinal 68.48 middle of frame 3.6 Longitudinal 115.56 top of frame (thickest enamel) 3.7 Longitudinal 114.88 left of frame (thickest enamel) 3.8 Longitudinal 152.13 bottom of frame (thickest enamel) 3.9 Longitudinal 103.34 middle of frame 4.2 Longitudinal 46.88 middle of frame 4.3 Longitudinal 50.08 middle of frame 4.4 Longitudinal 52.43 middle of frame 4.5 Longitudinal 53.93 middle of frame 4.6 Longitudinal 15.47 middle of frame 4.7 Longitudinal 31.36 middle of frame 4.8 Longitudinal 127.6 middle of frame "Tooth has total crown height (TCH) of 13.1 mm, total crown length (TCL) 8.1 mm"

Revueltosaurus callenderi enamel measurements from transverse section of NMMNH P-33797 Enamel thickness Figure Section Measured at: (µm) 3.11 Transverse 51.5 on denticle 3.12 Transverse 53.41 middle of frame 3.13 Transverse 55.15 middle of frame 3.14 Transverse 59.66 middle of frame 5.1 Transverse 42.8 left of frame (EDJ visible) 5.3 Transverse 92.47 middle of frame 5.4 Transverse 50.77 middle of frame 5.5 Transverse 54.48 middle of frame 5.6 Transverse 53.32 middle of frame 5.7 Transverse 62.79 middle of frame 5.8 Transverse 60.04 middle of frame TCH: 6 mm+ TCL: ~6 mm (broken)

development of each tooth (see text in compari- 165211; Figure 7) of Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti fol- sons and discussion that follows). lowing the format of Hwang (2005, 2011). Krzyzanowskisaurus Enamel distribution and thickness. As in Revueltosaurus, the greatest variation in enamel Here we provide details of the enamel micro- thickness is through the longitudinal section, which structural features observed in the hypothesized ranged from 18-151 µm thick (Table 2), although premaxillary tooth (UCMP 165213; Figure 6) and only the thicker, more apical sections were pre- the hypothesized maxillary-dentary tooth (UCMP served well and thus are illustrated in Figure 6. As in Revueltosaurus, Krzyzanowskisaurus had very

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TABLE 2 (continued).

Revueltosaurus callenderi enamel measurements from longitudinal section of NMMNH P-33798

Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti enamel measurements from longitudinal section of UCMP 165213 Enamel thickness Figure Section Measured at: (µm) 6.2 Longitudinal 112.8 middle of frame 6.3 Longitudinal 138.89 left of frame (EDJ visible) 6.4 Longitudinal 151.25 right of frame (unbroken outer edge of enamel) TCH: ~6 mm TCL: 6 mm (incomplete)

Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti enamel measurements from transverse sectionof UCMP 165211

Enamel thickness Figure Section Measured at: (µm) 7.1 Transverse 55.38 middle of bend 7.2 Transverse 64.34 middle of frame 7.3 Transverse 50.49 middle of frame 7.4 Transverse 65.54 middle of frame 7.5 Transverse 63.38 middle of frame 7.6 Transverse 43.47 middle of frame 7.7 Transverse 61.82 middle of frame TCH: ~10.4 mm TCL: ~7.4 mm thin enamel basally and the thickest enamel api- is a transtion within the LIGS from the more basal cally. All of the reasonably well-preserved, more poorly developed columnar units to parallel crystal- apical sections illustrated in Figure 6 have enamel lite enamel, which dominates the outermost ~10 more than 100 µm thick. The complex shape of the µm of the tooth (Figures 6.2, 7.3–7). transverse section (see Figure 7) led to samples of Special types and features. In many ways the very thin enamel between the denticles and main schmelzmuster of Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti is body of the tooth, and much thicker enamel across extremely similar to that of Revueltosaurus callen- the denticles more mesially and distally and thus deri, from its thickness to the presence of numer- ranged from 43.5 to 65.5 µm thick. Typical thick- ous LIGs. The teeth sampled for this study were nesses were ~50-65 µm with an average thickness approximately the same size, and the enamel of approximately 58 µm. thickness in each taxon is essentially the same. Enamel types and schmelzmuster. The EDJ is Similarly, the schmelzmuster of K. hunti, as in R. clearly demarcated in both the longitudinal and callenderi, consists of a BUL from which columnar transverse section and marked with a distinct BUL enamel emanates, bears numerous closely spaced of small, diffuse columns. This BUL is also less LIGs that are much more prominent near the OES than 5 µm thick. In both longitudinal and transverse than near the enamel-dentine junction, and grades sections the individual columns are relatively small into parallel crystallite enamel near the OES. The and defined by packages of crystallites ~ 5 µm significance of these features and their similarities across and 10 µm long. In some views (e.g., Figure are discussed in the following sections. 6.3–5, 7.3, 7.5, 7.7) it appears that the enamel is comprised of at least two, and sometimes three or COMPARISONS four, “stacks” of such columns. LIGs are particularly Both Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanowskisau- visible in transverse section but much less than 2 rus have relatively thick enamel for teeth of their µm apart, so as many as 25 are evident in some size—enamel thickness varies from a low of ~5 µm teeth (Figure 7.3, 7.6). As in Revueltosaurus, there

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FIGURE 6. Scanning electron microscope images of UCMP 165213, Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti tooth enamel micro- structure in longitudinal section. 1, overview of tooth indicating approximate place where measurements and micro- graphs shown in this figure were taken; 2-4, close-up views showing enamel thickness variation, with EDJ oriented relative to overview in (1) and OES away from the same overview. Scale bars equal 2 mm (1), 50 µm (2-3), and 100 µm (4).

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FIGURE 7. Scanning electron microscope images of UCMP 165211, Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti premaxillary tooth enamel microstructure in transverse section. 1, overview of tooth indicating approximate place where measurements and micrographs shown in this figure were taken; 2-7, close-up views showing enamel thickness variation, with EDJ oriented relative to overview in (1) and OES away from the same overview. Scale bar equals 20 µm except 1 (2 mm). to as much as 152 µm. Even though the “premaxil- both taxa exhibit columnar microstructure that lary” tooth of Krzyzanowskisaurus is approximately emanates from a BUL. The columnar enamel is 25% shorter, the enamel is comparable in thick- then interrupted by numerous LIGS before transi- ness. The longitudinal sections of the premaxillary tioning into a region ~10 µm thick dominated by teeth capture the entire range of variation from parallel (crystallite) enamel that extends to the more basal enamel (~5 µm) to apical enamel (~152 OES. In amniotes, parallel (crystallite) enamel is µm). In the maxillary/dentary teeth, the range was generally considered primitive and columnar not as pronounced (generally 50-65 µm, with one enamel derived, with the assumption that columnar measurement each above and below this range), enamel is perhaps associated with a diet requiring which probably reflects relatively uniform thickness greater tooth strength (resistance to fracture) in cross-section, although the enamel is thicker (Sander, 1999). Existing theories suggest that along the denticles. At the microstructural level, columnar enamel in these taxa reflects a diet with

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less emphasis on grinding and more on biting report here in several dromaeosaurid and tyranno- (Sander, 1999), something we explore in greater saurid theropods (but note that Hwang [2011] con- detail later. sidered Stokosa’s [2005] “columnar” enamel as a Of the many taxa Sander (1999) sampled, BUL). The columns we document here are not as Revueltosaurus teeth are most similar in enamel well developed as those illustrated by Stokosa thickness and microstructure to rauisuchids (2005, figure 9.6c–d) for Tyrannosaurus rex. Con- (Sander, 1999, plate 9f) among contemporaneous versely, the LIGs we report here are more pro- taxa, and tyrannosaurs (Sander, 1999, plate 13b– nounced than those Stokosa (2005, figure 9.3c) c) among more derived, younger taxa. The similari- found in Dromaeosaurus. ties with the rauisuchid tooth include the presence Hwang’s (2005, 2009, 2011) work was of a BUL, weakly developed columnar enamel, and restricted to the Dinosauria but is the most compre- numerous LIGs. The similarities with the raui- hensive sampling of to date. Again, suchids taxa include the presence of a BUL, enamel thickness in Revueltosaurus and weakly developed columnar enamel, and numer- Krzyzanowskisaurus is comparable to that found in ous LIGs, although the enamel of the rauisuchid much larger teeth (e.g., the tyrannosaurid thero- illustrated by Sander (1999, plate 9f) appears to pods, Table 1). Other key features we observed in average almost 100 µm thick. Certainly, some phy- the schmelzmuster of Revueltosaurus and tosaurs (e.g., Sander, 1999; Figure 6a) exhibit bet- Krzyzanowskisaurus include a BUL, columnar ter-developed columns, something we have seen enamel consisting of relatively small (< 15µm in our own preliminary work (Camp and Heckert, diameter) columns, and numerous LIGs that mark 2007). Interestingly, the enamel of both Revuelto- a transition from columnar to parallel crystallite saurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus is substantially enamel. Hwang (2011, figure 18) reported an iden- thicker than that of Trilophosaurus buettneri (e.g., tical combination of features in the four genera of Sander, 1999, plate 9d–e), one of the few other ankylosaurs she sampled. Indeed, the possibly herbivorous tetrapods known from the schmelzmuster of the Triassic taxa we sampled is Upper Triassic of the American Southwest. The extremely similar to that Ankylosaurus magniven- columns we illustrate here are better developed tris as illustrated by Hwang (2005, figure 10a–c; than those of Plateosaurus (Sander, 1999, plate Hwang, 2011, figure 13a). Points of detailed simi- 13h) but not as well developed as in the tyranno- larity include the comparable enamel thickness, saurid illustrated by Sander (1999, plate 13b–c). thin but well-defined BUL, and poorly developed As in Diplodocus (Sander, 1999, plate 14a–b), the columns basally that grade into a zone with pro- columnar units are more readily discerned in cross- nounced LIGS before transitioning into a zone of section than longitudinal section. The enamel parallel crystallite enamel (see especially Hwang, microstructure of Revueltosaurus callenderi is also 2005, figure 10a, c). A single unidentified pachy- similar to that of the ankylosaurid “Palaeoscincus” cephalosaurid also possessed similar enamel, (Sander, 1999, plate 14f). Sander (1999) docu- although it has what Hwang (2011) identified as mented several sauropsid taxa that possessed “incipient columnar enamel” rather than the true both parallel crystallite and columnar enamel, columnar enamel identified here. The hypsilopho- including some ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs, but dont ornithischian Thescelosaurus possesses simi- the schmelzmuster we document here is more lar schmelzmuster, including a BUL, columns, and homogenous than Sander found in those taxa. at least some LIGs (accidentally omitted from Stokosa (2005; see also Stokosa, 2001) made Hwang, 2011, figure 18), but also possesses a par- extensive comparisons of small (Troodon, Parony- allel crystallite enamel cap forming the outer chodon, Richardoestesia, Dromaeosaurus) and enamel surface similar to that of the thyreo- large (tyrannosaurid) latest Cretaceous theropods. phorans. The presence of a BUL and relatively nar- Generally speaking, she found that the smaller row columns is probably synapomorphic for taxa, particularly Troodon and Richardoestesia, ornithischians (Hwang, 2011), but no ornithischian lack columnar enamel and other more complex exactly matches the schmelzmuster characteristics structural features, and thus are very different from of either Revueltosaurus or Krzyzanowskisaurus. the schmelzmuster we document in Revueltosau- We therefore consider these similarities to be the rus and Krzyzanowskisaurus. Although Stokosa’s result of convergence and find it intriguing that this (2005) analysis was restricted to Late Cretaceous convergence appears strongest with ankylosaurs, coelurosaurian theropods, we note that she also whose teeth are also superficially similar to the Tri- reported columnar enamel similar to what we

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assic taxa, especially those of Krzyzanowskisau- possible, position prior to embedding and section- rus. ing, so that sources of thickness variation are bet- Several theropods and a few of the sau- ter constrained and therefore understood. We feel ropodomorphs Hwang (2005, 2011) sampled share that there is real need to compare actual tooth size one or two features (BUL, narrow columnar to enamel thickness, but with the exception of enamel, LIGs) with Revueltosaurus and Hwang’s most recent (2011) paper, whole tooth Krzyzanowskisaurus, but none share all three, and measurements are lacking in the literature. As an in general the schmelzmuster of saurischians is example of how these comparisons might be sig- distinct from these taxa. Interestingly, Triassic sau- nificant, consider that the maximum enamel thick- rischians, including both Coelophysis and the “pro- ness we report here for Revueltosaurus is similar sauropods” (basal sauropodomorphs) to that reported in many tyrannosaurs (Sander, Plateosaurus and “Gyposaurus” have less sophisti- 1999; Hwang, 2005; Stokosa, 2005). However, the cated tooth enamel microstructure than do the taxa teeth we sectioned are more than an order of mag- examined here (Sander, 1999; Hwang, 2005, nitude smaller in total crown height and signifi- 2011). cantly smaller in crown width and length than tyrannosaur teeth, and thus are probably, volumet- DISCUSSION rically, nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than tyrannosaur teeth. Almost surely there is some bio- These results demonstrate that (1) enamel logical significance to the fact that, in spite of this thickness is variable within a tooth; therefore, volumetric difference, Revueltosaurus and enamel thickness reports must either be standard- Krzyzanowskisaurus had enamel nearly as thick as ized to a specific location on a tooth (which we con- that of Tyrannosaurus, but without more rigorous, sider unlikely to be repeatable in archosaurs) or standardized reporting protocols, this fact is easily else reported as a range tied to morphological lost. There is, as Sander (1999) and Hwang (2005, landmarks (which we think more likely and have 2011) admitted, certainly much homoplasy among practiced here); (2) Revueltosaurus and tooth enamel microstructure across sauropsids. Krzyzanowskisaurus both had columnar enamel One fact to consider in this analysis is that Revuel- microstructure through most of the enamel, but tosaurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus teeth are similar grading into an outer portion composed of parallel in size to those of theropods much smaller than T. crystallite enamel, suggesting selection for more rex, and that tyrannosaurs doubtless possessed durable tooth enamel; (3) the numerous LIGS in some of the largest teeth of any reptile, although these teeth suggest that they may have had a Hwang (2005) noted that tyrannosaurid teeth pos- lengthy developmental stage and were retained in sess proportionately thin enamel relative to their the jaw for long periods of time; and (4) the overall size. The underlying biological reasons for this similarity of microstructural features (schmelzmus- variation can only be investigated if the variation ter) in Krzyzanowskisaurus and Revueltosaurus itself is documented, as we strive do to here. lends credence to the hypothesis that the two taxa The relatively thick enamel of Revueltosaurus are in fact closely related. and Krzyzanowskisaurus, especially given the Regarding the first point, most, if not all, work- small size of the teeth, suggests selection for teeth ers have acknowledged the variable thickness of particularly resistant to abrasion. Although much reptilian tooth enamel. However, what is lacking in thinner than the enamel of some of the duropha- most reports, even the relatively comprehensive gous taxa examined by Sander (1999), Revuelto- approaches of Sander (1999) and Hwang (2005), saurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus teeth have is any standardized assessment of this variation enamel that is thicker than that of most relatively (note the many “holes” in Table 1, especially with closely related taxa, especially when controlled for regard to minimal enamel thickness). This has size. With their phyllodont (leaf-like) to spatulate been addressed somewhat in more recent papers shape and relatively coarse, non-perpendicular (Hwang, 2009, 2011), but there is still a need for denticles, the teeth of both taxa fit within the standardization, especially given the relative ease broadly defined “non-oral processing herbivore” of image acquisition and digital measurement now adaptive complex of Sander (1999), and possess compared to the first tooth enamel microstucture many characteristics considered “putatively herbiv- workers. Sources of variation evident in this study orous traits” by Zanno and Mackovicky (2011), who include tooth position, location on the tooth, and, focused on dinosaurs but still produced hypothe- potentially, taxonomic position. Future studies need ses relevant to more basal archosauriformes. How- to better document tooth size, shape, and when

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ever, tooth enamel microstructure provides few LIGs are both well developed and numerous (20+ additional clues to the diet of either taxon. Sander bands apparent in Figure 4.4), suggesting a (1999) noted that columnar enamel appears less- lengthy growth period for each tooth. Indeed, these well adapted to true grinding surfaces than does LIGs are similar in terms of both frequency and parallel crystallite enamel, based in part on the dominance of the enamel microstructure to that of widespread occurrence of thin caps of parallel a rauisuchian illustrated by Sander (1999, plate 9f). crystallite enamel atop the thick columnar enamel Generally speaking, LIGs are more prevalent in of many undoubtedly durophagous reptiles. On the taxa with parallel crystallite than columnar enamel, other hand, Sander (1999) and Hwang (2005, but do occur in many of the taxa that bracket both 2007, 2011) have documented schmelzmuster of Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus phyloge- almost entirely columnar enamel in many taxa netically. However, the frequency of LIGs seen in whose teeth were clearly involved in grinding, such the teeth here far outstrips that of any comparably as ceratopsian dinosaurs. However, these taxa sized taxon in Sander (1999) or Hwang (2011), actively abrade the tooth through the outer enamel suggesting that these teeth were slower-develop- surface, so this may be different than the parallel ing and/or retained longer than in, for example, crystallite enamel “cap” of durophagous taxa. ornithischian dinosaurs. Ornithischians with rela- Columnar enamel is thought to better resist bend- tively similar patterns of LIGs include an indetermi- ing forces, especially in reptiles where the enamel nate ankylosaur and Thescelosaurus (Sander, tends to be thin relative to the dentine, and must 1999, plate 14g–h, respectively), although we note therefore accommodate not only external stresses, that Hwang (2011, figure 16a–c) reported a differ- but also the resulting strain on the dentine (e.g., ent schmelzmuster in Thescelosaurus, casting Koenigswald and Pfretzschner, 1992; Rensberger, some doubt on the affinities of the Thescelosaurus 1997; Sander, 1999). Sander (1999) thus consid- tooth illustrated by Sander (plate 14h). There are ered parallel crystallite enamel superior to colum- examples of presumably fast-growing taxa, such nar in terms of resisting wear and abrasion, but as troodontid theropods, with numerous LIGS columnar enamel superior to parallel crystallite (Hwang, 2005, 2011), and the relatively slow-grow- enamel in resisting cracking and bending. The ing extant Uromastyx is the only reptile known to presence of parallel crystallite enamel in the outer have “mammalian-like” prismatic enamel (Sander, portions of the teeth in Revueltosaurus and 2000). Appenzeller et al. (2005) posited that LIGS Krzyzanowskisaurus is thus somewhat similar to (striae of Retzius) are actually tied to diurnal durophagous taxa documented by Sander (1999), rhythms of the autonomous nervous system. If this although the Triassic enamel is much thinner (< is correct, then the developed ment of these teeth 100 µm) than some of the mosasaur, crocodilian, was probably on the order of two weeks to a and ichthyosaur specimens examined by Sander month, assuming no remodeling. What is intriguing (1999). It thus appears likely that both Revuelto- about the Appenzeller et al. (2005) study is that saurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus ate items that these striae are found across a wide range of taxa, placed a greater emphasis on biting than on true yet are absent from an equally wide assortment of grinding, even though Heckert (2002, 2005) taxa as well. demonstrated relatively precise abrasion of the Teeth assigned to Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti denticles in both taxa. At present it is not possible by Heckert (2005) had variously been considered to accurately discern the shape of the of conspecific (Long and Murry, 1995) or congeneric Revueltosaurus (e.g., Parker et al., 2005), so it is (Heckert, 2002) with Revueltosaurus callenderi unclear whether this wear might be the result of based on overall similarity. Parker et al. (2005) and feeding habits, such as ingesting or stripping twigs later Irmis et al. (2007; see also Nesbitt et al., and branches or other roughage while browsing or 2007) argued that, while distinct at the specific eating Triassic ground cover or roots and other level, K. hunti teeth should be assigned to Revuel- subterranean plant matter mixed with soil while tosaurus. Heckert’s (2005) designation of a new “grazing.” species was in part an effort to demonstrate the Both Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanowskisau- more ornithischian-like characteristics of K. hunti. rus possess numerous LIGs. These are especially Parker et al. (2005) and Irmis et al. (2007) in turn apparent in the outer layers of the Revueltosaurus argued, in part, that Revueltosaurus maxillary-dentary tooth in transverse section, but and an isolated squamosal from the same locality remain apparent even in the thin enamel near the (UCMP 7308) in the UCMP collections supported base of the premaxillary tooth. Revueltosaurus their taxonomic argument. As Heckert (2005)

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noted, this argument is weakened by the disarticu- simple dentitions, albeit with some taxonomic vari- lated nature of material from UCMP 7308, which ation (e.g., Walker, 1961; Heckert and Lucas, yields an extensive, and largely undescribed, fauna 2000). ranging from osteichthyans to and (see also Long and Murry, 1995; Heck- CONCLUSIONS ert et al., 2005). Tooth enamel microstructure in Revueltosau- One point of this study was to see if tooth rus callenderi and Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti is rel- enamel microstructure could provide additional atively unique among archosaurs, and the enamel insight into the relatedness of Revueltosaurus and itself is particularly thick for teeth of their size. Nei- Krzyzanowskisaurus. Although Sander (1999) ther result is terribly surprising, as Hwang (2011) reported relatively little phylogenetic signal in tooth notes that, in dinosaurs, schmelzmuster complexity enamel microstructural features, Hwang (2005, correlates with tooth complexity, and these teeth 2011) has reported a variety of synapomorphies have long been recognized as among the most that unite at least some dinosaurian taxa and has complex of Triassic archosauriforms. The thick- argued (Hwang, 2009) that enamel microstructure ness of the enamel in these teeth appears impres- can even be used to help identify isolated and/or sive for their size, although comparisons across fragmentary teeth. taxa using the literature are hampered by a dearth It is clear from this study that numerous fea- of data reporting original tooth size. The numerous tures of the enamel microstructure of R. callenderi LIGs may hint at teeth with an exceptionally long and K. hunti are quite similar. Although only a few life in the jaw. Whether this is a reflection of func- other Triassic archosaurs have been sampled, the tional utility (teeth well adapted for their function schmelzmuster of these taxa, with a thin BUL, rela- and only rarely shed) or simply an indication of tively thick, columnar enamel, and numerous fine slow growth cannot be determined. The details of LIG are unlike any other taxon reported by Sander the tooth enamel microstructure of both taxa most (1999) or Hwang (2005, 2011). As part of another closely resembles that of ankylosaurs, indicating project we have begun examining the microstruc- convergent evolution between the Triassic taxa ture of teeth, greatly expanding upon and the much later ornithischians. Sander’s (1999) sample of three teeth, and have Future studies of archosauriform tooth enamel not found any teeth with this same combination of microstructure should address several problems: features (e.g., Camp and Heckert, 2007). Thus, we (1) Standardization of thickness measurements to are inclined to tentatively accept the hypothesis of landmarks if possible; (2) consideration of enamel Parker et al. (2005; Irmis et al., 2007) that thickness and complexity relative to overall tooth Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti is in fact closely allied to size; (3) wider taxonomic sampling, especially R. callenderi. However, we prefer to keep the sepa- among Triassic archosauriforms to determine the rate generic name of K. hunti, noting that it remains extent that these features reveal aspects of the likely that, when more complete Krzyzanowskisau- diversification of archosaurs during the Triassic. rus fossils are found, they will likely be considered This is especially important as revueltosaurs, sile- distinct at the generic level. Indeed, throughout the saurids, and shuvosaurids, among others, repre- Upper Triassic, archosauriform taxa with distinctive sent early “experiments” in herbivory, or at least dentitions are almost always assigned to different are not obviously carnivorous forms, within Archo- genera, including both shuvosaurids (Shuvosau- sauria. With more complex methodologies now rus, , Nesbitt, 2007) and silesaurids (Silesau- being employed to analyze dietary preferences in rus, Asilisaurus, and Diodorus, Nesbitt et al., 2010; similar taxa, such as -Cretaceous thero- Kammerer et al., 2012). Thus, until more diagnostic pods (Zanno and Mackovicky, 2011), it is important skeletal material unambiguously associated with to establish repeatable, if not quantifiable, descrip- Krzyzanowskisaurus is found, we advocate retain- tions of enamel microstructure characteristics, as ing the two taxa as separate, but closely related these are clearly of great adaptive significance. genera. Because Revueltosaurus is now widely considered the sister taxon to aetosaurs (e.g., Nes- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS bitt, 2011; Butler et al., 2011), obtaining enamel microstructural details of aetosaurs is highly desir- P. Holroyd (UCMP) and S. Lucas (NMMNH) able to see if these complex features (thick, com- generously allowed us to borrow and section spec- plex enamel with many LIGs, for example) are imens in their care. Sections of NMMNH speci- present in aetosaurs, which have comparatively mens were prepared at the University of Bonn

21 HECKERT AND MILLER-CAMP: REVUELTOSAURUS TOOTH ENAMEL courtesy of P.M. Sander. A. Love and A. Abernethy Heckert, A.B. 2002. A revision of the Upper Triassic assisted in section preparation of UCMP speci- ornithischian dinosaur Revueltosaurus, with a mens at Appalachian State University (ASU). The description of a new species. Museum College of Arts and Sciences at ASU supported of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 21:253-268. this work by providing nearly unlimited access to Heckert, A.B. 2005. Krzyzanowskisaurus, a new name for a probable ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper the SEM. Drs. G. Hou and S. Hageman helped Triassic Chinle Group, Arizona and New Mexico. enormously in this respect. A. Bartholomew-Sta- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science ples prepared the web versions of Figures 3-7. Bulletin, 29:77-83. Numerous discussions with S. Hwang as well as Heckert, A.B. and Camp, J.A. 2006. Enamel microstruc- P. M . Sander were extremely helpful, as were ture in Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Cru- unpublished illustrations Hwang generously shared rotarsi) an unusual reptile from the Triassic of the with us. The Department of Geology and the Office American Southwest. Museum of Northern Arizona of Student Research at ASU supported our efforts Bulletin, 62:153-154. to present preliminary results of this research, as Heckert, A.B. and Lucas, S.G. 1997. First use of ornithis- did a research poster prize (to JAC) from the Appa- chian dinosaurs for biostratigraphic zonation of the lachian Regional Electron Microscopy Society. Upper Triassic. Albertiana, 20:58-63. Heckert, A.B. and Lucas, S.G. 2000. , phylog- Reviews by P.M. Sander and an anonymous eny, biostratigraphy, biochronology, paleobiogeogra- reviewer as well as comments by the Sylvain Ger- phy, and evolution of the Late Triassic Aetosauria ber and the editorial staff of Palaeontologia Elec- (Archosauria:Crurotarsi). 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