Improving Translation by Identifying Evidence for More Human-Relevant Preclinical Strategies
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Course Syllabus Animal Studies: an Introduction ANTH S-1625 Harvard Summer School 2016 Dr
2016.6.10 draft Course Syllabus Animal Studies: An Introduction ANTH S-1625 Harvard Summer School 2016 Dr. Paul Waldau Course Description This course traces the history and shape of academic efforts to study nonhuman animals. Animal studies scholars explore such questions as, how do contemporary Western societies characterize the differences between humans and non-human animals? What ethical debates surround the use of animals in scientific research or the use of animals for food? How different are other cultures’ views of nonhuman animals from the views that now prevail in the United States and other early twenty-first century industrialized societies? What assumptions in educational systems have fostered the study of nonhuman animals, and what assumptions of specific educational systems have hampered such study? Class sessions are discussion-based, and students undertake group work, significant writing, and an individual presentation. In addition, note carefully each of the Learning Objectives listed below. We will discuss these objectives regularly through significant writing, group-based discussion and individual presentations that explore the interdisciplinary implications of weaving together the humanities with sciences (both social and natural). There are no prerequisites for this course. Required Readings and Course Materials • Waldau, Paul 2013. Animal Studies: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press • Additional Course Materials will be specified, and most of them will be available online or in .pdf format at the -
Internal and External Validity: Can You Apply Research Study Results to Your Patients? Cecilia Maria Patino1,2,A, Juliana Carvalho Ferreira1,3,B
J Bras Pneumol. 2018;44(3):183-183 CONTINUING EDUCATION: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37562018000000164 SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY Internal and external validity: can you apply research study results to your patients? Cecilia Maria Patino1,2,a, Juliana Carvalho Ferreira1,3,b CLINICAL SCENARIO extent to which the results of a study are generalizable to patients in our daily practice, especially for the population In a multicenter study in France, investigators conducted that the sample is thought to represent. a randomized controlled trial to test the effect of prone vs. supine positioning ventilation on mortality among patients Lack of internal validity implies that the results of the with early, severe ARDS. They showed that prolonged study deviate from the truth, and, therefore, we cannot prone-positioning ventilation decreased 28-day mortality draw any conclusions; hence, if the results of a trial are [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.25-0.63].(1) not internally valid, external validity is irrelevant.(2) Lack of external validity implies that the results of the trial may not apply to patients who differ from the study STUDY VALIDITY population and, consequently, could lead to low adoption The validity of a research study refers to how well the of the treatment tested in the trial by other clinicians. results among the study participants represent true fi ndings among similar individuals outside the study. INCREASING VALIDITY OF RESEARCH This concept of validity applies to all types of clinical STUDIES studies, including those about prevalence, associations, interventions, and diagnosis. The validity of a research To increase internal validity, investigators should ensure study includes two domains: internal and external validity. -
On Transfer of Sámi Traditional Knowledge: Scientification, Traditionalization, Secrecy, and Equality*
On Transfer of Sámi Traditional Knowledge: Scientification, Traditionalization, Secrecy, and Equality* Elina Helander-Renvall and Inkeri Markkula Introduction The aim of this chapter is to elaborate how Sámi traditional knowledge is ar- ticulated and transferred, especially as part of research activities. As a starting point, we will discuss traditional knowledge and its various understandings. Further on, we will trace and address some of the concerns that Sámi have in relation to how their reality is researched and described. Special attention will be paid to the secrecy surrounding some Sámi traditions and some knowl- edge in the context of conducting research on such issues; the scientifijication of Sámi knowledge; the traditionalization (actualization) of various traditions; and the need for equality between scientifijic and traditional knowledge. Traditional knowledge ( TK) has many defijinitions. Traditional knowledge may be defijined as knowledge that has a long historical and cultural continu- ity, having been passed down through generations, as Berkes has noted.1 In the book on traditional knowledge by Porsanger and Guttorm2 the concept árbediehtu (inherited knowledge, a Northern Sámi word) is used to refer to Sámi knowledge. They state that árbediehtu is ‘the collective wisdom and skills of the Sámi people used to enhance their livelihood for centuries. It has been * We would like to thank Regional Council of Lapland, European Regional Development Fund, and University of Lapland for the fijinancial support for the project Traditional Eco- logical Knowledge in the Sami Homeland Region of Finland which was conducted at the Arctic Centre, Rovaniemi during 1.1.2014-30.4.2015. The general aim of this project was to promote the status of Sami traditional ecological knowledge through support to the Sami craftswomen. -
As an "Odds Ratio", the Ratio of the Odds of Being Exposed by a Case Divided by the Odds of Being Exposed by a Control
STUDY DESIGNS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH VALIDITY & SAMPLE SIZE Validity is an important concept; it involves the assessment against accepted absolute standards, or in a milder form, to see if the evaluation appears to cover its intended target or targets. INFERENCES & VALIDITIES Two major levels of inferences are involved in interpreting a study, a clinical trial The first level concerns Internal validity; the degree to which the investigator draws the correct conclusions about what actually happened in the study. The second level concerns External Validity (also referred to as generalizability or inference); the degree to which these conclusions could be appropriately applied to people and events outside the study. External Validity Internal Validity Truth in Truth in Findings in The Universe The Study The Study Research Question Study Plan Study Data A Simple Example: An experiment on the effect of Vitamin C on the prevention of colds could be simply conducted as follows. A number of n children (the sample size) are randomized; half were each give a 1,000-mg tablet of Vitamin C daily during the test period and form the “experimental group”. The remaining half , who made up the “control group” received “placebo” – an identical tablet containing no Vitamin C – also on a daily basis. At the end, the “Number of colds per child” could be chosen as the outcome/response variable, and the means of the two groups are compared. Assignment of the treatments (factor levels: Vitamin C or Placebo) to the experimental units (children) was performed using a process called “randomization”. The purpose of randomization was to “balance” the characteristics of the children in each of the treatment groups, so that the difference in the response variable, the number of cold episodes per child, can be rightly attributed to the effect of the predictor – the difference between Vitamin C and Placebo. -
Philosophy 1
Philosophy 1 PHILOSOPHY VISITING FACULTY Doing philosophy means reasoning about questions that are of basic importance to the human experience—questions like, What is a good life? What is reality? Aileen Baek How are knowledge and understanding possible? What should we believe? BA, Yonsei University; MA, Yonsei University; PHD, Yonsei University What norms should govern our societies, our relationships, and our activities? Visiting Associate Professor of Philosophy; Visiting Scholar in Philosophy Philosophers critically analyze ideas and practices that often are assumed without reflection. Wesleyan’s philosophy faculty draws on multiple traditions of Alessandra Buccella inquiry, offering a wide variety of perspectives and methods for addressing these BA, Universitagrave; degli Studi di Milano; MA, Universitagrave; degli Studi di questions. Milano; MA, Universidad de Barcelona; PHD, University of Pittsburgh Visiting Assistant Professor of Philosophy William Paris BA, Susquehanna University; MA, New York University; PHD, Pennsylvania State FACULTY University Stephen Angle Frank B. Weeks Visiting Assistant Professor of Philosophy BA, Yale University; PHD, University of Michigan Mansfield Freeman Professor of East Asian Studies; Professor of Philosophy; Director, Center for Global Studies; Professor, East Asian Studies EMERITI Lori Gruen Brian C. Fay BA, University of Colorado Boulder; PHD, University of Colorado Boulder BA, Loyola Marymount University; DPHIL, Oxford University; MA, Oxford William Griffin Professor of Philosophy; Professor -
Introduction to Difference in Differences (DID) Analysis
Introduction to Difference in Differences (DID) Analysis Hsueh-Sheng Wu CFDR Workshop Series June 15, 2020 1 Outline of Presentation • What is Difference-in-Differences (DID) analysis • Threats to internal and external validity • Compare and contrast three different research designs • Graphic presentation of the DID analysis • Link between regression and DID • Stata -diff- module • Sample Stata codes • Conclusions 2 What Is Difference-in-Differences Analysis • Difference-in-Differences (DID) analysis is a statistic technique that analyzes data from a nonequivalence control group design and makes a casual inference about an independent variable (e.g., an event, treatment, or policy) on an outcome variable • A non-equivalence control group design establishes the temporal order of the independent variable and the dependent variable, so it establishes which variable is the cause and which one is the effect • A non-equivalence control group design does not randomly assign respondents to the treatment or control group, so treatment and control groups may not be equivalent in their characteristics and reactions to the treatment • DID is commonly used to evaluate the outcome of policies or natural events (such as Covid-19) 3 Internal and External Validity • When designing an experiment, researchers need to consider how extraneous variables may threaten the internal validity and external validity of an experiment • Internal validity refers to the extent to which an experiment can establish the causal relation between the independent variable and -
Final Roadmap: March 2015 2
Final Roadmap: March 2015 2 Photo: ©Fotolia Grant agreement no. 282586 ROAMER: A roadmap for mental health research in Europe Coordination and Support Action Objective THEME [HEALTH.2011.3.3-4] Roadmap for Mental Health and Well-being Research in Europe Deliverable reference number and title: D11.4 Due date of deliverable: month 42 Actual submission date: 27/05/2015 Start date of project: October the 1st 2011 Duration: 42 months 2UJDQLVDWLRQQDPHRIOHDGEHQH¿FLDU\IRUWKLVGHOLYHUDEOH KCL - IOPPN / UNIMAN AUTHORS Prof. Til Wykes / Dr. Stefano Belli / Prof. Shôn Lewis (WP11) CIBERSAM-PSSJD Dr. Josep Maria Haro, Dr. Carla Obradors Tarragó (COORD) APPROVAL KCL - IOPPN / UNIMAN WORK-PACKAGE LEADER Prof. Til Wykes (WP11) CIBERSAM-PSSJD PROJECT COORDINATOR Dr. Josep Maria Haro (COORD) AUTHORISATION EUROPEAN PROJECT OFFICER Barbara Kerstiens COMMISSION Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013) Dissemination Level(Please choose) PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE 5HVWULFWHGWRDJURXSVSHFL¿HGE\WKHFRQVRUWLXP LQFOXGLQJWKH&RPPLVVLRQ6HUYLFHV CO &RQ¿GHQWLDORQO\IRUPHPEHUVRIWKHFRQVRUWLXP LQFOXGLQJWKH&RPPLVVLRQ6HUYLFHV Contents Contents ................................................................... 4 Partners.................................................................... 6 Executive Summary ......................................................... 8 1.Introduction ............................................................. 11 Structure -
Anthrozoology and Sharks, Looking at How Human-Shark Interactions Have Shaped Human Life Over Time
Anthrozoology and Public Perception: Humans and Great White Sharks (Carchardon carcharias) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Jessica O’Toole A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Marine Affairs University of Washington 2020 Committee: Marc L. Miller, Chair Vincent F. Gallucci Program Authorized to Offer Degree School of Marine and Environmental Affairs © Copywrite 2020 Jessica O’Toole 2 University of Washington Abstract Anthrozoology and Public Perception: Humans and Great White Sharks (Carchardon carcharias) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Jessica O’Toole Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Dr. Marc L. Miller School of Marine and Environmental Affairs Anthrozoology is a relatively new field of study in the world of academia. This discipline, which includes researchers ranging from social studies to natural sciences, examines human-animal interactions. Understanding what affect these interactions have on a person’s perception of a species could be used to create better conservation strategies and policies. This thesis uses a mixed qualitative methodology to examine the public perception of great white sharks on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. While the area has a history of shark interactions, a shark related death in 2018 forced many people to re-evaluate how they view sharks. Not only did people express both positive and negative perceptions of the animals but they also discussed how the attack caused them to change their behavior in and around the ocean. Residents also acknowledged that the sharks were not the only problem living in the ocean. They often blame seals for the shark attacks, while also claiming they are a threat to the fishing industry. -
CRITICAL TERMS for ANIMAL STUDIES
CRITICAL TERMS for ANIMAL STUDIES Edited by LORI GRUEN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Chicago and London Contents Introduction • Lori Gruen 1 1 Abolition • Claire Jean Kim 15 2 Activism • Jeff Sebo and Peter Singer 33 3 Anthropocentrism • Fiona Probyn- Rapsey 47 4 Behavior • Alexandra Horowitz 64 5 Biopolitics • Dinesh Joseph Wadiwel 79 6 Captivity • Lori Marino 99 7 Difference • Kari Weil 112 8 Emotion • Barbara J. King 125 9 Empathy • Lori Gruen 141 10 Ethics • Alice Crary 154 11 Extinction • Thom van Dooren 169 12 Kinship • Agustín Fuentes and Natalie Porter 182 13 Law • Kristen Stilt 197 14 Life • Eduardo Kohn 210 15 Matter • James K. Stanescu 222 16 Mind • Kristin Andrews 234 17 Pain • Victoria A. Braithwaite 251 18 Personhood • Colin Dayan 267 19 Postcolonial • Maneesha Deckha 280 20 Rationality • Christine M. Korsgaard 294 21 Representation • Robert R. McKay 307 22 Rights • Will Kymlicka and Sue Donaldson 320 23 Sanctuary • Timothy Pachirat 337 24 Sentience • Gary Varner 356 25 Sociality • Cynthia Willett and Malini Suchak 370 26 Species • Harriet Ritvo 383 27 Vegan • Annie Potts and Philip Armstrong 395 28 Vulnerability • Anat Pick 410 29 Welfare • Clare Palmer and Peter Sandøe 424 Acknowledgments 439 List of Contributors 441 Index 451 INTRODUCTION Lori Gruen Animal Studies is almost always described as a new, emerging, and growing field. A short while ago some Animal Studies scholars suggested that it “has a way to go before it can clearly see itself as an academic field” (Gorman 2012). Other scholars suggest that the “discipline” is a couple of decades old (DeMello 2012). -
Randomized Controlled Trials, Development Economics and Policy Making in Developing Countries
Randomized Controlled Trials, Development Economics and Policy Making in Developing Countries Esther Duflo Department of Economics, MIT Co-Director J-PAL [Joint work with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer] Randomized controlled trials have greatly expanded in the last two decades • Randomized controlled Trials were progressively accepted as a tool for policy evaluation in the US through many battles from the 1970s to the 1990s. • In development, the rapid growth starts after the mid 1990s – Kremer et al, studies on Kenya (1994) – PROGRESA experiment (1997) • Since 2000, the growth have been very rapid. J-PAL | THE ROLE OF RANDOMIZED EVALUATIONS IN INFORMING POLICY 2 Cameron et al (2016): RCT in development Figure 1: Number of Published RCTs 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Publication Year J-PAL | THE ROLE OF RANDOMIZED EVALUATIONS IN INFORMING POLICY 3 BREAD Affiliates doing RCT Figure 4. Fraction of BREAD Affiliates & Fellows with 1 or more RCTs 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1980 or earlier 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2005 2006-today * Total Number of Fellows and Affiliates is 166. PhD Year J-PAL | THE ROLE OF RANDOMIZED EVALUATIONS IN INFORMING POLICY 4 Top Journals J-PAL | THE ROLE OF RANDOMIZED EVALUATIONS IN INFORMING POLICY 5 Many sectors, many countries J-PAL | THE ROLE OF RANDOMIZED EVALUATIONS IN INFORMING POLICY 6 Why have RCT had so much impact? • Focus on identification of causal effects (across the board) • Assessing External Validity • Observing Unobservables • Data collection • Iterative Experimentation • Unpack impacts J-PAL | THE ROLE OF RANDOMIZED EVALUATIONS IN INFORMING POLICY 7 Focus on Identification… across the board! • The key advantage of RCT was perceived to be a clear identification advantage • With RCT, since those who received a treatment are randomly selected in a relevant sample, any difference between treatment and control must be due to the treatment • Most criticisms of experiment also focus on limits to identification (imperfect randomization, attrition, etc. -
Editors' Preface and Acknowledgments
disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory Volume 23 Mapping Article 1 4-25-2014 Editors' Preface and Acknowledgments Rachael Hoy University of Kentucky Christina Williams University of Kentucky DOI: https://doi.org/10.13023/disclosure.23.01 Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/disclosure This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Hoy, Rachael and Williams, Christina (2014) "Editors' Preface and Acknowledgments," disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory: Vol. 23 , Article 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13023/disclosure.23.01 Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/disclosure/vol23/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory. Questions about the journal can be sent to [email protected] Advisory Board disClosure 23 Editorial Collective Benjamin Agger , Sociology University of Texas-Arlington Rachael Hoy, Editor Christina Williams, Editor James Boon , Anthropology Princeton University Daniel Cockayne Matthew Edney , Geography Austin Crane University of Maine Wes DeShano Zack Hardin Nancy Fraser , Political Science Jessa Loomis New School for Social Research Marita Murphy Cynthia Feeland , Philosophy Erin R. Newell University of Houston Alexander Menrisky Sander Gilman , German/Psychology Lindsay Shade University of Chicago Sarah A. Soliman Sophia Strosberg Derek Gregory , Geography University of British Columbia Jeffrey Peters, Faculty Advisor Peter-Uwe Hohendahl , German Studies Cornell University Web Host bepress Anton Kaes , German University of California, Berkeley Douglas Kellner , Philosophy of Education disClosure is a refereed journal University of California-Los Angeles produced in conjunction with the Dominick LaCapra , History Committee on Social Theory at the Cornell University University of Kentucky. -
EN October 2013
ECOMUSICOLOGY NEWSLETTER!OCTOBER 2013 Ecomusicology Newsletter Discussion: Music in the Contents Anthropocene Features Discussion: Music in the by Nathan Currier Anthropocene, 1-2 Nathan Currier Currier responds to an earlier Ecomusicology Newsletter The Study of the Music & Culture of article and previews a longer article for our next issue. the Environmental Crisis, 3 & 20-23 Juha Torvinen & Andreas Engström “In some cases our work might have direct relevance to Previews environmental problems,” Marc Perlman noted in “Ecology and Ecomusicologies 2013, 4-5 Ethno/Musicology: The Metaphorical, the Representational, and the Dan Bendrups Literal” in this Newsletter 1, no. 2 (October 2012). “In other cases the relevance could be very indirect, or indeed conjectural; but I suspect Music, Nature, Place: A New Book that in most cases our ultimate concerns are environmentalist ones.” Series, 6 In my own case, it might be because of its direct relevance that my Sabine Feisst & Denise Von Glahn perspective is quite distinct from this literature: I have spent much Of Ecomusicological Interest at time in recent years outside of music dealing with fine points of AMS Pittsburgh, 7 climate science and policy. Climate change is central to the fate of the Aaron S. Allen biosphere, as well as to the economic, political, cultural and moral basis of society. Yet traditional environmentalism (i.e. the social Of Ecomusicological Interest at SEM Indianapolis, 8-9 movement emerging from the 1960s) has thus far found it di$cult to Kate Galloway adequately come to terms with this epic environmental problem. Climate science is itself a discipline full of internal upheaval, Reviews controversy, and complexities of communication.