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Occurrence of Organophosphorous Pesticide Residues in Some Fish Species Collected from Local Market in Tripoli, Libya

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Occurrence of Organophosphorous Pesticide Residues in Some Fish Species Collected from Local Market in Tripoli, Libya Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 1 (2015) pp. 925-937 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Occurrence of Organophosphorous Pesticide Residues in some Fish Species Collected from Local Market in Tripoli, Libya S.Enbaia1, N.Elsaweth1, Y.Abujnah2, I.Greiby2, A.Hakam2, A.Alzanad1, A.Benzitoun3, A.A.Omar4 and, H.A.Amra4* 1Azzaytuna University, Tripoli, Libya 2Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya 3Libyan National Center for Standardization and Metrology, Tripoli, Libya 4Food Contaminants and Toxicology Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T The study was conducted to assess the level of contamination of marine fish persistent chemicals such as many Organophosphorus pesticide residues, where most countries suffer from the problems of pollution of marine fish persistent chemicals which have negative effects on human and animal health as cause of cancer, kidney failure, liver and fetal abnormalities as a result of accumulation in adipose tissue. However, the persistence of high levels of these pollutants with seafood is unknown accurately enough. And the aim of this study is to estimate Organophosphorus pesticide residues in Libyan fish where they were pulling samples of fish during the month (September, October, and November, 2013) K e y w o r d s from the local market to market the fish Port of Tripoli Sea, which is the main source of samples fresh. Samples were representative of the types of fatty fish include Round Organo- Sardinella (Sardinella aurita), Europeanincluding Pilchard ( T htheirunnu s tabusehynnus ) , Mespeciallyadeiran S a r dinin e l l a phosphorus , (Sardinella maderensis), Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus), Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber Pesticide scombrus), Herring (Clupea harengus), and half of fatty fish include Roving Grey Mullet residues, (Liza carinata), Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus),Thicklip Grey Mullet (Chelon Libyan fish, labrosus), Boxlip Mullet (Cdeachilus labeo), Albacore (Thunnus alalunya), Bluefin Tuna and (Thunnus thynnus), Yellow Fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) and Bogue (Boops boops). Marine fish Dimethoate, Disulfaton, Famphur, Methyl parathion, O,O,O-Triethyl phosphoro thioate, Parathion and Phorate were detected in fish tissues and fat samples at level below the maximum residue limits (MRL). The results showed that there was no concentrations higher than the maximum residue limits, according to FAO and WHO, global in all tissues of the fish, which were estimated by Organophosphorus pesticides as for estimating vehicle Organophosphorus fats in fish has been found that some types of sardines and Grey Mullet contain high concentrations of Dimethoate (4.7611±0.02 , 1.1741±0.05) respectively, and some types of Tuna contain a high concentration of Famphur (1.0627±0.03), these concentrations are higher than the maximum residue limits, according to FAO and WHO where concentrations were calculated in mg / kg (µg/g , ppm) BW of fish. Introduction In recent times, the extent of the use of agriculture have been of much concern to pesticides, and their mode of application environmental scientists. Alongside their 925 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937 uses are also the residual effect of these knowledge about their applications and pesticides and particularly their replicating ecosystem and they contaminate soil, effect on human health (Hurst et al., 1991). surface and underground water resources (Khodadadi et al., 2010; Srivastava et al., Pesticide residue as used in this research 2010). Relevant poisoning in many work is the residual amount of active countries, especially in developing countries components of a particular pesticide or is considered the second causes of group of pesticides found in a commodity mortalities after infectious diseases (that is food or water) after the pesticide has (Farshad, 2000). Pesticides cause untoward accomplished the primary purpose of its effects on man in two ways. Firstly, they application; or the residual amount of a have direct effects on the health of persons pesticide found in a product which has been who use them; and secondly, their remnants in the area of the pesticide application. accumulate in foodstuffs which also produce side effects on man (Yazgan and Tanik, Though pesticides are often misunderstood 2010). The side effects include short term to refer only to insecticides, the term ones like abdominal cramps, vertigo, pesticide also applies to herbicides, headaches, diplopia, nausea, ocular fungicides, acaricides and other substances disturbances and dermatopathies. Long term used to control pest. adverse effects include increased likelihood of respiratory failures, depression, nervous Under the US law, a pesticide may also refer defects, prostate cancer, leukemia and to any substance or mixture of substances infertility. These problems are considered intended for use as a plant regulator, the major health problems in the world defoliant or desiccant (Hurst et al., 1991). (Yazgan and Tanik, 2010; Ghasemi and Karam, 2009). The various investigations The increasing population necessitates more conducted on farmers in terms of their agricultural products and food stuffs that health status demonstrated that pesticides consequently need more pesticide usage to may increase from the likelihood of destroy any pests (Khazaei et al., 2010; Parkinson disease (Hoek and Dawson, 2007; Arjmandi et al., 2010). The pesticide Bradman et al., 2011). Environmental compounds include Organophosphorus, pollution by pesticides has been identified as Organochlorine, Carbamate and Pyrethroid one of the major environmental impacts derivatives, (Samadi et al., 2009). They have from agriculture (Skinner et al., 1997). some side effects on living organisms such Parent compounds as well as metabolites of as organophosphorus inhibits cholinesterase pesticides have been identified in air (Rudel, activity and wit makes central nervous 1997), water (Boonyatumanond et al., 1997) system (CNS) functional disturbances. and soil (Redondo et al., 1997). The list of Organochlorine accumulates in living pesticide related compounds which have organism bodies and also in food chain. been identified in the environment and Carbamate on man derivatives causes proved to be carcinogenic is growing as new genetic mutations and CNS functional methods of detection have been developed disturbances (Samadi et al., 2009). and sensitivities and specificities of assays have been improved. Pesticides are used widely to improve agricultural production and also to prevent Pesticides differ in their mode of action, arthropod-borne diseases. But they are used uptake by the body, metabolism and improperly due to the lake appropriate elimination from the body and ecological 926 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937 toxicity potential. Because of these animals including humans through the food differences, some from the pesticides show chain, Akueshi et al. (2003). Behavioral acute short term effects, while others tend to avoidance of contaminants may be an accumulate in the body and with time additional cause of reduced fish populations, demonstrate sublethal adverse health effects. Akueshi et al. (2003). Many of these compounds also persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in the Materials and Methods animal and human tissues (El-Sebae, 1986). The degradation and transformation of the Materials nonpersistent chemicals in the environment are dependent on their physicochemical All solvents were Pesticide Residue grade properties, the environment in which they and were purchased from Sigma, USA. reside and the threshold levels of these Dimethoate, Disulfaton, Famphur, Methyl chemicals in the environment. Degradation parathion, O,O,O-Triethyl phosphoro and transformation processes do not always thioate, Parathion and Phophorate were result in decreased activity or dilution of the purchased from Sigma, USA. All other parent compound, for the degraded or chemicals used were analytical grade and transformed products are at times more obtained from either Sigma-Aldrich or toxic, resulting in biomagnification of the Merck. toxicity of the parent compound. Fish samples The presence of organophosphorus in sediment samples suggests that for these Forty five samples of fish representing environmentally persistent compounds have species of Round Sardinella (Sardinella been resident in the water bodies for a long aurita), Euro Peqn Pilchard (Thunnus time and may have contaminated the aquatic thynnus), Madeiran Sardinella (Sardinella flora and fauna. The most striking effect of maderensis), Chub Mackerel (Scomber some of the pesticides in water is their japonicus), Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber ability to concentrate in the fatty tissue of scombrus), Herring (Clupea harengus), successively higher components of the Roving Grey Mullet (Liza carinata), aquatic food chain. Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Thicklip Grey Mullet (Chelon labrosus), The frequent presence of pesticides and their Boxlip Mullet (Cdeachilus labeo), Albacore high toxicity along with considerable (Thunnus alalunya), Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus bioaccumulation in freshwater fishes make thynnus), Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus them toxicants that should be given due albacares) and Bogue (Boops boops) were consideration in aquatic toxicology. Fish collected from Tripoli market in Libya accumulate xenobiotic chemicals, especially during 2013. those with poor water solubility because of the very intimate contact with the medium Instrument
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