Project number 33089 Innovation Fund Proposal
Project information
Project title The Churchill Marine Observatory Applicant institution University of Manitoba Collaborating institutions University of Calgary, University of Victoria
Project leader
Name David Barber Title/position Professor, Canada Research Chair (Tier 1), Associate Dean (Research)
Project funding
Total project cost $31,775,435 Amount requested from the $12,396,452 CFI Percentage of the total project 39% cost requested from the CFI (maximum 40%)
Disciplines
Primary discipline GEOPHYSICS Primary sub-discipline Applied Geophysics Secondary discipline ENVIRONMENT Secondary sub-discipline Bioremediation Tertiary discipline ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Tertiary sub-discipline Digital Signal Processing
Areas of application
Primary Development of the North Secondary Fossil fuels and their derivatives
Submitted on 2014-06-27 Project number 33089 Innovation Fund Proposal
Keywords
Research or technology Bioremediation, chemical dispersants, petroleum ecotoxicolgy, sea ice dynamics development and thermodynamics, ecology and ecosystem structure Specific infrastructure Arctic, Oil in Ice Mesocosm, Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring, Hudson Bay
Submitted on 2014-06-27 2 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Plain language summary
This summary will not be used in the review process. Should the project be funded, the CFI may use it in its communication products.
The Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) will be a globally unique, highly innovative, multidisciplinary research facility located in Churchill, Manitoba, adjacent to Canada’s only Arctic deep-water port. The CMO will directly address technological, scientific, and economic issues pertaining to Arctic marine transportation and oil and gas exploration and development throughout the Arctic.
CMO will include an Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm (OSIM), an Environmental Observing (EO) system, and a logistics base. OSIM will consist of two saltwater sub-pools designed to simultaneously accommodate contaminated and control experiments on various scenarios of oil spills in sea ice. The EO system will be located in the Churchill estuary and along the main shipping channel across Hudson Bay and Strait. The EO system will provide a state-of-the-art monitoring system and will be used to scale process studies conducted in OSIM to Hudson Bay and the larger Arctic environment. The logistics base will underpin all CMO research.
CMO will position Canada as a global leader of research into the detection, impacts, and mitigation of oil spills in sea ice. Knowledge gained through CMO will strengthen Canada’s technological capacity to protect the Arctic environment. Partnerships with indigenous organizations will ensure knowledge exchange; the private sector will provide market-driven uptake of technology; and various levels of government will transfer knowledge into policy and regulation.
Project summary Proposal 3 University of Manitoba Project Summary 33089
The Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) represents a first-of-a-kind facility for the circumpolar Arctic. Located in Churchill, Manitoba, and adjacent to Canada’s only Arctic deep- water port, CMO will dramatically advance knowledge of oil spills in areas with sea ice, impacts of these contaminants on the marine ecosystem, and development of environmental technologies designed for detection and mitigation of oil in ice-covered waters. The CMO will allow the international research team to continually strive for global leadership by conducting world-class, transformative research and technology development in Arctic System Science. This strategic priority is shared by University of Manitoba (UM), the University of Calgary, and the University of Victoria, the three collaborating institutions in this proposal. In addition, CMO fully complements existing research facilities in Churchill and contributes to the formation of a national observing system for the Arctic in partnership with the Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS), Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC), private sector partners, and multiple government levels.
Proposed Research Infrastructure CMO is specifically designed to investigate a variety of contaminants under both landfast first-year sea ice and mobile ice types. Three mutually supporting core research and technology elements are proposed: 1) the Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm (OSIM); 2) a fully integrated Environmental Observing (EO) system; and 3) a Logistics Base. Research capacity enabled by CMO will include the following: A newly developed suite of remote sensing and modeling tools for detecting contaminants at multiple space and time scales. Procedures to mitigate environmental impacts from a spill using conventional techniques such as dispersants and in situ burning, in addition to novel techniques such as cold temperature-adapted bioremediation. Advanced capacity to monitor for and quantify potential impacts from shipping and development activities in the Arctic while also providing advanced information required by operators for safe shipping, exploration and development. The true strength of the proposed program is the full integration of OSIM research and technology development with the state-of-the-art EO system. The EO system directly supports OSIM by supplying in situ data on the natural range and variability of the key environmental factors that define ocean/sea ice/atmosphere (OSA) climate states. By deploying identical instruments in both OSIM and the EO system, equivalent observations will be made in the upper ocean, ocean-ice interface, through the ice volume, and the ice-atmosphere interface. This level of coordinated cross-disciplinary environmental monitoring is unprecedented in Canada’s Arctic.
4 University of Manitoba Project Summary 33089
OSIM will address research of how crude oils, distillates, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues from in situ burning, liquefied natural gas, and other transportation-related contaminants affect processes across the OSA interface. The OSIM science objectives are organized under three broad categories: i) detection, ii) impacts, and iii) mitigation to develop an understanding of what effects various contaminants have on Arctic ecosystems, and on the thermodynamic and dynamic evolution of snow-covered sea ice. To bridge the gap between field experiments and those conducted under simulated conditions, OSIM will offer a unique opportunity to grow Arctic sea ice under ambient winter conditions. It will consist of a reinforced above-ground pool, 30’ (width) x 60’ (length) x 10’ (depth) with a permanent dividing wall to create two sub-pools. Natural seawater will be pumped from the estuary into the sub-pools. One sub-pool will be dedicated to oil spill and other contaminant mesocosm experiments with the second sub-pool as an uncontaminated control. This facility will also feature a retractable roof and above- and below-water sensor systems. By drawing water directly from the estuary, OSIM will also provide capacity for discrete daily to weekly monitoring of standard physical-chemical attributes of water quality, spectral fluorescence, size distribution, and environmental DNA to assess microbial abundance and diversity and to screen for invasive species. This will contribute to scale studies. The EO will provide a synchronized suite of instruments to study processes of OSA coupling, biophysical monitoring, and, in particular, the effects of freshwater and extreme weather on oil spills and other contaminants from marine transportation. This facility (approx. locations below) will incorporate underwater moorings and atmospheric observation platforms, capable of near real-time internet data transfer, located along the shipping corridor to/from the Port of Churchill. One estuary, one smart-profiling, and three shipping lane moorings are proposed. The estuary observatory (E in map) and the smart profiling observatory (2 in map) will be dedicated technology-development moorings. Efforts will focus on the development and testing of tools such as fish biomass sensors and logic-driven profiling “SeaCycler” technology that senses and adapts sampling strategies to respond automatically to prevailing conditions. In collaboration with ONC, the estuary mooring will be linked with a direct optical cable connection to CMO. The system will be designed and equipped for real-time observations of biogeochemical and optical water properties including monitoring of algal biomass for major taxonomic groups, zooplankton biomass and species composition, fish biomass and species composition, and acoustic tracking of marine mammals. By sampling water directly from the inlet structure of OSIM, variation in chemical and biological properties will be integrated with experiments conducted in OSIM to evaluate how shipping and oil may impact higher trophic levels. All moorings will monitor ice thickness using ice profiling sonar.
5 University of Manitoba Project Summary 33089
In support of comprehensive ocean system observation, the shipping lane moorings (1 in map) located in Hudson Bay and Strait will monitor ice thickness and motion, as well as salinity, temperature, ocean fluorescence, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and other relevant ocean-state variables. Locations of the moorings will be selected to optimize the relevance of observations to marine transportation and maximize the ability to detect and monitor conditions should contamination occur along the transportation corridor. These moorings will also permit the deployment of developmental technologies such as a contaminant-detection system. An atmospheric observatory (E in map) will provide real-time data on extreme weather events and atmospheric chemistry at the OSIM site. In addition to monitoring atmospheric variables, the observatory will house a scanning X-band dual-pole Doppler weather radar and suite of real- time sensors for air quality. Parameters from these instruments are central to understanding extreme weather impacts on coupled OSA processes, dispersion, and burn studies of oil in ice. The logistics base is a necessary supporting component of the CMO, underpinning all aspects of the research at the facility. This base will provide access to the Churchill River estuary and will include field preparation labs, a data acquisition room to acquire and transmit data streams from CMO sensors, a dedicated coastal research vessel, and a staging/storage building. Additional lab facilities located at the Churchill Northern Studies Centre will be used to provide for processing and stabilization of samples prior to their transfer to more advanced laboratories.
Anticipated Outcomes The CMO is proposed as a national facility, serving national and international needs and gathering over 170 researchers from six Canadian universities, three international universities (Aarhus, Denmark; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland; and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington), 10 government departments, and 10 private sector partners. This facility will present an exceptional opportunity to train a new generation of experts on Arctic sustainable development. CMO will lead direct integration of industry, government and academic interests, and ensure an ability to forge and foster productive, value-added partnerships within and among institutions, sectors and disciplines. Industry and government members of a CMO Board of Directors will be able to capitalize on scientific knowledge from academic members, allowing them to commercialize technologies and techniques first developed in CMO. Pre-competitive research will focus around detection, impacts and mitigation of oil in ice technologies. The EO system will be used to validate and scale studies from the OSIM facility in order to ensure Arctic-wide relevance of CMO outputs. The three mutually supporting core research and technology infrastructure elements will contribute to substantial research innovation, sustainable marine transportation, and the exploration and development of Arctic resources. Through the Board, and a commitment to sharing of results, data, technology, and methods, CMO will help ensure that governments and industry have comprehensive information available to conduct environmental assessments and to plan for and respond to economic development pressures throughout the Arctic.
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Principal users
Name Institution Department Barber, David University of Manitoba Centre for Earth Observation Science
Babin, Marcel Université Laval Faculté des sciences et de génie
Deming, Jody University of Washington School of Oceanography
Hubert, Casey University of Calgary Biological Sciences
Mundy, Christopher University of Manitoba Centre for Earth Observation Science
Rysgaard, Søren University of Manitoba Geological Sciences
Shafai, Lotfollah University of Manitoba Electrical and Computer Engineering
Stern, Gary University of Manitoba Centre for Earth Observation Science
Wang, Feiyue University of Manitoba Environment and Geography
Yackel, John University of Calgary Geography
Principal users Proposal 7 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Other users
Name and title/position Institution and department Archambault, Philippe Université du Québec à Rimouski Research Professor Institut des sciences de la mer
Davidson, Malcolm European Space Agency Head of Campaigns Mission Science Division
Dimitrenko, Igor University of Manitoba Research Professor Centre for Earth Observation Science
Ehn, Jens University of Manitoba Assistant Professor Department of Environment and Geography
Eiken, Hajo University of Alaska Fairbanks Professor Geophysical Institute
Fishback, LeeAnn Churchill Northern Studies Centre Scientific Coordinator Science Programs
Ferguson, Steve Fisheries and Oceans Canada Research Scientist Arctic Aquatic Research Division
Geertz-Hansen, Ole Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Senior Scientist Department of Birds and Mammals
Gosselin, Michel Université du Québec à Rimouski Professor Institut des sciences de la mer
Halden, Norman University of Manitoba Dean, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty Department of Geological Sciences
Hanesiak, John University of Manitoba Professor Department of Environment and Geography
Jackson, David Environment Canada Director Canadian Ice Service
Juniper, Kim University of Victoria Professor School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
McKernan, Michael Stantec Inc. Principal, Environmental Management Project and Business Development
Juul Simon, Malene Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Department Head / Senior Scientist Greenland Climate Research Centre
Mojabi, Puyan University of Manitoba Assistant Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering
Raillard, Martin Aboriginal Affairs & N. Devp. Canada Chief Scientist Canadian High Arctic Research Station
Schimnowski, Adrian Arctic Research Foundation Project Manager / Senior Advisor Operations
Smith, Bert KGS Group Consulting Engineers Principal Management Executive
Wallace, Doug Dalhousie University Professor, CERC CERC-OCEAN
Other users Proposal 8 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
Institutional track record and commitment The University of Manitoba (UM) is pleased to present the Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) as a natural evolution in its long-standing history of leadership and investment in Arctic research. Two of the six areas of UM’s current Strategic Research Plan reflect and support the continued growth of an exceptionally strong capacity in Arctic research: 1) Sustainable Prairie and Northern Communities and 2) Earth and Environmental Materials Science. UM is continually advancing its Arctic research capacity. Currently, Arctic System Science and Technology is anticipated to be one of only three areas of research excellence to be identified within UM’s new Strategic Research Plan. The Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) and the planned signature area of research excellence will continue to advance UM into a position of global leadership in Arctic system science. The UM is a leading Canadian university, attracting and retaining outstanding researchers to one of the world’s largest dedicated research groups focusing on sea ice and Arctic systems science and technology. The University’s Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, Centre for Earth Observation Science (hereinafter, CEOS) serves as the ‘hub’ for Arctic system science. CEOS has brought together 127 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff including a Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) and two Canada Research Chairs into a fully coordinated internationally recognized area of research excellence with members from the departments of Geological Sciences, Environment and Geography (Riddell Faculty), Electrical and Computer Engineering and Civil Engineering (Faculty of Engineering), and Soil Science (Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences). Since its inception in 1994, CEOS has expanded from 1.5 FTE staff and two graduate students to include world-class researchers from around the globe including 14 tenure track faculty, 21 adjunct/research faculty, 27 Research Associates (post-PhD), 15 technical and support staff and 50 graduate students. Metrics of research excellence for CEOS members illustrate a high level of distinction, a diversification of excellence, and a strong growth trajectory. The group has over 30,000 citations in peer reviewed literature; six faculty have citation totals exceeding 3,000 each. The group has graduated 225 MSc and PhD students. The CMO will allow CEOS to expand on this exceptional research record. The world-leading faculty members at CEOS will all be involved in CMO research. The CMO proposal is led by Dr. Barber, a Tier I Canada Research Chair in Arctic System Science, who works on the thermodynamics and geophysics of sea ice and the dynamics of coupling to biological systems. Additional UM faculty directly invested in the project include Drs. Rysgaard (CERC in Geomicrobiology and Climate Change), Shafai (Tier I Canada Research Chair in Applied Electromagnetics), Wang (contaminants), Stern (hydrocarbon monitoring), Hanesiak (extreme weather), Papakyriakou (carbon exchange processes), Halden (geochemistry), Mundy (marine primary production), Ehn (geophysics), Kuzyk (marine geochemistry), Dmitrenko (oceanography), Ogi (climate forcing), Pućko (hydrocarbon chemistry), Ferguson (marine
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ecosystems), Michel (marine microbial ecology) and MacDonald (aquatic geochemistry). These faculty have contributed substantially to establishing UM’s exceptional research infrastructure. When formed, the Riddell Faculty was awarded a $10M endowment from Clayton H. Riddell which has funded equipment acquisition and laboratory renovation to support research on the environment and its natural resources at an average annual rate of $300K per year. In the last five years, the UM has prioritized the acquisition of analytical instrumentation with advanced laboratory space. These acquisitions include a Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry laboratories, two gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer laboratories, and a new state-of-the-art two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This infrastructure will be used to analyze many samples from CMO. In 2011, CEOS was successful in a national competition for the prestigious CERC research program and hired world class biogeochemist Prof. Søren Rysgaard as the CERC in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. The CERC research program is a major initiative for CEOS, raising over $52M in new investment to the group and doubling the number of staff, equipment and field programs coordinated through CEOS. Funding for the CERC research program included CERC core funds, new funds from the Province of Manitoba, a private donation from Clayton H. Riddell and additional direct investments by the University of Manitoba in new research space and faculty. The CERC research program provides an annual operating budget to CEOS of $1.6M per year, which is about 40% of the total operating budget. The importance of microbial biogeochemistry in remediation of hydrocarbon contamination at the ocean/sea ice/atmosphere (OSA) interface places the CERC program at the centre of the CMO initiative. The UM has consistently invested in world-class facilities and equipment that supports leading and innovative research reflecting the strong growth in its research teams. As a consequence of the successful CERC research program, the UM invested an additional $16M to generate the new state-of-the-art Nellie Cournoyea Arctic Research Facility, opened in 2013. This facility adds 60,000 square feet of space to the original 12,000 square foot CEOS facility. The new facility consists of dedicated research space with 12 special-purpose laboratories, a geomicrobiological lab, a class-100 Ultra Clean Trace Elements Laboratory (UCTEL), a nested suite of three computer-controlled cold labs, a mooring preparation and deployment lab, and several electrical and computing laboratories. The dedicated research space at CEOS not only facilitates graduate-level research, but has contributed to numerous breakthroughs in climate change impacts on changing sea ice and the arctic ecosystem. For example, CEOS is one of the few groups internationally to integrate both forward and inverse active microwave scattering models of snow-covered sea ice, and to conduct ongoing studies of micro- and macroscale physical-biological-geochemical processes at the OSA. The innovation proposed in the CMO will expand on the ability to mobilize state-of-the- art equipment into an understudied region of Canada’s Arctic, thereby enhancing HQP training
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in subject areas required by industry, improving technology to detect oil in sea ice, and informing environmental protection and safety, particularly in Arctic communities. In 2010, the UM allocated approximately two acres of land to build a unique Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF). This CFI-funded infrastructure is a mesocosm where synthesized seawater is made and sea ice can be grown and melted in a controlled manner throughout winter. The ability for SERF researchers to create sea ice under controlled conditions, particularly during the Arctic “freeze-up” period is not only an extraordinary technical achievement, but it improves techniques and refines estimation of the impacts of climate change in the Arctic. The level of environmental control achieved at SERF is similar to what is proposed at the CMO, but CMO will use natural seawater and will support contamination experiments throughout the annual cycle, as well as burn studies, none of which are possible at SERF. Experience gained through the development and implementation of SERF by UM’s research team makes the CMO team exceedingly well prepared to implement this project. The UM also contributed significantly to development of the Canadian Coast Guard Service (CCGS) Research Icebreaker, Amundsen. The consortium responsible for incubation of the Amundsen project consisted of ten Canadian universities and five federal departments. Conversion of the Amundsen into a research icebreaker was funded through CFI (in excess of $40M split between the Universities of Laval and Manitoba). Broad investments have been made by UM in both field and analytical research capacity in the Riddell Faculty. The CCGS Amundsen supports the group’s circumpolar field research with ongoing operating funding coming from national and international partners. The equipment utilized by the UM group includes advanced meteorological instruments to study atmospheric chemistry, physics and gas fluxes, optical and microwave remote sensing instruments to study sea ice geophysics, and the Portable In-situ Laboratory for Mercury Speciation to study contaminants. Many in the group also have extensive histories in developing novel analytical methods in earth and environmental material analysis. This innovation encompasses the development and use of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy and crystal chemistry to characterize minerals in the weathering environment. The analytical infrastructure developed to date allows for trajectory analysis of contaminants in the Arctic marine system. CEOS has very strong financial support for operations and maintenance of its infrastructure (Figure 1). The group generates an average of $4M in annual operating revenue from a variety of private and public sector partners. The cumulative history for this funding illustrates a high-achieving research Figure 1: Cumulative funding average annual operations group with strong growth over the long and maintenance at CEOS, UM.
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term. Total operating funds have a dramatic upward trajectory, particularly since development of the Federal Government’s ‘Innovation Strategy’ in 2002 (Figure 1). CEOS has also generated over $250M in capital investments and has been successful in several CFI infrastructure projects. CEOS has received significant levels of funding from ongoing partnerships with oil and gas companies (Imperial Oil, Exxon, BP), from Manitoba Hydro, environmental consulting companies (Kavik-Axis, C-CORE), various federal departments (DFO, EC, AANDC, and NRCan) and non-governmental organizations (WWF, PEW Charitable Trusts, Villum Foundation). In addition, CEOS has long-standing and very well-organized collaborations: provincially, through strong collaborative ties with provincial departments of Infrastructure and Transportation, Aboriginal and Northern Affairs, and Conservation and Water Stewardship; nationally, through ArcticNet Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) (http://www.arcticnet- ulaval.ca/); and internationally, through the Arctic Science Partnership (http://asp-net.org) and numerous other national and international networks. CEOS also works closely with the Canada Excellence Research Chairs from Laval University (Marcel Babin) and Dalhousie (Doug Wallace) both of whom are collaborators in various international networks with CERC. These long-standing collaborative efforts will significantly enhance the ability of principal users to successfully coordinate the implementation of the CMO. The ArcticNet NCE is CEOS’s primary national network that supports eight projects at the UM. The network approach to funding and logistical support taken by ArcticNet has removed otherwise prohibitive barriers to conducting Arctic research. ArcticNet is organized around four Integrated Regional Impact Studies (IRISs): Nunavik and Labrador, the Eastern High Arctic, Western High Arctic, and Hudson Bay/Foxe Basin. Dr. Barber leads the Hudson Bay IRIS and Dr. Stern leads the Western High Arctic IRIS. Drs. Papakyriakou and Stern are Research Management Committee members; Dr. Barber leads the sea ice research in ArcticNet and Stern leads the contaminants research. This expansive collaborative effort throughout the Arctic has been exceedingly successful, connecting academia, government, industry and Inuit into a closely coordinated research enterprise. In addition, these multiple projects encourage the networking of HQP, helping to build connections and gaining knowledge through interactions with scientists from all over the world during field programs. In addition to his leadership capacity within ArcticNet, Barber led the International Polar Year Circumpolar Flaw Lead system study, a $40M international science project focused on the impacts of climate change on the high Arctic through an overwintering project in the Southern Beaufort Sea. Nearly 400 scientists from 22 countries participated. This project was the first ever to keep a fully staffed research icebreaker mobile in the flaw lead system of the High Arctic through an annual cycle and has so far resulted in over 120 peer-reviewed papers informing multiple areas of policy development in the western high Arctic. Internationally, CEOS is one of three leading institutions in the Arctic Science Partnership (ASP; http://asp-net.org), an initiative that integrates Arctic research through international collaborations and enhanced HQP training and development. ASP was formed as part of the
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CERC research program, from the merger of CEOS (UM), the Greenland Climate Research Centre in Nuuk, Greenland, and the Arctic Research Centre at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. The ASP network takes the concept of ‘networking’ to the next level by developing a common graduate level curriculum across ASP, jointly funding faculty and staff, sharing resources for field programs and laboratory instrumentation and exchanging faculty, staff and graduate students who work for extended periods in each other’s labs. The ASP network represents over 350 investigators, all of whom focus on the implications of a changing Arctic climate on processes operating across the OSA interface. ASP conducts joint international Arctic field programs that include scientists from Norway, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Greenland, China, Japan, Korea and the United States of America. The highly collaborative and integrated approach described above is regularly recognized nationally and internationally through advisory roles with government, distinguished lectureships and media coverage. In recent years, UM has published three books: 1) On Thin Ice: a synthesis of the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES); 2) On the Edge: From Knowledge to Action During the Fourth International Polar Year Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study (2007- 2008); and 3) Two Ways of Knowing: Merging Science and Traditional Knowledge During the Fourth International Polar Year. These projects reflect the philosophy within CEOS that by providing summaries of Arctic research in plain language, and with professional graphical content, the impact of research can be more engaging for a large range of audiences in governments, communities and industry. CEOS faculty conduct approximately 10 interviews per month with national and international media outlets. Although this proposal is led by the UM, the goals of CMO will not be realized without extensive collaboration. The proposal is supported by a diverse mix of established, mid-career, and early career researchers bringing the necessary expertise to resolve the complex issues presented in this proposal. The CMO is supported by a national consortium of six universities that will provide scientific and technical personnel with a subset (Manitoba, Calgary and Victoria) contributing portions of their CFI envelope. The CMO links to University of Calgary’s New Earth-Space Technology, and Energy Innovation strategic research themes, and to University of Victoria’s Environment, Oceans, and Climate - Science and Policy strategic research theme. Key collaborating researchers come from the Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) at University of Victoria, with expertise on observatory science, management and data dissemination (Moran and Juniper), and from the University of Calgary, with expertise in earth observations (Yackel) and microbial hydrocarbon degradation (Hubert). In 2014, the University of Calgary invested in the Campus Alberta Innovates Program Chair for Prof. Hubert, attracting him from England. Prof. Deming (University of Washington) contributes as a team lead in microbiology research. Other collaborators come from Laval University with expertise in ocean optics (Babin); Rimouski, in benthic processes (Archambault) and sea ice algae (Gosselin); and Dalhousie University, in ocean instrumentation (Wallace).
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Research and Technology Development The ongoing metamorphosis of the Arctic sea ice cover has greatly increased national and international interest in this frontier. Ice-affected regions with significant oil and gas deposits are found throughout the circumpolar Arctic (Figure 2) (Reeves et al. 2014). However, an absence of clear scientific knowledge quantifying the possible impacts of treated and untreated oil challenges both the public and regulators. There is a risk that these groups will make decisions with lasting Figure 2: Oil and gas leases and licenses (red), implications based on preconceptions and major hydrocarbon provinces/basins/regions sometimes erroneous conclusions. The (yellow), as well as existing hydrocarbon extraction lack of scientific knowledge underlying the sites (black dots) in the Arctic. Source: Adapted development of sound policies and from Reeves et al. (2014). regulations could potentially hamper the development of Canada’s Arctic oil and gas industry. Conversely, development of scientific knowledge regarding the distribution, behaviour and persistence of hydrocarbons in the Arctic environment will help build confidence among Canadians that there is an appropriate degree of science-based preparedness allowing increased shipping activities and exploration/exploitation of Arctic offshore oil reserves to proceed. In the event of a spill, the marine ecosystem will be affected by the presence, composition, and dispersion of contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, chemical dispersants, and herding agents used for clean-up. Understanding the fate of oil in sea ice and its effects on seawater and biota is essential for the conduct of environmental risk assessments, net environmental benefit analysis, and the development of oil spill countermeasures tailored to the Arctic. In addition, there is a need for innovation to ensure that detection using under-ice, within-ice and above-ice remote sensing technologies is possible and that habitat recovery can be monitored. To date, much of what is known about the behaviour of oil in Arctic waters under varying sea ice conditions and response operations for any large spill or worst-case spill scenario has been the result of an ability to conduct field trials with experimental oil spills. Canada has benefited greatly from this work, although in recent years (post-1993), the majority of these trials have been conducted in Norway (Dickins, 2011). Acquiring permits for further field experiments has become increasingly difficult both in Canada and abroad. For example, after hosting the three most recent major oil spill field experiments in ice, Norway is now reconsidering the granting of permits for any further studies in its waters. Canada must continue or increase its participation in Arctic oil spill research and development in order to remain at the forefront of engineering and scientific knowledge in this area. There is an
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urgent need to further develop oil spill field demonstrations, trials and tests in order to develop and validate effective response operations. These steps are required to establish that a realistic capability exists to deal with a worst-case discharge and that activities can be regulated and safely undertaken in all Arctic waters. The ability to conduct controlled experiments in a reproducible fashion is a clear necessity to address questions around thresholds for impairment, severity of impacts, chemical fate and partitioning, and potential for recovery and remediation from contaminants related to oil resource extraction and shipping in Arctic marine waters. The recent report issued by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) (2014) makes this point one of its key recommendations.
The Churchill Marine Observatory The CMO will directly address technological, scientific and economic issues pertaining to marine transportation and oil and gas development throughout the Arctic. CMO is envisaged as a state-of-the-art Arctic marine observatory, technology incubation and commercialization centre that will revolutionize the research ability to directly observe variability and change in complex natural systems and support cutting-edge research. It will explore and develop approaches and technologies urgently needed to detect, quantify and mitigate impacts in ice-laden Arctic waters should accidental release of various forms of crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and transportation-related contaminants occur. CMO is specifically designed to investigate a variety of contaminants Figure 3: The central components of the CMO and its both under landfast first-year sea ice location relative to the Town and Port of Churchill. and in drift ice. Three mutually supporting core research and technology elements are proposed: 1) the Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm (OSIM); 2) a fully integrated Environmental Observing (EO) system; and 3) a Logistics Base (Figure 3). CMO will be a national facility, serving international needs and gathering over 170 researchers from six Canadian universities, three international universities (Aarhus, Denmark; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland; and University of Washington, United States); ten government departments, and ten private sector partners. In addition, CMO fully complements existing research facilities in Churchill and contributes to the proposed formation of a national observing system for Arctic waters in partnership with the Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS), Ocean Networks Canada (ONC), Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC),
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private sector partners, and territorial, national and international regulators. CMO represents a first-of-a-kind facility for the Arctic. It will significantly advance knowledge of oil spills in sea ice, impacts of these contaminants on the marine ecosystem, and development of environmental technologies designed for detection and mitigation of oil in ice-covered waters. This proposed research and technology development is both timely and fully unique in the world. Its principal users are very active leaders at the international level, allowing CMO to address the research questions at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and to address key knowledge gaps relating to safe, sustainable marine transportation and the exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources. Behaviour of Oil in Sea Ice Currently, Canada has a world-leading system to ensure that ships entering its Arctic waters are capable of safe operations in the ice conditions being encountered (Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System under the regulations of the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act). In addition, the National Energy Board completed an extensive review of Arctic offshore drilling practices and regulatory requirements in 2011 and is moving to enact those recommendations and apply them to new developments. Despite these developments, there are knowledge gaps regarding how to safely increase Arctic development and shipping, and a very limited capacity to respond in the event of a spill. While future oil and gas exploration operators will be mandated to have a vast array of resources on hand to respond immediately in the event of a spill, there are very limited resources available to respond rapidly to a vessel spill. Both oil and gas operators and shipping operators will benefit from additional research to better understand how hydrocarbons would behave if accidentally released into the Arctic marine system. This improved understanding will ensure that their response capacity is both appropriate to regional conditions and sufficiently well developed to meet regulations. Under lower temperatures, oil becomes viscous and does not spread as easily as it would in warmer water. Depending on the timing of a spill, oil may become encapsulated as ice grows, creating new vectors for the movement, weathering, and fate of spills (Figure 4). The movement of oil on or under ice is largely dictated by the roughness of the ice interface and can be tracked using buoys deployed on ice floes (Potter et al., 2012). Oil Figure 4: Oil behaviour in ice-affected water (Allen, 2008). moves small distances,
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typically only hundreds of meters for a spill size of thousands of barrels, from the point where it impinges on the ice undersurface. Currents in excess of 15-20 cm/s are required to sustain oil movement under the ice. In most Arctic areas, under-ice currents are many times less than this threshold. Oil on the ice surface also spreads to cover a relatively small area, limited by roughness and snow absorption. Furthermore, oil weathering rates are slower due to lower evaporation losses and, for oil spilled under sea ice, a decrease in the rate of emulsification stemming from reduced wave-action compared to open-water conditions. Snow and ice in all forms greatly reduce oil spreading and weathering compared to a spill in open water. The thickness of oil spilled on ice depends on the surface roughness, with thicker oil being retained in depressions and irregularities in the ice (Fingas, 2011). The resulting oil layer is typically about 2 cm thick, but can be over 30 cm thick in areas where the oil is contained by ice deformation features such as rafting and pressure ridges (Fingas and Hollebone, 2003; Buist et al., 2009). Oil may spread along the ice-snow interface, where approximately 25% of the oil may be absorbed into dry snow cover. While this absorption limits transport of oil over the surface of the ice, high wind conditions may still move the entire ice pack great distances through dynamic forcing (Barber et al., 2014), resulting in local oil spills quickly becoming an issue at the regional and even hemispheric level depending on the ice dynamic regime within which the spill occurs. For accidental release under ice, the nature and fate of the oil depends on ice conditions within the water column and at the surface. Under solid ice cover, oil forms a relatively thick layer (on the order of a few centimeters), which pools in undulations on the underside of the ice. Oil movement is impeded by the interface roughness and may remain relatively localized. Studies have found that a current with an approximate speed of 0.2 m/s is required to force the oil out of undulations (Buist et al., 2009; Dickins and Buist, 1999). If the oil is accompanied by an abundance of natural gas, the buoyant force resulting from gas build-up may crack young to thin first-year ice cover allowing oil to flow onto the ice surface (Fingas and Hollebone, 2003). Spilled oil during winter freeze-up becomes encapsulated in the growing ice sheet within approximately two days (Buist et al., 1983), occurring more quickly under first-year ice than under multi-year ice. Oil migrates to the ice surface in spring when the ice warms and brine channels open (Potter et al., 2012). Once at the surface, oil floats on melt ponds and, due to the low rate of weathering, is relatively “fresh”. Under conditions where atmospheric temperatures are reasonably warm (> -15°C) and a thick snow cover exists, brine drainage channels can form (Barber, 2005), thereby creating the potential for oil entrainment into the sea ice even in winter. Not surprisingly, the behaviour and fate of oil in pack ice is heavily influenced by the concentration of ice cover. The presence of close-pack ice (i.e., where the ice covers 6/10 of the ocean’s surface) reduces the spread of oil and the spill will be thicker. This contained oil moves with the ice floes. As ice cover decreases, the oil behaviour changes, approaching that of an open-water spill for ice coverage of less than 3/10 of the ocean’s surface. Oil spreads more as
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the ice cover decreases (Dickins and Buist, 1999). The ultimate fate of the oil is dictated by ice behaviour. The oil will eventually be distributed into the water as the ice deteriorates. Oil spreading between broken ice is heavily influenced by slush and brash ice. As light hydrocarbons surface to the water-air interface, heavier components will incorporate into the slush and brash ice (Dickins, 2011). The lighter hydrocarbons evaporate, but heavier components remain suspended in the slush – for example, the well-known Kurdistan tanker incident off Nova Scotia in 1979 (Vandermuelen and Buckley, 1985). Local, regional and hemispheric circulation of sea ice (Barber et al., 2014) can control the trajectory of oil spills in the ice, while the presence or absence of ice changes the wave climatology of the marine system affecting dispersion modeling (Asplin et al., 2014). Over the years, tank trials have been conducted at national and international facilities such as the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL; New Hampshire, USA), the Ohmsett National Oil Spill Response Test Facility (New Jersey, USA), and Stiftelsen for industriell og teknisk forskning (SINTEF; Trondheim, Norway) to study multiple aspects of an oil spill, from the development of remote sensing based detection technologies and effectiveness of herding agents to the effective burning of crude oil between ice blocks and effects of emulsification of burning. The SINTEF Oil in Ice Joint Industry Program 2006-2010 focused on validation of tank research findings covering issues such as dispersion, weathering rates, water in oil uptake, burn efficiencies, skimmer performance, etc. While these studies have provided extremely valuable information regarding the basic physics of oil in sea ice, the results have not been thoroughly tested under real Arctic oil spill conditions as they lack the ability to use ambient Arctic conditions. None of these studies has used natural Arctic sea ice or real Arctic seawater, limiting their ability to provide truly representative findings for ecosystem impacts in Arctic seas. In addition, there is limited knowledge of how oil modifies the complex dielectric and thermodynamic characteristics of snow and sea ice through the freeze-thaw cycle.
1) Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm Research in OSIM will address the science of how various types of fresh, evaporated, and emulsified crude oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues from in situ burning, liquefied natural gas, and other transportation-related contaminants affect processes across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere (OSA) interface. The OSIM science objectives are organized around three programs: i) detection, ii) impacts, and iii) mitigation. i) Detection of Oil in Ice Various forms of oil will affect both the geophysical and thermodynamic state of the OSA interface. The paradigm shift addressed here is from the typical view of remote sensing only as a means of detecting the geophysical state (i.e., ice type) of snow-covered sea ice to its additional novel use for contaminant detection. This transformative research will show how time-series electromagnetic response, informed through an electro-thermophysical model, can be used to detect the thermodynamic state and thereby the presence of contaminants beneath, within and on
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snow-covered sea ice through space and time. This usage will extend to the study of weathering, evaporation, dispersive effect and influence on oil trajectories in sea ice across a range of initial conditions and endpoints. Specifically, the objectives of the detection program are to: Understand the role that oil and other contaminants have on the geophysics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetics of snow-covered sea ice and develop an OSA model integrating geophysics, thermodynamics, and dielectrics. Understand the influence these contaminants have on the wavelength-dependent (ultraviolet to microwave) radiative transfer in snow-covered sea ice across a range of sea ice geophysical and thermodynamic states as defined by the electro-thermophysical model. Develop and validate sub-ice, in situ, airborne and satellite remote sensing tools based on the optimal selection of in situ studies at OSIM, extrapolated through an understanding of the climate state variables observed in the EO system of the CMO, to aerial and satellite scales of remote sensing for the detection of oil and other contaminants in sea ice.
OSIM is specifically designed to test various techniques required for detection of oil in sea ice (see p. 25, Detection Technology Package). A variety of electromagnetic techniques are currently available for detection studies of oil in sea ice (Goodman, 2008). In situ technologies include underwater, in- and on-sea ice and above-ice techniques. Several approaches to underwater experiments will be used to examine crude oil chemistry constituents and degradation of the thermal properties of the OSA and on the visible, near infrared and ultraviolet response, as described by Dickins and Anderson (2009). Sonar experiments will be conducted at multiple frequencies to study the role acoustics have on detection of oil below sea ice and oil contained within the interstices of ice floes. Upward looking sonar and multibeam sonars can operate on an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) or can be moored in regions of high risk of oil spills; they can be telemetered via optical fibre, underwater or Iridium modem. Z-cell acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) will be tested to study impacts of oil on the motion of water masses immediately beneath sea ice. Underwater hyperspectral and fluorescence sensing and sonar will use common instruments in the OSIM and EO components of the CMO. On-ice sampling at the in situ scale includes laser fluorosensors (LFS). The detection of aromatic hydrocarbons is known to work well with LFS systems, but the integration of this technology with other detection techniques and its scaling to real-world scenarios requires further study (Fingas and Brown, 1997; Brown and Fingas, 2003). Apart from a limited airborne trial over pans set on land by Environment Canada in the early 1990s, little is known about the true capabilities of the LFS in detecting oil on ice. Its performance over oil slicks at sea is well known; LFS forms a valuable sensor component on state-of-the-art remote sensing surveillance aircraft in Europe. The CMO provides an innovative capacity to advance this technology. Surface-based scatterometers are of particular interest in sea ice mesocosm testing for detection of oil in ice. This targeting is because the microwave scattering response can be quantitatively linked to the geophysical state of the sea ice (e.g., based on the temperature and salinity of the
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ice, presence of crude oil and how the oil affects dielectrics) (Onstott, 1992; Dierking et al., 2004). C, X and L-band scatterometers all hold promise as sensors with abilities to detect oil in ice since the introduction of a new constitutive parameter (namely, crude oil) to the ocean/sea ice system provides a measurable contrast at these frequencies, particularly in the time-series evolution of the scattering (Barber, 2005). Polarimetric scatterometer systems can obtain independent scattering information at multiple incidence angles, polarizations (VV, HH, and cross-polarization) and polarimetric parameters (e.g., correlation coefficients, span, phase difference, co-pol ratio, etc., each obtained at multiple incidence angles) (Scharien et al., 2011). Geophysical, thermodynamic, and dielectric data will be used to interpret the scattering physics of each radar and to examine the temporal and spatial (incidence angle) variability in the returned signal. Oil chemistry will be assessed in parallel with scatterometer scans in order to understand the returned signal and to explain the role of oil in the overall microwave scattering. OSIM has also been designed to test and validate aerial remote sensing approaches. Candidate sensors include surface hyperspectral radiometers and the use of spectral mixture techniques to examine oil in ice detection; shortwave ultraviolet and mid- to far-range infrared radiometers to investigate the surface reflection and emission; and photographic techniques specifically designed for low light conditions. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) operating in the 250 MHz to 1 GHz frequency range, used in both ice surface and low altitude helicopter configurations, has been shown to detect oil layers in smooth sea ice (Bradford et al., 2010). Helicopter-borne and surface-borne EM induction (Prinsenberg et al., 2010) is also a key technology for oil in ice detection (Lalumiere, 2011) and can play a supporting role in GPR surveys. The EM induction system can measure a wide range of ice thicknesses, bottom and surface topography, and measure ice and water conductivity (Holladay et al., 2010). Underwater and in situ technologies for detection of oil in ice will ultimately benefit from satellite-based earth observation technologies. The work being proposed herein will directly link surface, subsurface and within-sea ice methods to existing and pending satellite-based systems. For example, a dramatic improvement in the temporal resolution of satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, through the use of SAR constellation systems (e.g., the Canadian RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) and European Copernicus mission) will be key, not only for detection of oil, but also for high-resolution mapping of oil spill trajectories through feature tracking of sea ice (Komarov and Barber, 2012). Calibration of these satellite data would be achieved using in situ scatterometers configured to understand the time-series evolution of an oil spill in sea ice conducted at OSIM. SAR systems will be investigated with emphasis on C- band fully polarimetric scattering and the potential for using SAR tomography and time-series measurements in oil spill detection in sea ice. Recent advances using quad-polarized images from RADARSAT-2 have shown promise for oil slick characterization (Staples, 2014). However, these approaches have not been tested in ice-covered Arctic systems. By linking OSIM scatterometer studies with satellite remote sensing and the environmental observing system, CMO will provide the key technology to bridge Hudson Bay work to the entire Canadian Arctic.
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ii) Impacts of Oil in Ice OSIM will be used to test various chemical fate and partitioning processes, examine toxicity effects, investigate ecological mechanisms and directly manipulate exposures and biological and ecological responses to these stressors. Mesocosms are one of the best tools available to researchers to draw on ecological realism (e.g., predator-prey interactions, trophic interactions) with replicated controls, and attempt to capture the myriad of possible ecological mechanisms underlying adverse effect and recovery that single-species laboratory tests miss (Scott et al., 2013; Van den Brink et al., 2005). The OSIM sub-pools will provide both a ‘contaminated’ mesocosm and an ‘uncontaminated’ control (see p. 23-24, OSIM Infrastructure Description). Specifically, objectives of the ‘impacts’ program are to: Study chemical fate, partitioning and associated toxicity of fresh, evaporated, emulsified crude oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues generated via in situ burning (burned oil residue and smoke (soot)) in and across the sea ice environment. Examine the potential toxic effects of these contaminants to determine thresholds for impairment and severity of impacts on natural assemblages of biota. Capture the myriad of possible ecological mechanisms (e.g., predator-prey interactions, trophic interactions) of adverse effects (i.e., indirect effects of contaminants) and recovery. Conduct manipulations of exposure to contaminant stressors of interest, species composition and density, nutrient status, and energy (e.g., light, carbon) inputs. Inform decision-making through the development of an oil spill Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) to assess, forecast, and mitigate oil spill impacts, food web bioaccumulation, and acute and chronic toxicity through trophic levels in Arctic systems.
To date, most ecological mesocosms have focused on understanding contaminant effects and behaviour in freshwater systems, with few marine-focused facilities; none have been completed in an Arctic marine environment. In many cases, where marine mesocosms have been employed in northern environments, they are significantly smaller in size (only several hundred litres), with significantly reduced ecological complexity and stability (e.g., Vestheim et al., 2012). The scale of the CMO systems (0.25 million liters per sub-pool) allows for significantly longer biological and temporal stability, on the order of weeks to months, to assess impacts. One area in which mesocosms have played a significant role in understanding contaminant effects in marine ecosystems is through the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s use of coastal marsh mesocosms. Specifically, these have been used to inform decision-making through the oil spill environmental sensitivity index to assess, forecast, and mitigate oil spill impacts, and to predict oil and dispersant fate, food web bioaccumulation, and acute and chronic toxicity from the individual to the ecosystem level in saltwater marsh systems (Scott et al., 2013). Their strength in predicting and understanding effects in these saltwater systems speaks to their value and potential in applying the same approaches to vulnerable marine ecosystems in the Canadian Arctic.
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iii) Mitigation of Oil in Ice The third program of OSIM is to understand how to evaluate various mitigation techniques for responding to oil spills within the OSA environment across a range of time and space scales. The mitigation program is organized around conventional technologies, such as dispersants and in situ burning, and innovative bioremediation and genomic techniques. Both approaches will be supported directly by the design of OSIM and are scalable through the EO system in terms of atmospheric monitoring of burn effluent and ocean climate state variable effects on mitigation technologies. Specifically, objectives of the mitigation program are to: Investigate the effectiveness of dispersants and oil-mineral aggregation of various oils, herding and emulsion-breaking chemicals under differing Arctic conditions. Develop catalogues of in situ burning characteristics including, for example, the composition, buoyancy and aquatic toxicity of burn residues. Quantify the contribution of microbial communities and natural biodegradation of different crude oil constituents under different temperature, salinity and sea ice regimes, using the scaled-up mesocosm approach that OSIM will provide. Compare lab-based microcosm with OSIM-mesocosm-derived hydrocarbon biodegradation rates to enable broad interpretation of CMO studies in understanding responses in the natural Arctic environment.
Dispersants are considered by industry to be a primary countermeasure for any large or worst- case spill scenarios. Dispersants provide environmental protection from spilled oil by diffusing oil slicks into the water column, where they can then be more quickly diluted and degraded. Since the early 1980s, a significant amount of research has been conducted into studying dispersant effectiveness in cold and brackish waters (ESRF NE22-4/177E-PDF). In general, chemical dispersion in cold marine environments was not found to impair dispersant effectiveness unless environmental temperatures were below the spill oil’s pour point. It has also been reported that dispersant effectiveness is greatest when water salinity lies between 25 and 40 (Fingas et al., 2006). The turbulent mixing energy from ice floe interactions in moderate ice covers has been shown to enhance dispersant effectiveness. Once the cover exceeds more than ~50%, the wave damping and reduced surface mixing leads to declining dispersion efficiencies. However, introducing mechanical mixing energy through vessel propwash can compensate for this lack of sufficient natural turbulence in the upper water column and enable effective, sustained dispersion with the simultaneous addition of chemicals or oil-mineral aggregates (OMA). This technique was demonstrated in tank tests in Helsinki and in field trials in the Barents Sea and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Sorstrom, et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2013). In situ burning has been, and continues to be, a primary spill response option in ice-covered Arctic waters. Experiments have been designed and conducted to study numerous issues, from slick thickness to winds and water currents on burning rates and efficiency on various types of fresh, evaporated, emulsified crude oils, distillate and residue fuel oils. Studies of various ignition systems and herding agents (e.g., Helitorch, ThickSlick 6535 and SilTech OP-40) have also been conducted (ESRF NE22-4/177E-PDF; http://www.arcticresponsetechnology.org). In
22 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089 general, the combination of natural containment and reduced wave generation in ice leads to lower weathering rates (evaporation, natural dispersion, emulsification). This lowering can significantly extend the “window of opportunity” for response operations such as burning or the use of dispersants. Ice concentrations in the range 1/10 to 5/10 are often touted as representing a “response gap” where there is too little ice for natural containment and too much ice to employ booms. Fortunately, recent progress made by combining dispersants with burning in open water and light ice cover goes a long way to closing or eliminating this gap (Buist et al., 2010; Dickins, 2010). While this knowledge gives a strong basis to recommend how in situ burning may be implemented as a routine offshore Arctic countermeasure, there is still limited knowledge of the lingering impacts of in situ burning on Arctic marine systems, particularly since ice concentrations typically range from 1/10 to 5/10 in the summer. The ability of microbes to degrade hydrocarbons is well known (Hazen et al., 2010) and presents a prime example of the ‘ecosystem services’ (NRC Committee) that microbial communities can provide to Canadian society and Canadian industries that produce and transport hydrocarbon resources such as crude oil and bitumen. To fully realize these benefits, there is a need for better understanding of chemistry, physiology and ecology of crude oil biodegradation in the Arctic. It is important to understand the potential for microbial biodegradation in the Arctic. In the event of large spill or worst-case spill scenarios in fall or winter under heavy ice conditions, in situ burning, use of dispersants or other clean-up efforts may not be possible until the spring melt period. Ecosystems are especially vulnerable during the spring phytoplankton bloom because this forms the base of the entire marine ecosystem. This delay could result in crude oil persisting for months where the only remediation potential rests with marine microbial communities in the Canadian Arctic, whose inherent potential for hydrocarbon biodegradation at very low temperature remains poorly understood. In principle, natural attenuation by resident microorganisms may not require extensive intervention, particularly in cold or deep waters that are already relatively rich in inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) that are essential for microbial growth (Head et al., 2006). As such, Arctic microbes might indeed represent invaluable first responders in the event of a cold Arctic oil spill. However, very little is known about this potential in polar seas, or how temperature, oil chemistry and marine microbial population structure might influence intrinsic bioremediation in the Canadian Arctic. A comprehensive understanding of the natural degradation of petroleum by marine microbial communities in Arctic ice-laden waters will contribute significantly to emergency preparedness as industrial transport and development in the Canadian Arctic accelerates.
2) The Environmental Observing (EO) System The full integration of OSIM research and technology development with the state-of-the-art EO system is a truly innovative aspect of the CMO research program. The EO system directly supports OSIM by supplying in situ data on the natural range and variability of OSA climate states of key environmental variables (e.g., ocean salinity, temperature, ice thickness, roughness, biological productivity, microbial community structure). By deploying identical instruments in
23 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089 both OSIM and the EO system, equivalent observations can be made in the atmosphere and upper ocean, and through the ocean-ice interface, through the ice volume, and the ice-atmosphere interface. This strategy will support scaling of detection, through satellite remote sensing, and impact studies, conducted in OSIM throughout the region of the EO along the shipping route and by extension with the proposed national marine observing system (CHARS S&T Plan). The EO system is comprised of four elements: i) the estuary observatory; ii) smart profiling observatory; iii) the shipping corridor observatory; and iv) the atmospheric observatory (Figure 5). The EO system will serve as a monitoring system along the shipping lane to and from the Port of Churchill. These environmental moorings will provide a monitoring service and a test- bed for innovative detection procedures developed in OSIM along a shipping track with a high probability of contaminant spills in the Arctic. The EO system will also enable the scaling of OSIM science to the natural conditions of Hudson Bay and by extension to the entire Arctic. This ‘scaling’ capability is a critical part of the science linking detailed OSIM process studies to those of real Arctic conditions and the practical utility of research to inform Arctic development. Each observatory element consists of fully integrated state-of-the-art instrumentation designed to act as a detection system for ocean and atmospheric climate state variables (physical, biological and contaminant). To further support scaling of the OSIM mesocosm experiments, instruments in the EO system are also designed to be compatible with OSIM, the proposed CHARS national observing system, Figure 5: Geographic location of the estuary observatory (E), shipping lane observatory (1), and experiments throughout the Arctic. smart profiling observatory (2) and the atmospheric i) Estuary Observatory observatory (E). Fibre optic cable will connect the observatory in the mouth of the Churchill estuary (E; Figure 5) to the OSIM logistics base to allow for real-time transmission of data. The bottom-mounted mooring will be modeled after the ONC Observatory in Cambridge Bay, and will be only the second cabled sea floor observatory in the Arctic providing real-time marine data via the Internet. Specific objectives of the Estuary Observatory will be to: Directly monitor physical and biological estuarine conditions for parameters that cannot be measured cost-effectively using existing technology in real-time. Quantify production and energy flow across trophic levels at a higher temporal resolution than currently attainable at any other Arctic observatory. Examine the impacts of anthropogenic contaminants (oil) and pollution in the Churchill River estuary through OSIM and estuary-based experiments.
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The estuary observatory will be designed to include flow-through and moored components, both key autonomous observations of the ecosystem. The flow-through component will systematically divert water from the freshwater and marine intake hoses used to fill OSIM to a set of in-line instruments able to make continuous measurements. This approach will allow monitoring of the introduction of invasive species, as well as direct study of physiology, reproduction, and mortality of lower trophic levels. Natural experiments will take advantage of the moored component at the mouth of the Churchill estuary, combined with directed sampling efforts coordinated with ships utilizing the Port. Furthermore, behavioural field studies using visual and acoustic instruments will assess higher trophic behavioural and energetic responses to anthropogenic activities. The estuary observatory will be focused on providing continuous observations of biogeochemical and optical water properties in support of CMO experiments. It will also provide a discrete sample outlet valve to make daily to weekly measurements of nutrient concentrations, spectral fluorescence, size distribution, taxonomic composition of microbes, and environmental DNA to screen for invasive species, while providing samples for smaller scale lab experiments. The cabled estuary mooring will attempt to duplicate many OSIM measurements, but with the trade-off of reduced resolution to achieve greater representation of real situations. Specifically, the cabled mooring will provide capability to monitor biogeochemical properties, light, algal biomass of major taxonomic groups, zooplankton biomass and species composition, fish biomass and species composition, and tracking of marine mammals. An ADCP and upward-looking ice profiling sonar (IPS) will record current profiles and ice velocity, thickness and bottom roughness. Surface-mounted and unmanned aerial vehicle video flights will also provide records of beluga whales entering and exiting the estuary relative to other physical, chemical and biological data sampled with the Estuary Observatory. ii) Smart Profiling Observatory The Smart Profiling Observatory is envisioned as a technology test-bed where innovative observatory technology can be deployed for near real-time applications. Specific research objectives of the smart profiling observatory will be to: Provide an unparalleled ability to monitor physical and biological properties of the upper ocean through the full annual cycle using logic-driven technology. Deploy oil detection techniques and technologies (e.g., hyperspectral and fluorescence instruments) developed in OSIM for monitoring and testing in natural Arctic conditions. This observatory would be located in central Hudson Bay (2; Figure 5). The initial configuration will consist of a buoyed taut-line mooring below the surface mixed layer (below 80 m depth), and a separately anchored ‘smart’ profiler sampling the mixed layer (upper 50 m). The profiling system will build on existing technology (e.g., SeaCycler) to develop a capability to profile both under ice in winter, and through the mixed layer during the open water season,
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with the ability in the latter season to communicate data to CMO via Iridium modem. The profiler will carry a CTD, a chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) sensor and multispectral fluorometer as near the ice as feasible in winter and through the mixed layer (including the chlorophyll maximum) during the open water season. Long-term stable oxygen optodes will be included to reveal information on ice production in winter and primary production in summer. It will also carry hyperspectral sensors (Satlantic HyperOCRs) to record upwelling and down-welling irradiance and ultraviolet fluorometers to record under-ice fluorescence typically associated with hydrocarbon contamination. Near under-ice spectral downwelling irradiance will be used to characterize the under-ice light field with a particular interest to estimate integrated algal biomass above the sensor in both the ice and water column. Potential optical techniques to detect oil or other buoyant contaminants will be studied using under-ice spectra. This profiler will also include developmental logic-driven routines for adaptive sampling and data transmission in response to environmental conditions. This mooring will serve as a test bed for real-time observing systems required by industry. Mature technology will be migrated to stationary drill ship locations or shipping corridor observatories. iii) Shipping Corridor Observatory Safe management of annual shipping will require knowledge of ice thickness and deformation properties along the shipping routes. A series of observatories will be established along the primary shipping route into and out of the Port of Churchill (1; Figure 5). Specific research objectives will be to: Investigate the processes of ice dynamics and thermodynamics in Hudson Bay, and their variability as they are impacted by climate, freshwater fluxes (and their timing and volume) and ocean circulation. Create new monitoring capabilities (acoustic zooplankton fish profilers (AZFPs), spectral fluoroprobe) in an extremely data-sparse region of the Canadian Arctic. On these observatories, IPSs will be used to measure ice thickness, drift speed, and bottom topography. Upward-looking ADCPs will be used to measure water column velocities and vertical mixing of water masses, as well as ice velocity. Particularly strong deformation occurs off Cape Churchill due to the prevailing cyclonic rotation of the Hudson Bay ice pack, but variation within this prevailing system means that deformed ice produced there may be carried far off, towards central Hudson Bay (Hochheim and Barber, 2014). The shipping corridor observatories will also be instrumented to record temperature and salinity (Seabird CTDs in and below the mixed layer), CDOM fluorescence, algal biomass and major taxonomic groups (multispectral fluorescence), biomass productivity (sediment traps below the mixed layer), vertical distribution of zooplankton and fish (AZFPs) and presence of marine mammals using passive acoustic recorders. These sensors are not typically deployed in Arctic environments, but will provide data sought by industry and necessary in the event of an oil spill.
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iv) Atmospheric Observatory The overall goal of the Atmospheric Observatory (E; Figure 5) is to provide detailed atmospheric measurements of burn effluent, contaminant transport, energy, and water fluxes and for the in situ calibration of satellite remote sensing data. Extreme weather events can have profound effects on transportation, infrastructure, and on the trajectory of ice motion, thereby affecting oil spills in sea ice. Specific research objectives will be to: Integrate assessment of the impacts on air quality from oil spills and associated remediation techniques (e.g., use of dispersants, in situ burning) into net environmental benefit analysis (a key decision tool in selecting appropriate response strategies). Determine atmospheric transport and deposition of primary contaminants (e.g., mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the Hudson Bay region from various sources. The atmospheric observatory will work directly with the other EO observatories and OSIM to examine how in situ burning impacts the atmosphere, conditions of atmospheric transport of these contaminants, and effects of diverse atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes on exchange and mixing. These same ABL processes will also be used to examine how storms, freezing precipitation and fog can affect, for example, oil trajectory modeling in sea ice and water, as well as how precipitation and winds may affect detection technologies being developed through OSIM. All of these aspects will be investigated in coordination with the various scientific components of the CMO. Data from the atmospheric observatory will be available in real-time to CMO researchers and to Environment Canada for operational weather prediction modeling, ice forecasting, air quality modeling, and calibration of satellite-borne sensors.
3) Logistics Base (Linking CMO to field programs and modeling) To ensure comprehensive research support, CMO will require an advanced logistics base. This base will support management of OSIM, downloading and management of EO system data, and small craft to conduct near-shore surveys of coupled OSA-ecosystem processes, and maintenance of the EO system. Key objectives include: Spatial sampling of Eulerian (fixed point) variables to support Lagrangian (moving point) sampling of the EO in the estuary and shipping corridor observatories. Local estimates of total, new, and regenerated primary production in sea ice and the water column using tracer techniques (Babin et al., 1994; Tremblay et al., 2006) and diatom- produced highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs), a novel analytical tool that differentiates between sea ice and phytoplanktonic carbon (Brown et al., 2014). Quantification of secondary and tertiary production by in situ sampling. Analysis of higher trophic levels using Ecosim/Ecopath methodology (Hoover, 2010) and to quantify trophic relationships and energy flow using stable isotopes and fatty acids as trophic food web tracers (Wang et al., 2013). The logistics base will benefit the scaling of OSIM through EO to Arctic-wide estimates of detection and impacts of oil in ice through both spatial sampling and logistical support.
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Team The team has the proven expertise, ability, and relevant collaborations and partnerships in place to successfully conduct the proposed research and technology development activities of the CMO. The proposal is strongly linked to national and international initiatives and builds directly upon numerous national and international successes of the team. Nationally, ArcticNet will provide an excellent framework for integration across science, NGOs, Inuit organizations, industry and government. Internationally, the ASP will provide international science collaboration and direct networking with oil and gas development in and around Greenland. The ArcticNet industry partnership provides expertise and networking on oil in ice issues in the Beaufort Sea. Recently funded or current applications pertinent to this work include projects submitted to the Environmental Studies Research Fund (ESRF), the Nunavut General Monitoring Plan (NGMP) and the Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR), Imperial Oil Resources, Exxon upstream research, BP, DuPont, Transport Canada, Villum Foundation, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), European Space Agency (ESA), the Canada Research Chairs and Canada Excellence Research Chairs (CERC) programs. All of these projects address issues of oil in sea ice or marine ecosystem impacts. CMO’s principal users have an extensive background in oil in sea-ice related research and over 200 person years of Arctic research experience. Their leadership experience spans the diversity required to implement CMO. Their expertise and roles are summarized below: David Barber; University of Manitoba h-Index: 33, Citations: 3700 Title PhD, Canada Research Chair Tier 1, Role Overall CMO Lead Scientist Distinguished Professor Lead, OSIM detection Relevant Leadership Excellence - Led International Polar Year Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study (2007-2012). - Lead, Hudson Bay Integrated Regional Impact Study, ArcticNet NCE (2004 to present). - Member, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) national committees. - Led successful UM proposal for CERC in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Scaling studies of oil in sea ice and thermodynamic modeling using SAR from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
Marcel Babin, Université Laval h-Index: 29, Citations: 3317 Title PhD, CERC in Remote Sensing of Canada's Role Lead, Ocean Remote Sensing New Arctic Frontier, Director of Takuvik Relevant Leadership Excellence - Lead, Malina, a joint France-Canada-US project (2008-2012). - Lead Greenedge, (2014-2017). Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Estimation and modeling of light-driven carbon fluxes and biomass production using EO observations and satellite remote sensing.
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Jody Deming, University of Washington h-Index: 36, Citations: >4000 Title PhD, Walters Endowed Professor, Role Oceanography Lead, Microbiology Research Relevant Leadership Excellence - Board member – U.S. Polar Research Board during the International Polar Year (2007–2009). - National Academy of Sciences member, the U.S. Ocean Sciences Board and NRC Deepwater Horizon Committee. - Chair, Future of Ice Initiative, University of Washington (2014-2015) Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Scaling studies of micro-scale foraging, survival strategies, and cold adaptation in marine microorganisms from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and pan-Arctic scale.
Casey Hubert, University of Calgary h-Index: 12, Citations: 692 Title PhD, Associate Professor, Campus Alberta Role Lead, Bioremediation Innovates Program Chair in Geomicrobiology Relevant Leadership Excellence - Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) Research Fellow. - Chief Scientist, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology research cruises (2007 & 2008). Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Assessing the microbial diversity and metabolic potential in Arctic marine habitats using EO estuary and ocean observations.
CJ Mundy, University of Manitoba h-Index: 12, Citations: 443 Title PhD, Assistant Professor Role Lead, Under-ice Ecosystem Relevant Leadership Excellence - Lead, Arctic-ICE (Ice Covered Ecosystem; 2010-2012) - Lead, ICE-CAMPS (CAMbridge bay Process Studies; 2013-present). Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Estimation of under-ice phytoplankton, ice algal biomass, brine channel distribution, and geophysical properties of ice bottom using EO estuary and ocean observations.
Søren Rysgaard, University of Manitoba h-Index: 37, Citations: 4269 Title PhD, Professor, CERC in Arctic Role Lead, Marine Biogeochemistry Geomicrobiology and Change Relevant Leadership Excellence - Head, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University (2011 to present). - Head, Greenland Climate Research Centre, Nuuk, Greenland (2009 to present). - Member, Science Coordinating Group of the International Arctic Polynya Program. Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Scaling studies of benthic-pelagic coupling and carbon and nutrient cycling in Arctic waters from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
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Lot Shafai, University of Manitoba h-Index: 28, Citations: 6413 Title PhD, Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Applied Role Lead, Applied Electromagnetics Electromagnetics, Distinguished Professor - Antennas Relevant Leadership Excellence - Over 40 years of tenure, 800 refereed publications and 12 patents. - Director, Institute of Technology Development, University of Manitoba (1985-1988). - Head, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba (1987-1989). - International Chair, Commission B, International Union of Radio Science (2005-2008). Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Modeling and technology development studies within OSIM using applied electromagnetics, satellite communications, remote sensing and smart structures.
Gary Stern, University of Manitoba h-Index: 36, Citations: 4309 Title PhD, Professor Role Lead, OSIM Mitigation and Impacts Relevant Leadership Excellence - Lead, Effects of Climate Change on Carbon and Contaminant Cycling in the Arctic Coastal and Marine Ecosystems: Impacts, Prognosis and Adaptations Strategies, ArcticNet NCE. - Lead, Western High Arctic Integrated Regional Impact Study, ArcticNet (2004 to present). Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Mesocosm studies on sources and fate of oil in ice and in arctic marine food webs from scaling results from experiments in OSIM through to Hudson Bay and the broader Arctic environment.
Feiyue Wang, University of Manitoba h-Index: 31, Citations: 3189 Title PhD, Professor Role Lead, Environmental Chemistry Relevant Leadership Excellence - Director, Ultra-Clean Trace Elements Laboratory (UCTEL) - Lead, Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility, Canada's first experimental sea ice facility - Co-lead, Contaminants research program in the Arctic, ArcticNet NCE Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Estimation of mercury in Arctic sea ice environment and atmospheric and aquatic chemistry using EO observations and scaling from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
John Yackel, University of Calgary h-Index: 16, Citations: 653 Title PhD, Professor Role Lead, Sea Ice Remote Sensing Relevant Leadership Excellence - Head, Department of Geography (2012-2017) Technical Expertise Contributed to CMO - Scaling and modeling of microwave EM spectrum for deriving surface and climate state variables of snow-covered sea ice and oil from OSIM through to Hudson Bay and Arctic.
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Infrastructure Description The research infrastructure proposed includes a dedicated research space, as well as instruments to be deployed within OSIM, and the EOs. All components of the infrastructure are necessary to conduct the research and technology development program proposed for CMO. The OSIM facility offers the opportunity to bridge the gap between oil spill field experiments and those conducted under simulated conditions in small laboratory facilities. OSIM will be unique in that it is the first, and only, oil in sea ice mesocosm located in the Arctic, able to directly use Arctic seawater and grow sea ice under ambient Arctic conditions. It is also the first mesocosm to be totally integrated with a state-of-the-art EO. To maximize the use of CMO, the infrastructure has been designed to address all overarching goals of the work at CMO. Using the full complement of resources available at CMO, researchers will be able to conduct detailed in situ studies of oil in sea ice at OSIM, to expand this work through a knowledge of the state variables measured through the EO system, and to develop tools to measure and model processes associated with oil in sea ice using a combination of direct observation, modeling, and remote sensing. CMO will be available for use on a year- round basis, allowing the research team to continue OSIM oil in ice experiments into the open- water season. This will enhance studies of weathering and degradation of contaminants, and support ecosystem impact studies. EO research will be most active in summer, but will extend into winter using seasonally ice-mounted instruments in fast-ice regions surrounding Churchill. In situ studies will be possible 12 months of the year using the proposed combination of vehicles. Site planning and preparation for the Base and OSIM facility is estimated to begin in the summer of 2015 with building construction to commence in the summer of 2016. The construction phase is estimated to last until December, 2016. Summer of 2016 will also include the deployment of EOs, including moorings, with plans for OSIM and EOs becoming fully operational by winter 2016 into 2017. The first operating year (2016-2017) will serve as a trial run for OSIM and EO integrated science. The coastal ship will begin operation in the summer of 2016, following the refit necessary to equip it. Interaction with the CHARS national advisory committee has already begun and will evolve through 2015 to ensure compatibility of the EO system with the proposed national CHARS system.
1) Oil in Sea Ice Mesocosm - $11,231,759 (Line 1) The cost estimate of the OSIM Juliana Kusyk facility (Figure 6) includes site Figure 6: An artistic rendering of the interior of OSIM, work, fencing, and electrical and depicting an in situ burn experiment in progress. fibre optic inputs for the CMO base,
31 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089 and the OSIM tanks and operable components described below, piping, and mechanical services. A detailed estimate of building costs has been prepared and is included here only in summary. Site work and general conditions ($1,220,210), soft costs ($735,000), fees ($1,758,140), and a 10% construction contingency ($923,377, including 1.95% GST) are included in this construction estimate. The OSIM tanks will be designed to measure physical, biological and chemical processes controlling how contaminants interact across a dynamically evolving OSA interface. The tank ($1,870,853) will have internal dimensions of 30' (width) x 60' (length) x 10' (depth) with a permanent division between two 'sub-ponds' (Figure 7). One sub-tank will be used for contaminant experiments; the other will be kept clean, as a control. Water will be supplied by a pipeline that will extend directly from the deep saline portion of the estuary ($872,925). The estimated length of this pipe is approximately 400 metres, long enough to reach water with a salinity of 28, a strong analogue for the water salinity found in many parts of the Arctic given ice melt and riverine input. OSIM will also be equipped with an active charcoal filtration system that will allow for cleansing and return of water back to the estuary ($116,390). Waste oil will be separated and transferred to holding tanks for transport to Winnipeg prior to disposal.
The OSIM pool is designed to allow measurement of physical, biological and chemical processes controlling how oil interacts with a dynamically evolving OSA interface. The pools will be used to grow all forms of first-year ice (e.g., nilas, Figure 7: The OSIM plan - showing aerial and underwater grease, thin, grey-white, thick, cables as well as the upper observation deck and "moon pancake and young rubble ice). pools". OSIM pools offer the capability to release prescribed amounts of fresh or marine water under the sea ice either prior to, or during ice growth. This water can be amended with various water quality components and delivered at variable volumes and rates. Experiments will be designed to elucidate how oil mixes with a sea ice volume that is affected by both thermodynamic and dynamic processes. They will include direct measurements of buoyancy, flow, divergence, convergence, mixing and coupling through the surface energy balance. These in situ measurements can be made directly in the OSIM pool. A retractable roof will allow control of the deposition of snow on the sea ice and the temperature and radiative forcing on the OSIM surface ($3,327,539). Oil spill simulation within a marginal ice zone would focus on estimating the relative fraction of oil under, between and within ice
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floes. OSIM will allow trials of how different types of oil interface with different volumes and concentration of these ice floes. In order to facilitate replicate experiments in a single season, zoned heating will be installed in the tank. This feature will allow for the pool to be “reset” to ice-free conditions even in mid-winter and to relieve pressure where ice bonds to the walls of the pool. In situ burning experiments will be contained using a fume hood that will extend over the pool and capture any effluent during the experiment ($407,365). This design allows both direct sampling of the effluent, as well as the ability to eliminate any negative environmental impact. Open water access wells (“moon pools” in Figure 7) will be built to allow for small to medium- sized instruments to be launched under the sea ice cover and attached to underwater cables. Below-water instruments will be installed and travel along these cables simulating a technique that can also be field-tested with AUVs. Airborne systems will be directly supported by OSIM through the use of aerial survey cable lines running above the OSIM surface (Figure 7). These lines will be equivalent to the tether lines running beneath the sea ice but they will allow sensors to be cable-towed above the ice at different elevations. a) Detection Technology Package - $4,956,698 (Line 2, sum of lines 3-23) Several technology packages have been designed with the purpose to investigate a broad spectrum of in situ (above, below and within sea ice), airborne, and satellite remote sensing techniques. The design stems from preliminary studies done by the principal users already listed on the CMO team in collaboration with various multinational oil and gas companies (Barber et al., 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 (Imperial Oil reports)). All sensors will be installed below, within and above the OSIM pond surface and will be capable of detecting the electromagnetic response from the evolving freshwater-marine-sea ice-snow volume. Some of the instruments are also capable of deployment on naturally occurring sea ice in the Churchill estuary and near- shore fast ice of Hudson Bay for comparison to natural conditions. Several cameras will be installed both underwater and above the ice surface of OSIM to monitor the visible portion of the spectrum (Lines 3). An ultraviolet filter and a near-infrared filter will be used to collect surface photography coincident with the scatterometer and radiometer sites. Low light level techniques will be tested using infrared flash systems for night detection (using a night vision camera). Data on the emitted infrared temperature of the young ice will be measured with a FLIR Systems SC660 thermal camera (Line 4). Upward-looking sonar and multibeam sonar will be deployed using two AUVs (Line 5) to investigate in particular the role of acoustics in detecting oil below sea ice and contained within the interstices of ice floes. While there have been numerous trials of acoustic systems to detect oil under ice, the majority have been from the upper surface with the acoustic signal propagating through the ice. CEOS routinely installs sonar devices on both mooring and AUV platforms. The CMO team has extensive experience using various hyperspectral techniques for measurement of physical, biological and biogeochemical characteristics of the OSA interface (Babin et al., 2013, Ehn et al., 2008, Mundy et al., 2006). Under-ice downwelling spectra will
33 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089 be measured using a Satlantic HyperOCR spectral radiometer, which will be mounted under the ice in the OSIM pool (Line 6). Upwelling radiance will also be measured with a Satlantic HyperOCR (Line 7, 8). An identical instrument will be mounted on the moored profiler in Hudson Bay to ensure equivalence of hyperspectral data between experiments in OSIM and in situ conditions in the Hudson Bay EO system. A reference sensor will be installed above the surface to monitor changes in the incident spectral irradiance Es(λ). Water/ice-leaving spectral radiance and incident spectral irradiance will be measured with Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) wide-range spectral radiometers (350-2200 nm spectral range with 1.4 nm resolution). The down-looking ASD unit will be mounted over OSIM to sample transects for determination of spatial and temporal variability of water/ice-leaving radiance. Subsurface measurements will be conducted using an ASD mounted on the floor of the OSIM pool (Line 9). Analysis will be conducted to separate the spectra into discrete band widths during analysis. Fibre optic cables will be used to provide extinction estimates over the vertical dimension. Any of these hyperspectral data can readily be resampled to simulate any optical/near-IR satellite-borne sensor, thereby supporting the calibration of satellite systems. Turner Cyclops 7 or other fluorometers will be installed under the ice for detection of refined and crude hydrocarbons (e.g., excitation/emission wavelengths ~325/410-600, ≤290/350 nm) (Line 10). Identical instruments will be installed on the moored profiler in Hudson Bay. On-ice sampling at the in situ scale will include laser fluorosensors (LFS) following the work of Fingas and Brown (1997) and Brown and Fingas (2003) (Line 11). The LFS is a powerful tool for oil spill remote sensing and is capable of detecting oil on the ocean and sea ice surface. This unit can measure fluorescence from in situ samples and provide speciation of hydrocarbon elements including polysaccharides and oil degradation products. Samples will be collected from discrete layers within the sea ice and in the ocean water beneath. Samples will be analyzed for excitation-emission (EEM) spectrometry (Line 11) and absorption from colored dissolved organic matter (Line 11) for both instantaneous state and oil degradation constituents. This activity is highly complementary to hyperspectral techniques. These data will be key calibration variables for airborne laser fluorescence techniques developed as part of an operational tool for detecting oil in ice. The detection of aromatic hydrocarbons is known to work well with LFS systems, but the integration of this technology with other detection techniques, and scaling to larger areas, requires further study. To investigate the role of ocean surface currents in OSIM, two ADCPs (Line 12) mounted through the ice are proposed, with a third mounted on the bottom and a fourth mounted horizontally under the ice. Each would record vertical structure of currents, revealing in particular how the currents are affected by the presence of crude oil. Oil beneath sea ice is likely to affect the current at the ocean-ice interface which in turn impacts marine ecosystems and biological productivity. The Aquadop z-cell ADCPs that are used will include zero-depth transducers, making it possible to measure current profiles very near the ice-water interface. ADCPs are robust in terms of sensor fouling and are expected to be able to manage oil fouling as well (although this aspect will be confirmed during testing). Successful deployment has
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occurred in the past and CMO principal users are currently deploying these ADCPs under ice in the Beaufort Sea to characterize shallow current profiles under the multi-year pack ice. EM induction (Line 13) and GPR (Sensors and Software Pulse EKKO Pro; Line 14) measurements will be conducted at regular intervals throughout the experiments. The aerial system (‘ice pic’) will be suspended above the growing ice sheet from a crane and used to measure the large scale EM induction characteristics of the evolving ice sheet. Two terrestrial LIDAR systems (Leica Scanstation C10) will provide measurements of the very high-resolution, small-scale roughness of the ice surface (Line 15) in both ponds. The scanner will collect surface roughness data acquired over a coincident area to radar backscatter measurements. The LIDAR systems record surface roughness in the mm to cm range suitable for calibration of scatterometer data and momentum exchange calculations. Existing CEOS passive microwave sensors will be installed above the OSIM ice pond during the observation period. They record microwave brightness temperatures using an internal calibration procedure and a ‘cold load’ reference measurement. Three polarimetric radars at L-band, C- Band and X-Band above the OSIM ice pond will be installed (Lines 16-20). Scattering cross- sections will be collected at like, cross and fully polarimetric returns, exploiting the time-series evolution. Ground penetrating radar has the demonstrated ability to detect oil under ice within the confines of limitations of ice thickness, internal ice temperature and sensor elevation. A research group at Boise State University has been developing frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar to better understand and overcome these and other limitations of existing commercial units (Line 21). The work and the unit proposed here are designed around lessons learned and will use a new, third generation FMCW radar operating at 0.5–2.0 GHz. The FMCW radar will be built from component parts by Drs. Shafai and Mojabi of the UM Electrical Engineering Department and tested through integration with other sensors at OSIM. Geophysical, thermodynamic and dielectric data will be used to interpret the scattering physics to the FMCW radar and to examine the temporal and spatial (incidence angle) variability in the returned signal. Crude oil chemistry constituents and degradation will also be used to understand the returned signal and to explain the role of crude oil in the overall scattering to this radar. The development of flat panel Iridium- linked microwave profiling systems (Line 22) will allow the transmission of a microwave pulse into the sea ice at multiple frequencies and polarizations. Nadir profiling will be used to interrogate the geophysical, thermodynamic and dielectric response of oil in ice. These units will be designed for air deployment in and around an oil spill area, providing unique high resolution near real-time data of the fate and trajectory of the spill. A fluoroprobe (Line 23) will permit comparison of measurements between estuary and ocean moorings and OSIM.
b) Impacts and Mitigation Technology package - $2,082,809 (Line 24, sum of lines 25-37) A set of eight sub-mesocosm limno-corrals of 8000-L volume each (Line 25) will be used within OSIM for statistical replication and to examine the potential effect of numerous contaminants during a single experiment. These corrals will be a primary tool of ‘Stress Ecology’ (Barrett et
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al., 1976) and are to be used in a tiered approach, following laboratory-scale investigations and prior to full-scale field-testing, as needed. Such model ecosystems allow not only for exposure to the stressor of interest but also for manipulation of the stressor and biological and ecological factors, such as species composition and density, nutrient-status, and energy (e.g., light, carbon) inputs. Because they can be established with multiple species and trophic levels, a complex array of interactions and parameters can be monitored and manipulated simultaneously in a replicable fashion, not possible otherwise, to inform the understanding of their status and functioning (Palmer and Febria, 2012). Mesocosm studies will allow for the assessment of remediation and recovery in an impacted ecosystem (Van den Brink et al., 2005). A suite of analytical instruments will be required to allow for the detection of contaminants associated with the oil spill and relevant remediation techniques in OSIM studies. The instruments will also be shared with the EO system for analyzing targeted contaminants in the ocean and marine ecosystems. Highly specialized state-of-the art mass spectrometers are needed to detect, identify and quantify compounds associated with fresh, evaporated, emulsified crude oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues generated via in situ burning. An Aerodyne High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) with a sample line flow control and aerosol dilution system (Line 26) will be used for sampling, sizing, and chemically analyzing laboratory and ambient aerosols with fast time resolution and real-time results (aerosol particles in the size range of 0.04-1.0 micrometers). The Aerodyne AMS, currently the only instrument commercially available that is capable of this performance, will be used to study aerosol particles generated during burn experiments. An Agilent GC Triple Quad Mass Spectrometer equipped with an Agilent PAL injection system is needed for headspace analysis of VOCs (Line 27). Finally, a Thermo Q Exactive™ Hybrid Quadrupole- Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer (Line 28) will be purchased. This bench-top LC-MS/MS system combines quadruple precursor ion selection with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) Orbitrap detection to deliver exceptional performance and versatility. An ion chromatography system (Dionex ICS 5000+) is required for the analysis of major cations and other ions in ice, water, and oil residues, as well as for monitoring microbial biodegradation intermediates (organic acids) and electron acceptors (anions) under oxygen-depleted (nitrate- and sulfate- reducing) conditions (Line 29). An ultra-pure Millipore Element water purification system is required to produce high-purity laboratory water for chemical analysis (Line 30). This suite of instruments will be unique globally in support of the CMO science objectives, particularly when near real-time measurements are considered in situ. For samples obtained through Arctic field sampling expeditions, water quality sondes (Line 31) will be used for microbial biodegradation experiments under environmentally relevant conditions. These experiments will be performed in temperature-controlled incubators (Line 32) and compared to similar samples taken in OSIM. Biodegradation will be quantified by analyzing hydrocarbon substrates using GC-MS systems
(Lines 27 and 28). For aerobic hydrocarbon degradation, associated O2 consumption and CO2
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production will be quantified using a GC-TCD from Agilent (Line 31). To measure the processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis that characterize sensitive - - 2- anoxic environments such as selected sea ice brines and sediment layers, NO3 , NO2 and SO4 will be monitored by ion chromatography (Line 28) and N2 by the GC-TCD (Line 33), also equipped with ECD for N2O, and equipped with FID for CH4. Sulfide and other compounds will be measured spectrophotometrically (Line 34). Genomic analyses corresponding to biodegradation process measurements will be used to identify and quantify microbial groups using rRNA- and functional gene-specific real-time PCR assays set up using a liquid handling robot and analyzed using a real time thermocycler (Line 35), as well as via fluorescence in situ hybridization with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes and confocal microscopy (Line 36). Identifying organisms degrading 13C-labelled hydrocarbons of interest will be performed by density-gradient centrifugation and stable isotope probing (Line 37).
2) Environmental Observatory
a. Estuary Observatory - $1,639,575 (Line 38, sum of lines 39 - 56) The estuary mooring will be installed in the mouth of the Churchill estuary (E, Figure 5), connected by cable and intake water lines (for additional instruments and discrete water samples) to the OSIM building. Through continuous monitoring, the Estuary Observatory will provide an unparalleled capability to observe critical aspects of the Churchill River estuary ecosystem at all trophic levels throughout the year. It will also permit natural experiments to investigate the effects of key ecosystem stressors associated with increasing industrial presence and climate change effects in the Arctic. Furthermore, it will provide a place to apply findings from OSIM to a natural field setting through duplication of OSIM-tested technology on the moorings. This mooring observatory will provide capability to monitor ice growth at the estuary mouth, tidal current profiles using a bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) (Line 39) and IPS (Line 40). A suite of biogeochemical properties will be monitored, including
temperature, salinity and dissolved O2 (Line 41), spectral light transmission (Line 42), algal biomass of major taxonomic groups via multispectral fluorescence (Line 43), zooplankton biomass and species composition via the AZFP (Line 44) and an autonomous sediment trap (Line 45), fish biomass via the AZFP and species composition via two imaging sonars (Line 46), and tracking of marine mammals via a passive acoustic monitor (Line 47). Power and data will be transferred by a 1.6 km cable (Line 48) to and from a central computer at OSIM (Line 49), where it will be preprocessed and organized for near real-time distribution via the internet. Design of the OSIM ocean water inlet monitoring system will divert water from the intake pipeline used to fill the OSIM and continually cycle water during experiments (if desired to vary salinity or simulate a natural phenomenon), providing the estuary observatory with the novel capability of continuous monitoring using in-line instruments and easy collection of discrete in situ water samples. The flow-through system will be focused on providing continuous observations of key biogeochemical variables in real time, including: temperature and salinity
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via SeaBird's thermosalinograph with dissolved O2 sensor and chl a and CDOM Cyclops 7 fluorometers (Line 50), pCO2 using the in-line Ferrybox system (Line 51), and spectral ultraviolet absorption via the TriOS ProPS, providing the ability to, e.g., estimate nitrate concentrations (Line 52). The intake pipeline will also provide a discrete sample outlet valve to make daily to weekly measurements of microbe size distribution via flow cytometry (Line 53) and taxonomic composition via FluidImaging Flowcam (Line 54). Furthermore, the discrete outlet will provide easy sample access for additional measurement variables such as nutrient concentrations, microbial taxonomic composition via genomic analyses, and environmental DNA to screen for invasive species as well as samples for smaller-scale lab experiments (e.g., bacterial and primary production incubations). Mooring hardware (Line 55) will be required for installation. In-line sampling of water will be supported by a next generation, high-sensitivity, triple- quadrupole (QQQ) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) (Agilent 8800 QQQ-ICP-MS) (Line 56). This mass spectrometer is required for analysis of trace metals and other elements (e.g., iron, lead, cadmium, mercury) in samples from both OSIM and the inlet water from the estuary. Compared to conventional single quadrupole ICP-MS, the recently commercialized QQQ-ICP-MS by Agilent features an additional quadrupole mass filter (Q1), situated in front of a reaction system cell (Q2) and quadrupole mass filter (Q3). b. Smart Profiling Observatory - $2,550,525 (Line 57, sum of lines 58-72) The smart profiling observatory, marked as 2 in Figure 5, will be devoted to development of under-ice profiling techniques and technology to improve current capabilities of characterizing the under-ice marine environment through the full annual cycle. Existing profiling systems (e.g., ICYCLER, SeaCycler) (Line 58) will be enhanced to develop the innovative capability to profile both under ice in winter, and through the mixed layer during the open water season, with a capability in the latter season to communicate data to the Churchill Marine Observatory (Iridium transmitter) (Line 59). The profiler will carry a CTD with an oxygen sensor (Seabird SBE 37 with SBE43 O2) and a fluoroprobe as near the ice as practicable in winter and through the mixed layer (including the chlorophyll maximum) during the open water season (Lines 60 and 61). It will also carry hyperspectral sensors with an associated tilt sensor (Satlantic HyperOCRs and tilt sensor) to record upwelling and downwelling irradiance (Lines 62-64). Near-under-ice downwelling irradiance will be used to characterize the under-ice light field, at least when there is sufficient downwelling light during parts of the melt period. Of particular interest will be the spectral characterization of transmitted light in relation to presence of ice algae. Information from similar under-ice spectra recorded in OSIM will be used to develop indices of abundance of ice algae. Natural under-ice spectra collected at the moored observatory will inform potential optical techniques for detection of oil or other buoyant contaminants. The profiler will also carry two upward-looking Turner Cyclops 7 fluorometers to measure fluorescence at the under-ice surface, at wavelengths suitable for crude and refined oil detection (Line 65). The same optical and fluorescence sensors on this profiler as in the OSIM pool allows for comparability between
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in situ and experimental data. A system will be designed to carry the optical instruments and an Iridium communications system (Line 59) above water when the region is clear of ice (as determined by historic records of latest ice/first ice in the region). The profiler will be powered by a SeaCycler mooring technology capable of profiling through the mixed layer at least daily over a 365-day period (Line 58). Non-profiling equipment below the mixed layer will be deployed on a separately-anchored taut line mooring with subsurface float. Instruments on this mooring will be the same as those described for the sub-mixed layer part of the Shipping Lane Observatory moorings, i.e., CTD with O2 (Line 60), sediment traps (Line 65), AZFP and passive acoustic recorders (Lines 67 and 68). This non-profiling component of the Smart Observatory will also be instrumented to record ocean and ice velocities (ADCP), and ice cover development and decay and ice thickness properties (IPS) (Lines 69 and 70). Once again, mooring hardware and acoustic releases will be required (Lines 71 and 72).
c. Shipping Lane Observatory - $1,720,802 (Line 73, sum of lines 74-83, & Line 84, sum of lines 85-93) For the shipping lane observatory, three moorings will be instrumented to monitor ocean and ice velocities (ADCPs), and ice cover development and decay and ice thickness properties (IPS) (Lines 74 and 75). Information from these instruments will be used in combination with satellite SAR image analysis to validate marine ice functions within the NEMO model (currently running on the WestGrid Supercomputing Facility through UM). The moorings marked 1 in Figure 5 will be instrumented to record temperature and salinity and oxygen (Seabird CTDs in and below the mixed layer) (Line 76), pH in the mixed layer (SeaFet) (Line 77), algal biomass and major taxonomic groups (BBE Moldaenke Fluoroprobes at the depth of the late summer chlorophyll maximum) (Line 78), biomass productivity and zooplankton identification (sediment traps in and below the mixed layer) (Line 79), vertical distribution of zooplankton and fish (AZFPs) (Line 80), and presence of marine mammals (passive acoustic recorders) (Line 81). The budget includes the costs of two acoustic releases (EdgeTech PORT releases) as well as ropes, floats and miscellaneous hardware required for each mooring (Lines 82 and 83). To ensure continuous operation of all of the moored and profiling observatories, sensors for renewal and redeployment of observatory equipment are included (Line 84, sum of Lines 85-92). d. Atmospheric Observatory - $1,833,182 (Line 93, sum of lines 93-103) The atmospheric observatory will provide critical data for other components of the CMO. It will enable the capability to study cloud properties (ice, water and mixed phases) in relation to surface energy budgets, atmospheric transport of trace gases, aerosols, and contaminants, as well as atmospheric controls on open water waves and sea ice (thermodynamics and dynamics) in Hudson Bay. The atmospheric observatory will also support the near real-time satellite calibration capabilities of OSIM by providing important instantaneous measurements required for satellite remote sensing calibration.
39 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
An icing detector, a meteorological precipitation spectrometer (MPS), liquid water content (LWC) sensor, and fog measurement device (FMD) will be deployed to detect and assess the severity of freezing precipitation and fog events (Lines 94, 95, 96, respectively) and their effects on microwave remote sensing to the RCM and Copernicus constellation SAR missions. Having an icing detector at the CMO site will provide local icing detection as well as spatial comparison to the airport measurements. This combination of sensors will be important to assess liquid/ice fraction evolution, which also directly affects SAR and radiative transfer through the atmosphere. The X-band (3-cm wavelength) dual polarization Doppler weather radar (Line 97) is required to obtain detailed precipitation (location, amount and type) and wind measurements within 100 km range that will provide critical spatial/temporal 3-dimensional data for multiple objectives in CMO. For research purposes, X-band radars are particularly useful (higher sensitivity) for snow and ice precipitation as opposed to longer wavelengths and dual polarization that are necessary to discriminate precipitation type (e.g. Schuur et al., 2012; Mizukami et al., 2013). A profiling microwave radiometer (Line 98) will provide temperature and humidity vertical profiles up to 10 km every few minutes that will allow a combined analysis of thermodynamic influences on precipitation type and radiative exchange through the boundary layer. The profiling microwave radiometer is needed to complement twice-a-day radiosondes, launched from the Churchill airport, as neither is sufficient independently to understand high-frequency planetary boundary layer events, nor to calibrate satellite EO data. One of the more important aspects of the profiling microwave radiometer is the ability to examine Hudson Bay’s open water/ice contribution to the boundary layer. A meteorological station/tower (Line 99) is also required for temperature, humidity, pressure and wind measurements at the OSIM site. These data provide the atmospheric forcing of the pond experiments, including all salient components of the surface energy balance. This same installation will monitor, in real time, the concentrations of trace gases, aerosols and contaminants in both the ambient air and the air inside OSIM during OSIM studies. The suite includes the equipment for monitoring SOx, NOx, O3, and other green-house gases (CO2, CH4, H2O), gaseous elemental mercury, reactive gaseous mercury and particulate mercury via a mercury analyzer, and aerosols of PM2.5, PM10, and black carbon, with a zero air generator and other accessories completing the fully automated, real-time system (Lines 100-103). This station will support multiple objectives of the OSIM experiments by providing real-time assessment of constituents of both the energy balance and effluxes of contaminants associated with various chemistry and burn experiments in OSIM.
3) Logistics Base - $5,779,554 (Line 104, sum of lines 105-116) The logistics base will include a staging building for field campaigns and EO preparation and maintenance, storage of field instruments, EO hardware and telecommunications of the near real- time sensors. The base will also provide access for small boats, over-ice craft and unmanned aerial vehicles in the Churchill Estuary. Logistics for the CMO will be supported by a small
40 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089 array of vehicles that will permit access to the water in all seasons, as well as a coastal ship that will be used in support of maintenance of the near-shore EO system and scaling studies from the immediate vicinity of Churchill to the near-shore regions surrounding Hudson Bay. a. Staging Building The staging building (Line 105) will be essential in storing and maintaining research equipment. A dock and boat launch will be essential in launching research boats due to a high tide in the estuary. Key features of this building include the following: 40’ x 60’ dimension, 14’ ceiling; and storage loft in 1/3 of the building above a small workshop, research planning area and telecommunications room. The construction estimate for the logistics base is as follows: site work and general conditions ($296,136); construction ($1,491,149); soft costs ($200,000); fees ($230,435); and a 10% construction contingency ($211,164, including 1.95% GST). b. Vehicles The CMO will be used on a year-round basis with the necessary vehicles to support the transport of scientists, field equipment, EO installation and management (near shore). These vehicles will include a truck ($84K) and a small tractor ($93K) for hauling and positioning instruments and clearing snow, two scissor lifts ($146K) for positioning equipment above OSIM, two quads ($33K) and four snowmobiles ($89K) for accessing remote sites in the estuary region, four air- ice boats ($420K) for accessing the ice in the immediate vicinity of Churchill during transitional periods, and two “Jet” boats ($280K) for conducting summer studies (Line 106). c. Coastal Ship and Ship-based Equipment The coastal vessel is planned to assist in scaling studies from the estuary through the ice-free season of Hudson Bay. The coastal ship (Line 107) will be purchased for CMO and operated through partnership with the Arctic Research Foundation (ARF). A recently decommissioned CCGS vessel, planned for purchase, will be well suited for marine research in near-shore regions. It will be used to conduct regular maintenance of EO installments (those within range) and to facilitate scaling studies of physical and ecosystem studies in the Bay. One specific use of the vessel will be to provide local estimates of total, new, and regenerated primary production in sea ice and the water column, applying tracer techniques to water samples taken from a mini- rosette (Line 108). Secondary and tertiary production will be quantified based on in situ sampling with plankton nets and trawls, including video observations (Lines 109-112). To investigate and quantify trophic relationships and energy flow, numerous methods will be applied, in particular the use of stable isotopes and fatty acids as trophic food web tracers. The vessel will also have an unmanned aerial vehicle for aerial marine mammal surveys and a sediment box corer (Lines 113, 114), allowing for more detailed studies of pelagic and benthic environments to determine conditions required for various simulations in OSIM. Throughout field studies, a Seabird SEACAT (Line 115) will be used to survey water properties at a high spatial and temporal resolution. The SEACAT will also be crucial to the redeployment of moorings as it will verify the accuracy of the moored sensors. Finally, an Edge Tech PACS will be included for communications with the acoustic releases (Line 116) on the EO moorings.
41 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
Sustainability of the research infrastructure The proponents of this application have a very strong history of research generation, technology development, and knowledge mobilization. The team also has a strong research funding profile, having generated over $180M in research funding in the past 5 years. Three Canada Excellence Research Chairs (Manitoba, Laval, and Dalhousie), four Canada Research Chairs and three government/industry chairs show a strong track record of research excellence and funding. A compelling plan has been generated among the principal users for the management, operation and maintenance of the proposed infrastructure with tangible and appropriate financial commitments to sustain the CMO. Specific commitments include the following: 1. New Faculty – The University of Manitoba has plans to secure three new tenure track faculty positions to support CMO. The team has secured commitments for two new NSERC-Industrial Research Chairs (NSERC-IRCs) both to be located at the University of Manitoba. One of these will be funded by KGS Consulting Engineers and one from Stantec, Inc. Each of these positions will consist of a full-time tenure track faculty position (at UM), one full time technician, and a small travel budget. UM has agreed to make both IRCs permanent tenure track faculty, illustrating excellent commitment by UM to sustainability. The UM has also agreed to provide one new tenure track faculty member that will be jointly appointed between the Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources and the Faculty of Engineering. This position will focus on remote sensing detection technologies, building upon the strong relationship that already exists between these two faculties at UM. The estimated in-kind contribution from these three new faculty is $530K per year. 2. CHARS (the Canadian High Arctic Research Station) – This station has a mandate to coordinate a partnership-based marine observing system throughout the Canadian Arctic to address aspects of increased shipping and oil and gas development. Through partnership with CHARS, the EO system will be fully integrated with that planned by CHARS. This process has already begun: CMO will provide the observatory for Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait; CHARS, for Baffin Bay, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and the Southern Beaufort Sea. The concept is to have all data collected with interoperable instruments; for CHARS to archive, manage and distribute the marine data as part of their national system; and for OSIM process studies to use the entire CHARS network as a means of scaling Arctic-wide. CHARS has established a national marine working group and CMO scientists are on that working group. CMO will also request additional funding for annual maintenance costs of the moorings, cost sharing of capital on instruments for the EO system and funds for one of the two full-time technical staff to be housed permanently in Churchill to support the CMO. The estimated in-kind support from CHARS will be $325K per year. 3. Arctic Research Foundation (ARF) – This Foundation is a not-for-profit NGO that will oversee the crewing, management and maintenance of the planned coastal research vessel. Through a collaborative agreement, ARF will operate the vessel throughout the ice-free season. Dedicated ship time each summer will be used to maintain the EO systems and conduct intensive field studies in support of OSIM-EO scaling studies. The estimated in-
42 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
kind support from ARF will be $120K/year. When the ship is not required to support CMO work, it will be available for lease to interested industry or community organizations. This will be an added source of revenue for CMO, estimated at $240K per year. 4. OSIM rental – The CMO organizational structure provides the ability to lease the OSIM facility to industrial partners and international institute and university researchers, wishing to conduct their own studies. Ice tank facilities in southern latitudes are currently leased for about $70K/week, but these facilities lack ambient Arctic conditions and natural seawater. The CMO business plan estimates that OSIM will rent for $100K per week. These revenues would support ongoing operation and maintenance of the CMO and allow for growth of instrumentation and testing of new EO technologies. Use of the facility will be managed by the CMO Board of Directors (BOD). It is estimated that commercial use of the facility will generate revenue of $300K per year. 5. Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC) – This Centre provides an 84-bed full service research station located just outside of Churchill MB. CNSC will provide accommodation for all investigators, laboratory space for detailed OSIM research, access to workshops for EO maintenance and installation. CNSC will also station two full-time technical support staff that will be responsible for ongoing maintenance of the CMO systems. The estimated in-kind value of the lab and lodging space at CNSC is $95K per year, based on 20 weeks per year of lab time eliminating the need to purchase or rent elsewhere, and 750 “person days” per year on commercial rates for accommodation. Mechanical components of CMO will be regularly inspected and maintained, as needed, at cost by the mechanic at CNSC. 6. Proponents from the six universities involved in this proposal will leverage the CFI infrastructure in future research proposals. For example, in the area of bioremediation and microbial genomics, in 2016 Genome Canada intends to launch a ‘Large Scale Applied Research Project’ funding competition dedicated to genomics research in the natural resources and energy sectors. The CMO and related infrastructure will be ideal in enabling marine microbial genomics related to accidental oil spill response and emergency preparedness. These funds will allow principal users and collaborators to contribute technical support staff on an as-needed basis for EO installation, management, and OSIM experimentation. The three non-CFI contributing universities will provide technical support from sources other than this CFI. Estimated contributions from the six universities will be $350K per year. These elements will provide over $1.9M in annual operating revenue for the OSIM facility, including the addition of three new tenure track faculty, direct connection to private sector partners and inclusion of key federal government and not-for-profit partners. The very low operating costs of the facility – $30K per year (see operations and maintenance) make this project manageable by UM and its network partners. While overall management of the facility will be provided by the University of Manitoba, the CMO will be governed by a BOD, and supporting Advisory Committees. Members of the BOD will be invited by the University of Manitoba to serve as the overall decision-making body
43 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
ensuring integrity and honoring the vision and goals of the research centre. The BOD will serve as the vehicle by which objectives of the CMO are realized both nationally and internationally. Roles and duties of the BOD are to meet bi-annually, to assess and approve 5-year plans, to provide ongoing strategic planning, to facilitate technology mobilization and commercialization, and to provide budget oversight and conflict resolution. The proposed management structure of the BOD will support and direct the commercial development of this technology. Government regulators, non-governmental organizations, Inuit organizations, hydrocarbon companies, shipping companies and environmental engineering companies will manage the CMO technology development strategy. The approach is one where pre-competitive research will be conducted by the university academics and technological innovations, derived from either detection, impacts or mitigation of fresh, evaporated, emulsified crude oils, distillate, fuel oils, herding agents, dispersants and residues generated via in situ burning in sea ice, will be brought to the marketplace through private company partners. In order to ensure that the BOD is small enough to be effective yet large enough to be representative, it will include both “voting” members and “observing” members. Voting members will compose of representative(s) from academic collaborators, direct industry sponsors, government, and affected community/regional stakeholders and Inuit groups. Observing members will be non-sponsoring but interested or involved parties. This structure will not only allow effective decision-making but also efficient sharing of results with a broader community of government bodies, industry and other interested parties. This model is the most direct way of providing a coordinated approach to the continuum from pre-competitive research towards commercialization with full integration of co-management bodies and regulators. Operation and Maintenance (5 years+) The CMO has been designed as a field station that can be operated both in summer and winter, with the option to ‘cold soak’ it (shut down in winter) if experiments are not to be conducted in any particular winter. The site consists of a garage which will require heat when being used but can be winterized when not in use. The OSIM ponds will contain sea water when experiments are being conducted and will be left empty when no experiments are being conducted. Based on knowledge and experience gained with the Sea Ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF), on the UM campus, it is estimated that annual operating costs will be minimal. Total annual operating costs are expected to be $30K per year: $10K for heat and lights, $10K for facility maintenance, $5K for water and sewage, $5k for telecommunications. The Riddell Faculty has agreed to provide this annual operating cost of $30K per year as a contribution to the sustainability of the project. Two full-time technicians will be hired to support EO and OSIM operations. Both positions will be based at the CNSC. For the two full-time technical staff based permanently in Churchill, their technical and laboratory working space will be provided by CNSC at no cost to CMO. The two technicians will be responsible for operations and management of the overall facility, as well as logistics (user access) and coordination, activity scheduling, shipping, maintenance, and overseeing
44 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089 operational staff. Funding for two technical and operations support staff will come from university sources and potentially through partnership with CHARS. Scientists, students and technical staff conducting studies in OSIM, conducting laboratory work, or using the EO system, will be accommodated at the CNSC (room and board), where they will have access to laboratories and additional workspace. The proximity of CNSC to CMO is a key benefit to the proposal, maximizing on a recent upgrades funded by the Arctic Research Infrastructure Fund. The rental costs for scientific accommodations are highly subsidized by CNSC, making the facility very attractive for national and international teams to work at OSIM. Expected daily upkeep of the site and equipment includes, but is not limited to: atmospheric instruments (EO), inline sampling instruments, data management, QA/QC for EO, and OSIM data. There will be monthly upkeep of vehicles and boat(s) with annual inspection and cleaning of intake, outlet structures, and inline sampling for OSIM. Lastly, there will be annual maintenance and cycling of EO moorings (5-10 year replacement cycle). This work will be done using a CCGS ship of opportunity and the coastal ship (where safely possible). CMO’s partnership with ARF will be key to the ability to sustain operations of the coastal ship. ARF will recover CMO ship time at a cost-recovery rate and other partners at commercial rate; ARF will manage the following: 1. Consumables (fuel and fluids, food and provisions during the program) 2. Crewing, including salaries, insurance, travel to and from Churchill and training 3. Hull insurance (if possible) and third-party liability insurance 4. Ship-board Iridium, radio fees, and other necessary operational communications 5. Ship maintenance averaged over life of program, including start-up and close-out costs 6. Overwintering costs (power/heat) 7. Project manager time towards the running of the ship only (not scientific planning) ARF has a strong strategic interest in expanding the role of smaller research ships in the conduct of Arctic research, and sees the opportunity to operate out of Churchill as an excellent complement to their existing CHARS-related operations in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut.
The majority of funds from the CFI Infrastructure Operating Fund (IOF) will be dedicated to salary for six technicians based at the University of Manitoba and one technician at the University of Calgary ($504K per year). The remaining IOF money will be dedicated to travel for the seven technicians to and from CMO ($42K per year), shipping ($150,610 per year), and operations and maintenance ($66K per year). The seven technical staff supported by the IOF are in addition to those being provided by the collaborating universities and those associated with the NSERC IRC applications. They will support specific field experiments at OSIM, installation and maintenance of the EO system and initial data quality assurance from OSIM and EO. As this project is multi-institutional, the CMO project team is requesting an additional 5% from CFI for administration. This will fund travel, accommodation, and space for meetings of the BOD.
45 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
Benefits to Canadians The CMO is a timely proposal to ensure there is a substantial knowledge base to inform the development of Arctic marine policy, governance, sustainable development, and industrial entry to a region that will lead to significant tangible benefits for Canada. Through well-established networks, CMO principal users will contribute to responding to Inuit questions regarding the confluence of economic development and environmental stewardship. As well, CMO fits within Canada’s Arctic Council Chairmanship which is focused on supporting “Responsible Arctic Resource Development, Safe Arctic Shipping, and Sustainable Circumpolar Communities”. The federal government has developed Canada’s Northern Strategy. In particular, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) has established the Canadian Arctic Science and Technology program. By providing a year-round world-class hub for science and technology in Canada's North, CMO will help meet the stated objective to ensure Canada remains a global leader in Arctic science, and promotes economic and social development while protecting environmental heritage in the North. In addition, AANDC is tasked with the responsibility for petroleum resource development in the northern offshore and Nunavut. Understanding sources and fate of oil in ice, in Arctic seawater and biota is essential for the conduct of environmental risk assessments, the development of oil spill countermeasures, and monitoring of habitat recovery in the event of a spill. Programs such as the multi-stakeholder Beaufort Sea Regional Environmental Assessment, the Environmental Studies Research Fund, and the Northern Contaminants Program, developed in partnership with governments, industry, and academia seek to address these knowledge gaps. CMO continues this effort by supporting oil in ice experiments that cannot be conducted in natural waters and, by using observatories, intensive field research and satellite remote sensing to scale results from OSIM to the broader Arctic system. While AANDC plays a leading role in facilitating Arctic science, departments including Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Natural Resources Canada, and Environment Canada also have extensive needs for data on Arctic variability and change as related to consideration of environmental assessments and operational ice forecasting, and administration of protected areas for proposed industrial activities. The proposed CMO monitoring network will fill a long-standing data gap in this regard. Transport Canada is actively studying potential hazards to Arctic transportation and environmental policy for Canada. The Tanker Safety Expert Panel is actively considering the Arctic as it prepares a world-class Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Regime. By working closely with government members of the BOD, CMO provides the forum to share results and shape policy leading to safe transportation and safeguarding marine ecosystems and commercial fishing. Contributing to the development of safe transportation policy based on sound research will ensure Canadians both economic growth and sustainability through Arctic trade strategies. Provincial governments have also begun to evaluate the risks and opportunities associated with a changing Arctic climate. Manitoba’s International Gateway Strategy aligns with a national objective of opening pathways to create transportation routes from Churchill through the Arctic
46 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
into Russia, and other Asian ports. Due to this aim, there is a strong need to understand shipping risks in the Arctic. Rapidly increasing traffic and growing shipping routes put risk on shippers dealing with changing sea ice conditions, increasing risk of an accident. In addition, because of ocean circulation, a large spill event in remote waters can spread both nationally and internationally. Therefore, a Churchill-based research facility able to study marine transportation and exploration impacts will be vital to marine transportation regulation. The owner of the Port of Churchill is also very interested in developing Churchill as a point of export for western Canadian oil and liquefied natural gas to Europe and eastern Canada (e.g., Bell 2013; Jones 2013). A Canada/Manitoba task force on the future of Churchill recently identified light crude and liquefied natural gas shipments as an important economic opportunity for Manitoba and Churchill (Canada/Manitoba, 2013). Diesel fuel has long been shipped to communities bordering the HBS, whether out of the Port of Churchill, or from ports in eastern Canada. The owner of the Port of Churchill has stated its intention to run the first trial shipment of light crude oil through Churchill as early as this summer. As the ice-covered period has become shorter (Hochheim and Barber, 2014), there is growing interest in extending the shipping season, which currently runs from mid-July to late October. Bell (2013) also argued that ice-hardened tankers should be used to extend shipping through the winter. National and commercial oil export interests and geopolitical concern underlie pressure to diversify cargoes from Port of Churchill, so that the eventual probability of year-round oil shipment through Hudson Bay should not be discounted, in spite of its controversial status. The ocean observatories that are proposed will help address an information gap by recording valuable statistics on ice thickness distributions and frequency of deformed ice features (throughout the Hudson Bay System) and ice islands or bergs (in Hudson Strait) that may be a danger to ships. A key feature of the EO system is to improve knowledge of ice properties along the important shipping routes through Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait. The region includes the most heavily trafficked marine waters in the Canadian Arctic (Chan, 2012). Planned mineral development along the west coast of Hudson Bay will inevitably lead to increased shipping in the region, with attendant increased risk of ice collisions, groundings or more serious accidents (Lesage et al., 2013). It is anticipated that one mine alone, the Mary River mine on Baffin Island, will generate approximately 53 round trips of Supramax, Panamax and larger ships through Hudson Strait annually (Sikumiut, 2013). The CMO with its network of EOs along the important route through Hudson Strait will enable both the monitoring of impacts of the new traffic and data supporting forecast models for Arctic shipping routes as they develop. Key features of the OSIM research and technology development are to understand the effects of hydrocarbons on the physics and biology of the OSA system, to develop technological solutions to enable the detection and monitoring of oil in sea ice, and to understand the impacts of these contaminants on the marine ecosystem. Development of innovative detection and monitoring technologies will support efforts of the Canadian Space Agency and the European Space Agency, both of whom are partners in this proposal. In particular, research into earth
47 University of Manitoba Assessment criteria and budget justification 33089
observation technologies, laser fluorescence imaging, satellite SAR missions and new approaches to multipolarimetric, multifrequency, and SAR tomography hold significant potential as tools that can be used to detect oil spills and to track the motion of spills in sea ice. There is an urgent need to develop an overarching strategy to provide credible science-based information and to engage decision-makers and other stakeholders. This strategy would address risk perceptions, concerns, and questions regarding the use of alternative techniques. For companies, the strategy would expedite the approval process, including at least a limited policy authorizing spill techniques in specific ice-affected areas and potentially pre-approval for specific projects. Exploration and development of Arctic hydrocarbon resources is well underway with major programs planned or ongoing in the Russian Pechora Sea and Kara Sea, Norwegian Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, Baffin Bay and the Southern Beaufort Sea (Figure 2). However, there is an endemic problem among all Arctic nations, surrounding legislative impediments to using alternative spill response techniques, such as spill-treating agents and in situ burning. Currently, alternative spill response techniques must be deemed as the better response, over natural dispersion or other proven techniques, during a time of an oil spill, yet testing during an oil spill is unrealistic and ineffective. In addition, there is a lack of pre-testing of alternative techniques under different scenarios to determine the circumstances for which agents are best used. The CMO will also serve as a centre of Arctic teaching excellence in training the next generation of highly qualified personnel. The existing generation of oil in ice scientists in Canada and elsewhere with hands-on field experience is rapidly “running out of time”. Within 10 years, most people with a memory of previous large-scale Arctic experiments in this area of study will have finished their working careers. This issue is particularly true in Canada, where there has been no facility like CMO to act as a catalyst for young researchers. Norway has benefited from close collaboration between their University Centre in Svalbard and organizations like SINTEF that directly hire HQP. CMO and partnerships within the BOD will replicate this approach. CMO will provide a space for Honours, Master’s, PhD, and Postdoctoral-led studies nationally and internationally, fostering long-term Arctic research and dissemination of knowledge and practical management of ongoing Arctic policy-related issues. Considering OSIM experiments throughout the year (open water and ice covered), it is anticipated 30 students at the MSc and PhD levels, per year, will use the facility as part of their thesis research. An estimated 20 faculty and 30 staff will also use the facility annually. The CNSC will provide room and board, access to laboratories and meeting rooms for these staff. The local economy of Churchill will also benefit from the CMO. Churchill depends on ecotourism for much of its economic base. The Town has stated that CMO would fit well within the narrative of a town on the frontier of the Arctic, rapidly adapting to meet ever-changing social and economic pressures. Churchill has provided long-standing support for advanced science, back to the 1950s, and it continues to host researchers from many fields. The town has expressed a strong desire to host the CMO.
48 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Financial resources for operation and maintenance
These tables outline annual costs and sources of support committed to ensuring effective operation and maintenance of the infrastructure for the first five years after it becomes operational. They do not include costs related to research and/or technology. When applicable, funding from CFI’s Infrastructure Operating fund (IOF) is included in the “Institutional contributions” category.
Operation and maintenance budget summary
Costs Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Personnel 959,000 959,000 959,000 959,000 959,000 4,795,000
Supplies 530,000 530,000 530,000 530,000 530,000 2,650,000
Maintenance and 341,000 341,000 341,000 341,000 341,000 1,705,000 repairs
Services 490,610 490,610 490,610 490,610 490,610 2,453,050
CMO Travel 259,100 259,100 259,100 259,100 259,100 1,295,500
Total $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $12,898,550
Funding sources
Funding sources Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Institutional 942,610 942,610 942,610 942,610 942,610 4,713,050 contributions
Other 970,000 970,000 970,000 970,000 970,000 4,850,000 organizations
User fees 540,000 540,000 540,000 540,000 540,000 2,700,000
Operating Fund 127,100 127,100 127,100 127,100 127,100 635,500 5%
Total $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $2,579,710 $12,898,550
Financial resources for operation and maintenance Proposal 49 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Infrastructure project funding
This table provides a summary of total contributions and eligible costs for the project.
empty Total
Total eligible costs $31,775,435
Contributions from eligible partners $19,378,983
Amount requested from the CFI $12,396,452
Percentage of the total eligible cost requested from the CFI (may not exceed 40%) 39.01%
Summary of eligible costs
This table provides a summary of the total eligible costs for each type of expenditure. Individual item costs are detailed in the “Cost of individual items” section.
Expenditure type Total
13. Purchase of equipment (including shipping, taxes and installation) $18,102,456
14. Lease of equipment or facility $0
15. Personnel (for infrastructure acquisition & development) $0
16. Components $0
17. Travel (infrastructure related) $0
18. Software $0
19. Extended warranties / Service contracts $0
20. Construction/renovation costs essential to house and use the infrastructure $13,660,643
21. Initial training of infrastructure personnel $12,336
22. Other $0
Total eligible costs $31,775,435
Overview of infrastructure funding project Proposal 50 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Cost of individual items
This table provides the details of eligible infrastructure acquisition and development costs. It shows the full costs of each item, including taxes (net of credits received), shipping and installation. For infrastructure that will be used for multiple purposes, the table includes pro- rated research (or technology development) costs only. The lead institution was instructed to follow its existing institutional policies and procedures for the preparation of budget estimates. The CFI expects that costs included in this budget are close estimates of fair market value.
Eligible costs
Date acquired Number (YYYY/MM) of Cash In-kind Total or to be Item # Type Item description items $ $ $ acquired (YYYY)
1 20 OSIM construction 1 10,731,759 500,000 11,231,759 2015
OSIM Detection Technology Package
3 13 Low light level underwater 1 20,676 5,607 26,283 2017 cameras
4 13 FLIR thermal IR camera 1 36,404 9,101 45,505 2017
5 13 AUV with multiple sensors 2 769,304 192,326 961,630 2017
6 13 Satlantic HyperOCR - 1 14,035 3,509 17,544 2017 Downwelling irradiance
7 13 Satlantic HyperOCR - Upwelling 1 13,158 3,290 16,448 2017 radiance
8 13 Satlantic tilt sensor 1 8,772 2,193 10,965 2017
9 13 ASD - Surface optical 2 212,212 53,053 265,265 2017 hyperspectral radiometers
10 13 Turner Cyclops 7 (or equivalent) 4 29,825 7,456 37,281 2017 fluometers
11 13 Florescence sensing 1 114,036 28,509 142,545 2017
12 13 Z-cell ADCP 4 187,721 46,930 234,651 2017
13 13 EM INDUCTION System and ice 1 658,725 164,681 823,406 2017 tethered profilers (ITPs)
14 13 GPR - Sensors and Software 1 48,246 12,062 60,308 2017 Pulse EKKO Pro
15 13 High resolution LiDAR 2 413,161 103,290 516,451 2017
16 13 L-band polarimeteric 1 311,406 77,852 389,258 2017 scatterometer
17 13 C-band polarimetric scatterometer 1 307,020 76,755 383,775 2017
18 13 X-band polarimeteric 1 328,950 82,238 411,188 2017 scatterometer
Cost of individual items Proposal 51 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Eligible costs
Date acquired Number (YYYY/MM) of Cash In-kind Total or to be Item # Type Item description items $ $ $ acquired (YYYY)
19 13 3 positioners for the L, C and X 1 197,370 49,343 246,713 2017 band scatterometers
20 21 ProSensing installation support 1 9,869 2,467 12,336 2017
21 13 FMCW radar 1 149,563 37,391 186,954 2017
22 13 Flat panel Irridium linked 1 105,264 26,316 131,580 2017 multifrequency active microwave
23 13 Fluoroprobe 2 30,140 7,535 37,675 2017
OSIM Impacts and Mitigation Technology Package
25 13 Sub-mesocosm Limno Corrals 8 9,319 2,330 11,649 2017
26 13 Aerodyne High Resolution Aerosol 1 513,162 128,291 641,453 2017 Mass Spectro
27 13 Agilent GC triple quadrapole mass 1 195,757 48,939 244,696 2017 spectrometer
28 13 Thermo Q-Exactive System 1 605,461 151,365 756,826 2017
29 13 Ion chromatography (Dionex 1 46,882 11,720 58,602 2015 ICS-5000)
30 13 Ultra-pure water 1 14,035 3,509 17,544 2017
31 13 Water Sensors - Hoskin Scientific 1 32,162 8,041 40,203 2017 Limited
32 13 Temperature controlled incubators 2 17,544 4,386 21,930 2015
33 13 Agilent GC 7890 Series with TCD, 1 74,708 74,708 2014 ECD, FID
34 13 Plate reader spectrophotometer 1 17,544 4,386 21,930 2015
35 13 Qiagen qPCR (RotorGene) and 1 65,693 16,423 82,116 2015 liquid handling (Qiagility)
36 13 Zeiss Axio Epifluorescence 1 45,062 11,265 56,327 2014 Microscope
37 13 Nucleic acid stable isotope 1 43,860 10,965 54,825 2015 probing workbench
Estuary Observatory
39 13 ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz 1 33,334 8,333 41,667 2016
40 13 ALS IPS5 1 35,088 8,772 43,860 2016
41 13 SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/ 4 57,838 24,429 82,267 2016 Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
42 13 Inline sampling Aqualog 1 41,218 10,304 51,522 2017
43 13 AZFP 1 57,544 14,386 71,930 2016
44 13 Fluoroprobe 1 30,140 7,535 37,675 2016 Cost of individual items Proposal 52 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Eligible costs
Date acquired Number (YYYY/MM) of Cash In-kind Total or to be Item # Type Item description items $ $ $ acquired (YYYY)
45 13 Sediment trap 1 35,312 8,828 44,140 2016
46 13 Sonar Imaging 1 154,387 38,597 192,984 2016
47 13 PAM - Passive Acoustic Monitor 2 55,351 13,838 69,189 2016
48 13 Shore station and cable 1 112,000 28,000 140,000 2016
49 13 Data Logging computer 1 9,254 2,314 11,568 2016
50 13 Inline TSG including DO, CDOM, 1 13,489 3,372 16,861 2017 and chl a sensors
51 13 Inline pCO2 1 31,579 7,895 39,474 2017
52 13 UV Nitrate Sensor 1 26,316 6,579 32,895 2016
53 13 Inline Flow Cytometer 1 46,667 11,667 58,334 2017
54 13 Inline Flow Cam 1 74,432 18,608 93,040 2017
55 13 Mooring hardware, platform 1 201,300 201,300 2016 hardware and installation
56 13 Inline sampling ICP-MS 1 328,695 82,174 410,869 2017
Smart Profiling Observatory
58 13 SeaCycler 1 1,359,660 339,915 1,699,575 2016
59 13 Irridium transmitter 2 21,930 5,483 27,413 2016
60 13 SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/ 2 28,917 7,228 36,145 2016 Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
61 13 Fluoroprobe 2 71,408 17,852 89,260 2016
62 13 Satlantic HyperOCR - 2 23,934 5,983 29,917 2016 Downwelling irradiance
63 13 Satlantic HyperOCR - Upwelling 2 22,219 5,555 27,774 2016 radiance
64 13 Satlantic tilt sensor 2 17,760 4,440 22,200 2016
65 13 Turner Cyclops 7 (or equivalent) 2 14,664 3,666 18,330 2016 fluorometers
66 13 Hydrobios sediment traps 2 70,176 17,544 87,720 2016
67 13 AZFP 2 115,089 28,772 143,861 2016
68 13 PAM - Passive Acoustics 1 27,676 6,919 34,595 2016
69 13 ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz 4 115,145 28,786 143,931 2016
70 13 ASL IPS5 2 71,141 17,785 88,926 2016
71 13 Mooring hardware 2 43,860 43,860 2016
72 13 EdgeTech Accoustic Release 8 45,614 11,404 57,018 2016
Cost of individual items Proposal 53 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Eligible costs
Date acquired Number (YYYY/MM) of Cash In-kind Total or to be Item # Type Item description items $ $ $ acquired (YYYY)
Shipping Lane Observatory
74 13 ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz 3 86,359 21,590 107,949 2016
75 13 ALS IPS5 3 105,264 26,316 131,580 2016
76 13 SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/ 9 130,136 32,527 162,663 2016 Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
77 13 pH sensor for moorings 3 31,579 7,895 39,474 2016
78 13 Fluoroprobe 3 107,111 26,778 133,889 2016
79 13 Sediment traps 6 210,528 52,632 263,160 2016
80 13 AZFP 3 172,633 43,158 215,791 2016
81 13 PAM - Passive Acoustics 3 83,027 20,757 103,784 2016
82 13 Mooring hardware 3 65,790 65,790 2016
83 13 EdgeTech Accoustic Release 6 34,211 8,553 42,764 2016
Renewal/redeployment of Observatory equipment
85 13 ALS IPS5 2 70,176 17,544 87,720 2016
86 13 ADCP - Teledyne RDI 300 kHz 2 57,572 14,393 71,965 2016
87 13 SBE 37-SM MicroCAT (w/ 7 101,210 25,299 126,509 2016 Pressure, Aanderaa O2 Optode)
88 13 Satlantic HyperOCR - 1 14,035 3,509 17,544 2016 Downwelling irradiance
89 13 Satlantic HyperOCR - Upwelling 1 13,158 3,290 16,448 2016 radiance
90 13 Satlantic tilt sensor 1 8,772 2,193 10,965 2016
91 13 Mooring hardware 3 65,790 65,790 2016
92 13 EdgeTech Accoustic Release 8 45,614 11,404 57,018 2016
Environmental Observatory Atmosphere Technology Package
94 13 Meteorological Precipitation 1 64,474 16,119 80,593 2016 Spectrometer (MPS)
95 13 Aspirated Liquid Water Content 1 32,018 8,004 40,022 2016 (LWC) sensor
96 13 Fog Measurement Device (FMD) 1 48,597 12,149 60,746 2016
97 13 Portable X-Band dual-polarized 1 840,358 210,089 1,050,447 2016 Doppler weather radar
98 13 Profiling Microwave Radiometer 1 163,159 40,790 203,949 2016 (PMR)
99 13 Surface Meteorological Station 1 39,562 2,978 42,540 2016
Cost of individual items Proposal 54 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Eligible costs
Date acquired Number (YYYY/MM) of Cash In-kind Total or to be Item # Type Item description items $ $ $ acquired (YYYY)
100 13 Ozone analyzer 2 17,411 4,353 21,764 2016
101 13 Atmospheric chemistry suite 1 121,332 30,333 151,665 2016
102 13 Mercury analyzer 1 105,028 26,257 131,285 2016
103 13 GHG (CO2, CH4, H2O) 1 40,137 10,034 50,171 2016
Logistics Base
105 20 Staging building 1 2,428,884 2,428,884 2016
106 13 Vehicles - 16 total (truck, lifts, 12 1,145,000 1,145,000 2016 boats, snowmobiles, etc.)
107 13 Nearshore Research Vessel 1 1,620,000 1,620,000 2016
108 13 Mini-rosette 1 69,472 17,368 86,840 2017
109 13 Plankton Nets 2 13,158 3,290 16,448 2017
110 13 Gill nets 2 13,158 3,290 16,448 2017
111 13 Benthic and Pelagic Trawls 2 69,472 17,368 86,840 2017
112 13 Trawl camera 2 13,474 3,460 16,934 2017
113 13 UAV 2 205,475 51,369 256,844 2017
114 13 Sediment box corer 2 33,676 8,419 42,095 2017
115 13 Seabird SEACAT 19plusV2 wi. 1 21,774 5,443 27,217 2017 O2, chl, CDOM
116 13 EdgeTech Deck Accoustic 2 12,377 3,094 15,471 2017 Release Signalling Box
Total eligible costs $28,292,903 $3,482,532 $31,775,435
Cost of individual items Proposal 55 University of Manitoba Floor Plans 33089
56 University of Manitoba Floor Plans 33089
57 University of Manitoba Floor Plans 33089
58 University of Manitoba Floor Plans 33089
59 University of Manitoba Floor Plans 33089
60 University of Manitoba Floor Plans 33089
61 University of Manitoba Floor Plans 33089
62 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Contributions from eligible partners
The following table provides details of funding from eligible partners. It does not include the amount requested from the CFI.
Cash In-kind Total Secured or Partner name Partner type $ $ $ expected
Aboriginal Affairs and Federal government 3,500,000 3,500,000 Expected Northern Development (departments or agencies) Canada
Alberta Innovation and Provincial governments 2,500,000 2,500,000 Expected Advanced Education (departments or agencies)
British Columbia Provincial governments 200,000 200,000 Expected Knowledge Development (departments or agencies) Fund
Educational Discounts Corporations/firms 2,982,532 2,982,532 Secured (various vendors)
In-kind provision of Corporations/firms 500,000 500,000 Secured engineering services
Manitoba Jobs and the Provincial governments 9,696,451 9,696,451 Expected Economy (departments or agencies)
Total contributions from eligible partners $15,896,451 $3,482,532 $19,378,983
The Environmental Observatory (EO) system will be fully integrated with a national observing network being planned by the Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS), an initiative led by the Federal Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. At the time of proposal writing, we have already begun a planning process to ensure interoperability of Churchill Marine Observatory (CMO) sensors with those operated by CHARS. In fall 2014, CHARS is expected to issue a call for proposals to address their key research areas. The CMO proposal team will prepare a submission for this call and fully anticipates that the research goals shared by CHARS and the CMO will result in a successful proposal. Results of this call are anticipated early in 2015. In-kind support from CHARS is estimated based on contributions of techincal support and advice from their national marine working group and mooring technicians during the design and deployment of CMO moorings.
One industry partner has offered an in-kind contribution of $500,000 if they are successful in a bid to construct CMO. This contribution is contingent upon selection of the final contractor.
The University of Manitoba is requesting from the Government of Manitoba, through Manitoba Jobs and the Economy, matching funds for this project, which is equivalent to the CFI funding request and represents no more than 40% of total project costs. The request is submitted to the Department of Innovation, Energy and Mines, concurrently with the CFI application and is evaluated against departmental and governmental priorities. If a positive decision is made, a recommendation for funding will be submitted to the provincial Treasury Board and the University will then be notified once a decision on funding has been secured. Likewise, the University of Victoria is applying for matching funds from the British Columbia Knowledge Development
Contributions from eligible partners Proposal 63 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Fund, and the University of Calgary is applying for matching funds from the Alberta Research Innovation Fund. CMO is very complementary to the institutional and government research priorities for each province.
Contributions from eligible partners Proposal 64 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Infrastructure utilization
This table outlines the percentage utilization of the requested infrastructure by category.
Category Percentage
Research/technology development and associated training 100 %
Education, excluding research / technology development training (not eligible for CFI support) data
Administration data
Clinical or other service function data
Other (specify) data
Total 100 %
This section provides a breakdown of eligible costs included in each of the above categories.
If the infrastructure will be used for non CFI-eligible purposes, the lead institution was instructed to explain the methodology used to estimate the percentage of utilization for each category and how the budget was pro-rated.
Infrastructure utilization Proposal 65 David Barber Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Barber First name and initials David Institution University of Manitoba Position Department/Division Centre for Earth Observation Science
Mailing address
Centre for Earth Observation ScienceUniversity of Manitoba576 Wallace Bldg. 125 Dysart Rd. Winnipeg, Manitoba CANADA R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone 1-204-474-6981 Extension Fax Email address [email protected] Web address http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/environment/departments/ceos/people/dbarber.html
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country University of Waterloo , Doctorate 1992 Geography CANADA
The University of Manitoba , Master's 1988 Science CANADA
The University of Manitoba , Bachelor's, Honours 1982 Science CANADA
Printed on2014-06-27 66 Canada Foundation for Innovation David Barber
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords Arctic Meteorology, Climate Change, Flaw Lead (Polynya) Processes, Microwave Remote Sensing, Ocean-sea ice-atmosphere processes, Optical Remote Sensing, Sea Ice, Snow
Discipline GEOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Regional Geography
Discipline GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Subdiscipline Remote Sensing
Discipline OCEANOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Physical Oceanography
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Canada Research Chair (Tier I) in Arctic System Environment and Geography 2008 Science, The University of Manitoba
Associate Dean (Research) in Faculty of Environment Earth & Resources, The University Faculty of Environment Earth & Resources 2004 of Manitoba
Professor of Geography, The University of Environment and Geography 1999 Manitoba
Director, Centre for Earth Observation Science Centre for Earth Observations Science 1994 2013 (CEOS), The University of Manitoba
Canada Research Chair (Tier II) in Arctic System Environment and Geography 2002 2008 Science, The University of Manitoba
Associate Professor, The University of Manitoba Geography 1995 1999
Assistant Professor, The University of Manitoba Geography 1993 1995
Research Manager, Global Change Program, Earth Observations Laboratory 1992 1993 University of Waterloo
Research Scientist, Marine Cryosphere Project, Earth Observations Lab 1988 1992 University of Waterloo
Curriculum vitae 67 Canada Foundation for Innovation David Barber
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
My research team has made significant and groundbreaking contributions in the field of sea ice and climate change. My group’s literature is denoted as [#]. I have an H- index of 33 and over 3700 citations of my work. a) Macroscale processes: My team recently discovered a significant change in the operation of the Beaufort Sea Ice Gyre. We found that the gyre has begun to reverse more often throughout the annual cycle with significantly more reversals occurring in the decades of 90’s and 00’s relative to the 70’s and 80’s [68,107]. The reversal of the gyre is linked with troposphere to stratosphere coupling [88,107] and increases the overall reduction of the summer minimum of sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic [72,67]. My group has also shown a significant reduction of sea ice in the Southern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf [153,160]. We showed that this reduction was due to increasing cyclone periodicity in the SBS region and a positive ice albedo feedback in the fall. We also discovered that the atmosphere can trigger upwelling at the shelf-slope break enhancing the flaw lead formation in this area [155,72]. Very recently this work led to the discovery that, rather counter intuitively, there is now an increase in sea ice hazards in the Southern Beaufort Sea due to the fact that the ice is much more mobile [165,160]. This discovery is a key aspect of the current development of oil and gas resources in the Southern Beaufort Sea; work done in collaboration with Imperial Oil, Exxon, BP, and Statoil. b) Microscale Processes: My group was one of the first to quantify snow grain metamorphism over first-year sea ice [28] and to provide observed rates and magnitudes of grain size distributions in all four dimensions (x, y, z and t) [73] over a complete annual cycle. Results from this work show the importance of brine distribution within the sea ice and the role of frost flowers, bubble inclusions, and brine skim on both thermodynamics and radiative transfer [90, 84]. Frost flowers have increased in both spatial and temporal extent as the Arctic multiyear sea ice is replaced with first-year sea ice. This young ice form is very high in salts and thus plays a very important role in chemical and energy exchange across the OSA. As part of our CERC program we have been investigating the role of this ice form in cycling of carbon through the OSA [173,164]. We have shown that sea ice does not form an impermeable barrier (as previously thought), but rather is involved in actually pumping CO2 across the OSA through the role with Ikaite has on the carbon chemistry system [168,179]. c) Technological Innovations: My group was the first to discover the brine-temperature-dielectric relationship on snow covered first-year sea ice [65]. The quantification of this relationship opened an entirely new avenue of microwave remote sensing research. The theoretical underpinning of this relationship allows estimation of the thermodynamic state of the snow-sea ice system using microwave emission/scattering [70, 90]. Based on this discovery we are now able to infer various thermodynamically-related states such as presence of melt [128], rate of melt [143], percent cover of melt ponds [70], inference of the surface climatological albedo [80], melt flux to the ocean surface mixed layer [78], and surface temperature [90]. The theory also provides a means of estimating the strength of sea ice from time series measurements of microwave scattering/emission. Ice strength estimates have been ‘operationalized’ by the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) as a new series of products including estimates of ice breakup and a pilot of breakup forecasting in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. The
Curriculum vitae 68 Canada Foundation for Innovation David Barber
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
European Space Agency (ESA) has used this theory (and observations) to create a new tool for scientists and managers in anticipation of future SAR constellation missions. d) Physical-biological coupling: My team collaborates with a number of biological scientists where our expertise focuses on the role of sea ice as a habitat at various trophic levels within the arctic marine ecosystem. We have shown that snow modeling and electromagnetic (EM) scattering can be combined with optical transmission modeling to make sub-ice primary production estimates [81]. We have also recently discovered that the microscale habitat of sea ice algae is created by brine drainage channels at the bottom of the sea ice [83] and that thermodynamic changes to the ice (due to climate forcing) dictates the suitability of the microalgae habitat [81]. The brine-temperature relationship (described in c) provides a means of assessing the effects of changing thermodynamic forcing of sea ice on sub-ice microalgae habitats [65]. We have also worked on sea ice as a habitat for ringed seals, polar bears [61] and beluga whales [147,136]. Our work shows that sea ice topography and snow catchment control habitat suitability indices for ringed seals and by association, polar bears [55]. We have also detailed how sea ice dynamical processes and a changing climate affect zooplankton productivity at the regional scale due to upwelling of nutrients [140,142]. e) Team building/outreach: My lab is recognized as a world-class research centre evidenced through the successful competition for a Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. Our CERC program has resulted in the development of the Arctic Science Partnership. ASP integrates Arctic Science at the University of Manitoba, Aarhus (Denmark), and the Greenland Natural Resources Institute. ASP has resulted in a sea ice focused research centre of over 300 scientists, technicians, research associates and graduate students; one of the largest in the world. My team was also instrumental in the planning and research output from the NSERC funded networks NOW and CASES; the CFI-funded Canadian Research Icebreaker (Laval and Manitoba being the two Universities receiving funds); the CFI funded Sea Ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF); and in development of ArcticNet. I lead theme 3 of ArcticNet and all sea ice related research. I also led a large International Polar Year (IPY) project; the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) system study that integrated over 350 scientists from 27 different countries into a focused study of the effects of climate change on the circumpolar flaw lead system. We have been instrumental in developing the ‘Community Based Monitoring’ and ‘Schools on Board’ programs that are both extension projects of CASES, ArcticNet and CFL. We interact extensively with local, national, and international media, with policymakers, Inuit organizations, and industry. f) Since I began my academic career in 1993, I have raised over $89M: $5M in the first 7 years; $14M in the next 7 years; and $70M in the most recent 7 years. I have supervised to completion 6 honours theses, 20 MSc theses, 18 PhD dissertations, and 16 Post-Doctoral Fellows / Research Associates. I currently supervise 11 MSc students, 7 PhD students, 15 Post-Doctoral Fellows / Research Associates. My graduates have all found meaningful employment in their chosen fields. Nine have tenure track faculty positions, 11 have research faculty positions, and 33 work in government or the private sector. The growth and stability of my funding from a variety of government and private sources, connection to national and international networks, and my research track-record have allowed me to attract, develop and retain outstanding researchers throughout the last 7 years.
Curriculum vitae 69 Canada Foundation for Innovation David Barber
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
[191] Landy, J.C., J. Ehn, M. Shields, and D. G. Barber (2014). Surface and melt pond evolution on landfast first-year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans). In review.
[190] Campbell, K., C.J. Mundy, D. G. Barber, M. Gosselin (2014). Characterizing the sea ice algae chlorophyll a-snow depth relationship over Arctic spring melt using transmitted irradiance. Journal of Marine Systems. In Press.
[189] Gupta, M., R. Scharien and D. G. Barber (2014). Passive and active microwave scattering from ocean surface waves in the southern Beaufort Sea. International Journal of Oceanography. In Press.
[188] Campbell, K., C.J. Mundy, D.G. Barber, and M. Gosselin (2014). Response of Remotely Estimated Ice Algae Biomass to the Environmental Conditions during Spring Melt. Arctic. In Press.
[187] Raddatz, R.L, R. J. Galley, B. G. Else, T. N. Papakyriakou, M. G. Asplin, L. M. Candlish and D. G. Barber (2014). Western Arctic Cyclones and Atmosphere Boundary Layer-Ocean/Sea Ice Equilibrium. Atmosphere- Ocean. In Press.
[186] Barber, D.G., G. McCullough, D. Babb, A.S. Komarov, L.M. Candlish, J.V. Lukovich, M. Asplin, S. Prinsenberg, I. Dmitrenko and S. Rysgaard (2014). Climate change and ice hazards in the Beaufort Sea. Elementa-Oceans. Elem. Sci. Anth. 2: 000025
[185] Komarov, A., L. Shafai, and D. G. Barber (2014). Electromagnetic wave scattering from rough boundaries interfacing inhomogeneous media and application to snow covered sea ice. Progress in Electromagnetics Research (PIER). In press.
[184] Heikkila, M., V. Pospelova, K.P. Hochheim, Z.Z. Kuzyk. G. A. Stern, D.G. Barber and R. W. Macdonald (2014). Surface sediment dinoflagellate cysts from the Hudson Bay system and their relation to freshwater and nutrient cycling, Mar. Micropaleontol. (2014)
[183] Hare, A.A, Z. A., Kuzyk, R.W. Macdonald, H. Sanei, D.G., Barber, G.A. Stern, and F. Wang (2014). Characterization of Sedimentary Organic Matter in Recent Marine Sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada, by Rock-Eval Pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry. 68 (2014) 52–60.
[182] Asplin, M.G., Scharien, R., Else, B.G.T., Barber, D.G., Papakyriakou, T., Howell, S., and Prinsenberg, S., (2014). Implications of Fractured Arctic Perennial Ice Cover on Thermodynamic and Dynamic Sea Ice Processes. J. Geophys. Res. (Oceans). 119
[181] Hochheim, K.P and D. G. Barber (2014). An update on the ice climatology of the Hudson Bay System. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research. In Press.
Curriculum vitae 70 Canada Foundation for Innovation David Barber
List of published contributions
[180] Isleifson, R. J. Galley, D. G. Barber, J. Landy, A. Komarov, L. Shafai (2014). A Study on the C-band Polarimetric Scattering and Physical Characteristics of Frost Flowers on Experimental Sea Ice. IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sensing. In press.
[179] Komarov, A. and D. G. Barber (2014). Sea Ice motion tracking from Sequential Dual-polarized Radarsat-2 images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 121-136.
[178] Pućko, M., Walkusz, W., Macdonald, R.W., Barber, D.G., Fuchs, C., and Stern, G.A. (2013). Importance of Arctic zooplankton seasonal migrations for α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) bioaccumulation dynamics. Environmental Science and Technology, 47: 4155-4163.
[177] Mundy, C.J., M. Gosselin, Y. Gratton, V. Galindo, K. Brown, K. Campbell, M. Lavasseur, D.G. Barber, and T. Papakyriakou (2013). The role of environmental factors on under-ice phytoplankton bloom initiation: a case study on landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada Marine Ecology Progress Series. 10.3354/meps10587.
[176] Babb, D., M.G. Asplin, R.J. Galley, K. Hochheim, J.V. Lukovich and D.G. Barber (2013). Multiyear sea ice export through Bering Strait during winter 2011/12. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans). Vol. 118, 1–15
[175] Komarov, A.S., V. Zabeline, and D. G. Barber (2013). Ocean surface wind speed retrieval from C-band SAR images without input of wind direction. IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sensing.
Curriculum vitae 71 Canada Foundation for Innovation David Barber
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Manitoba Research and Infrastructure Fund Manitoba Canada Excellence Matching funds to the CERC in Research Fund. W $350,000 2011 2018 Arctic geomicrobiology and climate David Barber change 15
Environment Canada Lake Winnipeg Information Portal Lake Winnipeg Stewardship Fund W $40,000 2012 2017 David Barber 2
Sentinels for sea ice melt and bio- European Space Agency geophysical process studies SSIMBioSis W $24,000 2013 2015 European Space Agency 2 David Barber
Unmanageable sea ice features in the Southern Beaufort Sea - implications Indian and Northern Affairs for hydrocarbon development (Canada) Indian and Northern Affairs The Beaufort Sea Regional W $311,250 2011 2015 The Beaufort Sea Regional Environmental Assessment Environmental (BREA) Assessment (BREA) 10 David Barber
Canada Excellence Research Chair in NSERC Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Canada Excellence Research W $140,000 2011 2015 Change Chairs David Barber and Soren Rysgaard 5
Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) Canada Research Chairs (CRC) Canada Foundation for Innovation Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) W $200,000 2010 2015 Canada Research Chairs 20 David Barber
Natural Sciences and Engineering Arctic Sea Ice Research NSERC Research Council of Canada northern supplement (NSERC) W $15,000 2010 2015 David Barber Northern supplement 5
Networks of Centres of Excellence Sea Ice in a changing Climate (NCE) ArcticNet NCE W $130,410 2010 2014 Sea ice in a changing climate David Barber 5
Natural Sciences and Engineering Dynamic and Thermodynamic Research Council of Canada processes of snow covered sea ice (NSERC) W $70,000 2010 2014 NSERC Discovery Grant Dynamic and Thermodynamic David Barber processes of snow covered sea ice
Curriculum vitae 72 Canada Foundation for Innovation David Barber
Research or technology development funding
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To 10
Networks of Centres of Excellence Freshwater Marine coupling in (NCE) Hudson Bay Freshwater Marine coupling in W $121,095 2010 2014 ArcticNet NCE Hudson Bay David Barber 5
Metocean and Sea Ice research - operating funds. Imperial Oil (ESSO) Imperial Oil and BP Resources Metocean and Sea Ice research W $644,390 2009 2014 ArcticNet joint industry program 5 David Barber
Natural Sciences and Engineering The Canadian Research Icebreaker Research Council of Canada Amundsen (NSERC) NSERC W $59,775 2010 2013 The Canadian Research Major Resources Support Program Icebreaker Amundsen Louis Fortier 2
Nelson River Estuary - Helicopter Manitoba Hydro Program Winter Sampling W $275,000 2008 2012 David Barber 5
Metocean and Sea ice research - Imperial Oil and BP Resources equipment funds ArcticNet joint industry program W $327,976 2009 2011 David Barber 5
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) Indian and Northern Affairs Indian and Northern Affairs - (Canada) International Polar Year (IPY) W $375,000 2007 2011 International Polar Year IPY federal program (science) 20 David Barber
Nelson River Estuary Annual Mooring Manitoba Hydro W $153,750 2007 2011 David Barber Manitoba Hydro
NSERC Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) NSERC International Polar Year W $84,000 2007 2011 David Barber Program 20
Sea Ice Environmental Research Canada Foundation for Innovation Facility (SERF) (CFI) Canada Foundation for Innovation Sea Ice Environmental Research W $291,938 2010 2010 LEF-E and Manitoba matching fund Facility (SERF) David Barber 3
Curriculum vitae 73 Marcel Babin Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Babin First name and initials Marcel Institution Laval University Position Professeur Department/Division Faculté des sciences et de génie
Mailing address
Québec-OcéanLocal 2078Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon1045, avenue de la MédecineUniversité Laval Québec, Québec CANADA G1V 0A6
Contact information
Telephone 1-418-6562205 Extension Fax 1-418-6562339 Email address [email protected] Web address
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country Université Laval , Doctorate 1991 Océanographie CANADA
Université du Québec à Trois- Master's 1987 Rivières , CANADA
Université du Québec à Bachelor's 1986 Rimouski , CANADA
Printed on2014-06-27 74 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords oceanography, optics, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, remote sensing, biogeochemistry, ecosystem, marine, light, arctic
Discipline OCEANOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Biological Oceanography
Discipline OCEANOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Marine Geology
Discipline OCEANOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Physical Oceanography
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Professor, Université Laval Sciences et génie, faculté des 2010
Research Director, Centre national de la Sciences de l'univers 2005 recherche scientifique
Scientific Expert , ACRI SA ACRI ST 2002
Invited Professor, McGill University Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 2008 2009
Researcher, Centre national de la recherche Sciences de l'univers 1998 2005 scientifique
Invited Researcher, University of California, San Scripps Inst. Oceanography H.O. 2000 2001 Diego
Research Scientist, ACRI SA ACRI ST 1996 1997
Curriculum vitae 75 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
1.MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS I am an oceanographer with advanced expertise in the areas of light propagation and light-matter interactions in the ocean. My research activities cover the study of fundamental light-driven processes in the ocean, optical characterization of substances found in seawater, variations in ocean biomass production, monitoring of light-driven carbon fluxes and biomass production from space using ocean colour remote sensing, development of remote sensing algorithms, and modelling of light-driven ocean processes and ecosystem interactions. My research is conducted under laboratory and field conditions as well as through the use of remote sensing technologies, theoretical calculations and modelling. While remote sensing and the related technical developments are central to my research program, my scientific objectives are motivated by fundamental questions on the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. My contributions towards the understanding phytoplankton photosynthesis and phytoplankton fluorescence at sea have significantly advanced the knowledge of these fundamental processes, and my work on the optical properties of coastal waters and on their remote sensing has helped lay the theoretical and applied foundation for this rapidly emerging field. In brief, my achievements to date have benefited from my multidisciplinary expertise and collaboration, the rapid harnessing of new technologies, and my taste for ambitious and innovative research, most recently in the Arctic. i) Variations of phytoplankton photosynthetic properties in the ocean Part of my work is dedicated to the understanding of variations of photosynthetic parameters in terms of fundamental physiological processes. In a significant publication by Babin et al. (1996), we were able to quantitatively separate the effects of nitrate, photoacclimation and photoinhibition on the quantum yield of photosynthesis, on samples collected in various locations of the Tropical Atlantic. This study identified typical situations found in stratified (typically oligotrophic) and unstratified (typically eutrophic) systems. This work, together with Behrenfeld et al. (1998, 2004) and Bruyant et al. (2005) provided foundations for understanding the natural variations of photosynthetic parameters for primary production models. More recently, Huot et al. (2008) showed that photosynthetic parameters are better expressed relative to chlorophyll concentration rather than to the concentration of total particulate organic carbon. Huot et al. (2012) published the most exhaustive study on photosynthetic parameters of Arctic phytoplankton, and proposed a simple approach for accounting for their variations in a primary production model, based on statistical relationships with light and the trophic status. ii) Optical properties of coastal waters While variations in the optical properties of open ocean waters are largely controlled by phytoplankton biomass, the optical properties of coastal waters are additionally controlled by dissolved and particulate matter of terrestrial origin. Discriminating the optical properties of these substances from those of phytoplankton is essential for estimating primary production by ocean colour remote sensing. I implemented
Curriculum vitae 76 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years a 3-year European project (COASTLOOC, 9 partners, 1M€) to document the optical properties of European coastal waters. This project produced a unique dataset and several papers. Babin et al. (2003a, 2003b), cited more than 400 times to date, provided the most extensive study of the absorption and scattering properties of dissolved and particulate matter in coastal waters and formed the basis for the development of optical models and ocean colour remote sensing algorithms (Doron et al. 2007, 2011, Doxaran et al. 2009, 2012, Matsuoka et al. 2007, 2011, 2012, 2013). The poorly-known optical properties of mineral particles, very common in coastal waters, were further investigated in the laboratory. A series of three papers (Babin & Stramski 2002, 2004; Stramski, Babin & Wozniak 2007) provide bases for parameterising the optical properties of such particles in radiative transfer models. I contributed to developing the methodology in this field (e.g. Leymarie et al. 2010, Babin et al. 2012). iii) Carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean In 2008, I initiated Malina (malina.obs-vlfr.fr), a major France-Canada-USA research project, which involved a major field campaign over the Mackenzie shelf in the Beaufort Sea (August 2009). We documented the fate of carbon fluxes affected by light in response to the climate-driven receding of the icepack. Most of the results have been published in a special issue of the EGU journal Biogeosciences, which I edited. iv) Primary production in the Arctic Ocean Simon Bélanger and I recently developed primary production model for ocean color remote sensing data, optimized for the Arctic Ocean (Bélanger et al. 2013). We were the first to address the difficulties associated applying standard algorithms, originally developed for open ocean at lower latitudes, to the conditions found in the Arctic Ocean. Our approach accounts for the optical complexity of Arctic waters and the propagation of solar radiation in water column. The model also filters the areas for which the remotely sensed seawater radiance may be affected by the proximity of sea ice (Bélanger et al. 2007). v) New observing technologies In 2008, I edited a book (Babin, Roesler & Cullen, 2008), which reviewed real-time and near real-time sensing systems applicable for observation, modeling and prediction of plankton dynamics in coastal waters, and presented the underlying theory, current issues and limitations. This book, prepared by global specialists in the domain, has become a reference book in oceanography. I authored the chapter on “phytoplankton fluorescence: theory, current literature and in situ measurement”.
2. ACTIVITIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 2013: Invited Participant, US National Academy of Sciences Committee on Emerging Research Questions in the Arctic workshop, Anchorage, AK 2013: Member Scientific Committee, Tara Oceans Polar Circle (May- Dec 2013) 2013: Member, Scientific Committee, 45th International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics 2011-2014: Member, International Science Advisory Board, Ocean Networks Canada 2011-2014: Chairman, Scientific Committee, Chantier Arctique Francais/French Arctic Initiative, 2011-2013: Leader, Polar Seas Working Group, International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group 2010-2017: Canada Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of the New Arctic Frontier 2009: Three Highly Cited Papers, ISI Web of KnowledgeSM 2009: Organizing Committee, Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Modeling Workshop, Galway, IR 2008-2012: Leader, Malina project – impact of ongoing and related modifications of the environment on carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2008-2011: Marie Curie Outgoing International Fellowship (288K $CAN); One of 21 fellowships awarded in 2007 to senior European scientists to support long-term stays in foreign laboratories
Curriculum vitae 77 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
2007-2011: Member, Commission Scientifique Sectorielle 1 on planetary physical and chemical sciences
Curriculum vitae 78 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Refereed publications Antoine D et al 2014 Shedding light on the sea: André Morel’s legacy to optical oceanography Ann Rev Marine Sci 6:1-21 Matsuoka A et al 2013 A synthesis of light absorption properties of the Pan-Arctic Ocean: application to semi- analytical estimates of dissolved organic carbon concentrations from space. BGD 10:17071-17115 Forest A et al 2013 Synoptic evaluation of carbon cycling in Beaufort Sea during summer: contrasting river inputs, ecosystem metabolism and air–sea CO2 fluxes BGD 10:15641-15710 Tremblay JÉ et al 2013 Impact of river discharge, upwelling and vertical mixing on the nutrient loading and productivity of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf BGD 10:16675-16712 Matsuoka A et al 2013 Estimating absorption coefficients of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) using a semi-analytical algorithm for southern Beaufort Sea waters: application to deriving concentrations of dissolved organic carbon from space BG 10:917-927. Fichot CG et al 2013 Pan-Arctic distributions of continental runoff in the Arctic Ocean Nature Sci Rep 3 1053. Antoine D et al 2013. Apparent optical properties of the Canadian Beaufort Sea–Part 1: Observational overview and water column relationships BG 10:4493-4509 Bélanger S et al 2013 Light absorption and partitioning in Arctic Ocean surface waters: impact of multi year ice melting BG 10:6433-2013 Huot Y et al 2013 Photosynthetic parameters in the Beaufort Sea in relation to the phytoplankton community structure BG 10:3445-3554 Ardyna M et al 2013 Parameterization of vertical chlorophyll a in the Arctic Ocean: impact of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum on regional, seasonal and annual primary production estimates BG 10:4383-4404 Bélanger S et al 2013 Increasing cloudiness in Arctic damps the increase in phytoplankton primary production due to sea ice receding BG 10:4087-4101 Le Fouest V et al 2013. The fate of riverine nutrients on Arctic shelves BG 10:3661-3677 Forest A et al 2013 Ecosystem function and particle flux dynamics across the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean): an integrative analysis of spatial variability and biophysical forcings. BG 10:2833-2866 Le Fouest V et al 2013 Modelling plankton ecosystem functioning and nitrogen fluxes in the most oligotrophic waters of the Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean: a modeling study BG 10:4785-4800 Simis S et al 2012 Optimization of variable fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton communities with cyanobacteria Photosynth Res 112:13-30. Matsuoka A et al 2012 Tracing the transport of colored dissolved organic matter in water masses of the Southern Beaufort Sea: relationship with hydrographic characteristics. BG 9:925-940 Forest A et al 2012 Size distribution of particles and zooplankton across the shelf-basin system in southeast Beaufort Sea: combined results from an Underwater Vision Profiler and vertical net tows BG 9:1301-1320 Doxaran D et al 2012 Optical characterisation of suspended particles in the Mackenzie River plume (Canadian Arctic Ocean) and implications for ocean colour remote sensing BG 9:3213-3229 Babin M et al 2012 Determination of the volume scattering function of aqueous particle suspensions with a laboratory multi-angle light scattering instrument Appl Optics 51:3853-3873 Matsuoka A et al 2011 Seasonal variability in the light absorption coefficient of phytoplankton, non-algal particles, and colored dissolved organic matter in western Arctic waters: parameterization of the individual components of absorption for ocean color applications JGR 116:C02007
Curriculum vitae 79 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
List of published contributions
Lefouest V et al 2011 On the role of tides and strong wind events in promoting summer primary production in the Barents Sea. Cont Shelf Res 31:1869-1879 Doron M et al 2011 Spectral variations in the near-infrared ocean reflectance Rem Sens Environ 115:1617-1631 Doron M et al 2011 Ocean transparency from space: validation of algorithms estimating Secchi depth using MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS data Rem Sens Environ 115:2986-3001
Curriculum vitae 80 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Green Edge - Phytoplankton spring blooms in the Arctic Ocean:npast. present and future responses to NSERC climate variations and impacts on R $143,900 2014 2019 Discovery Grant carbon fluxes and the marine food web Marcel Babin
Green Edge - Phytoplankton spring blooms in the Arctic Ocean:npast. present and future responses to NSERC climate variations and impacts on Discovery Grant - Northern R $25,000 2014 2019 carbon fluxes and the marine food Supplement web Marcel Babin
Novel Argo Ocean Observing System Gouvernement Français (NAOS) Equipex W $1,393,750 2011 2019 Le Traon, Pierre 5
Green Edge - Phytoplankton spring blooms in the Arctic Ocean:npast. Canadian Space Agency present and future responses to Research, Awareness and climate variations and impacts on R $26,550 2014 2018 Learning in Space science and carbon fluxes and the marine food Technology web Marcel Babin
Green Edge -Phytoplankton spring bloom in the Arctic Ocean: past present and future response to CNES climate variation and impact on TOSCA W $120,000 2014 2017 carbon fluxes and the marine food 5 web Babin, Marcel
Government of Canada Marine Environment Observation Canadian Network Centers of Prediction and Response (MEOPAR) W $5,000,000 2012 2017 Excellence Wallace, Douglas 5
Government of Canada Surveillance and Modelling of Arctic Canada Excellence Research Ecosystems W $1,400,000 2010 2017 chairs Babin, Marcel 100
Using new observation technologies to study Arctic Ocean ecosystems CFI W $200,723 2014 2015 (equipment) Leaders Opportunity Fund Marcel Babin
Curriculum vitae 81 Canada Foundation for Innovation Marcel Babin
Research or technology development funding
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Government of Canada Canadian Ice breaker Admunsen NSERC-MRS W $1,237,500 2012 2014 Fortier, Louis 2
Études des écosystèmes marins arctiques à l'aide des nouvelles CFI W $400,000 2012 2014 technologies (équipement) Leaders Opportunity Fund Marcel Babin
Unité Mixte Internationale Takuvik / CNRS (France) and Université Takuvik Joint International Laboratory Laval (Canada) W $39,000 2011 2014 (UMI 3376) 100 Babin, Marcel
Chantier Arctique Francaise - National INRS (France) Symposium 2013 W $10,000 2013 2013 Chantier Arctique Marcel Babin
Construction, réparation et équipement des locaux de recherche de la Chaire d'Excellence en MDEIE (Québec) Recherche du Canada sur la Programme de soutien à la W $1,285,755 2011 2013 télédétection de la nouvelle frontière recherche-volet 2 (PSRv2) arctique du Canada Marcel Babin
Acquisition des premiers équipements Gouvernment de Québec (MDEIE) scientifiques de la CERC sur la Soutien à la recherche-volet Télédétection de la nouvelle 2 (PSRv2) Fonds d'aide à la W $625,000 2011 2012 frontière arctique du Canada recherche Babin, Marcel 0
Malina: How do changes in ice cover, permafrost and UV radiation impact Agence spatiale européene W $51,000 2009 2012 on biodiversity and biogeochemical 2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean
Malina: How do changes in ice cover, Agence nationale de la recherche permafrost and UV radiation impact (ANR) (France) W $407,000 2008 2012 on biodiversity and biogeochemical Programme Blanc fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2
Malina: How do changes in ice cover, Centre National d'Études Spatiales permafrost and UV radiation impact (CNES) (Paris, France) W $135,000 2008 2012 on biodiversity and biogeochemical TOSCA fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2
Malina: How do changes in ice cover, Institut National des Sciences de permafrost and UV radiation impact l'Univers (INSU) (France) W $131,500 2008 2012 on biodiversity and biogeochemical CYBER fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2
Curriculum vitae 82 Jody Deming Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Deming First name and initials Jody W Institution University of Washington Position Professor Department/Division School of Oceanography
Mailing address
University of WashingtonSchool of OceanographyBox 3579401100 NW Elford Drive Seattle, Washington UNITED STATES 98195
Contact information
Telephone 1-206-5430845 Extension Fax 1-206-5430275 Email address [email protected] Web address School of Oceanography
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country University of Maryland, College Doctorate 1981 Microbiology Park, MD , UNITED STATES
Smith College, Northampton, Bachelor's 1974 Biological Sciences (Botany) MA , UNITED STATES
Printed on2014-06-27 83 Canada Foundation for Innovation Jody Deming
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords Marine microbiology Cold adaptation Salt adaptation Exopolymers Enzymes Bioremediation Genomics Sea ice
Discipline OCEANOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Biological Oceanography
Discipline MICROBIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY Subdiscipline Bioremediation
Discipline EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY Subdiscipline Microbial ecology
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Professor, University of Washington School of Oceanography 1995
Director, University of Washington Marine Bioremediation Program 1993 1999
Associate Professor, University of Washington School of Oceanography 1988 1995
Part-time Staff Scientist, University of Maryland- Center of Marine Biotechnology 1986 1988 Baltimore
Research Scientist; Part-time Associate Biology 1986 1988 Professor, Johns Hopkins University
Part-time Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins Biology 1983 1986 University
Associate Research Scientist, Johns Hopkins Chesapeake Bay Institute 1981 1986 University
NOAA Postdoctoral Fellow, NOAA, Rockville, Office of Marine Pollution and Assessment 1982 1983 Maryland
NSF Posdoctoral Fellow, Scripps Institution of Marine Biology 1981 1982 Oceanography, La Jolla, CA
Graduate Teaching/Research Assistant, Microbiology 1977 1981 University of Maryland
Research Associate, NASA/Goddard Space Bioluminescence Laboratory 1975 1977 Flight Center
Research Technician, Tufts/New England Division of Infectious Diseases 1974 1975 Medical Center Hospital
Curriculum vitae 84 Canada Foundation for Innovation Jody Deming
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
My research team has made significant and groundbreaking contributions in the fields of sea ice microbiology and the evolution of cold adaptation, in situ marine bioremediation, and deep-sea microbiology. My publication record includes more than 130 peer-reviewed articles over a 33-year career (PhD in 1981) of continuous and significant levels of research funding. I have an H index of >36 and over >3900 citations of my work.
Research interests and selected contributions include: 1) Fate of high Arctic ecosystems, especially microbial and winter ecosystems, given ongoing environmental changes. I have pioneered the study of sea-ice microbiology through the Arctic's winter season and what may be considered the microbial pre-conditioning of sea ice for the spring algal bloom. In the process, I trained numerous graduates students, brought their research to publication, and served as chief scientist during the winter legs for two international Canadian-led overwintering expeditions aboard the Canadian Coast Guard research icebreaker Amundsen in the Beaufort Sea region, in 2003-2004 and 2007-2008. 2) Enzymatic, molecular, genetic and evolutionary basis for cold (and salt) adaptation in marine bacteria and relevance to astrobiology, biotechnology and bioremediation. I orchestrated the first whole-genome sequence of a cold-adapted bacterium, Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H, which revealed the molecular basis for psychrophily. This work has led to numerous publications, by my lab and others, presenting newly discovered products and strategies that account for successful microbial life in sea ice. A culminating publication documenting how microbial exopolymers alter the physical microstructure of sea ice appeared in PNAS (Krembs et al., 2011). Most recently, Colwellia was shown to be among the primary microbial responders to the deep oil plume resulting from the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. I served on the US National Academy of Science committee that considered the application of an Ecosystem Services Approach to defining recovery strategies for areas and organisms impacted by this unprecedented oil spill (NRC Committee, 2013). 3) Micro-scale foraging strategies of marine bacteria in porous matrices (aggregates, sediments, sea ice), especially as they influence elemental cycles and alteration of organic matter. By focusing on these porous materials (instead of simply seawater), my lab has been able to discover extracellular enzymatic activities that account for the fate of organic carbon on both the large and small scale in the Arctic. Numerous papers (co- authored with A. Huston or C. Kellogg) show the importance of these enzymes in determining how much carbon can be sequestered at depth in the Arctic Ocean. 4) Development of theory and methods for assessing marine bacterial processes under in situ conditions in porous matrices (sea ice, particle aggregates, sediments). Early work developed theory explaining open water areas in the Arctic (polynyas) as sinks for carbon dioxide; later work developed theory and methods for evaluating microbe-enzyme-particle interactions in sediments and sea ice, as relevant to the in situ bioremediation of organic contaminants.
Curriculum vitae 85 Canada Foundation for Innovation Jody Deming
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
5) Role of bacteria in benthic ecosystems, from coastal to deep-sea environments. I pioneered work on the quantitative role of bacteria in remineralizing organic carbon that descends into the ocean, again of relevance to in situ bioremediation, particularly given the recently discovered connection between cold- adapted Colwellia and oil spills. 6) Hydrostatic pressure as a factor in the evolution and ecology of marine bacteria, especially in extending the limits of growth and survival at extremely cold (in deep-sea and polar environments) and hot (in hydrothermal vents and the subsurface realm) temperatures. Recent work on this subject is revealing the production of microbial exopolymers that serve as oil dispersants. Early work on this subject has led to my most frequently cited articles, election to the American Academy of Microbiology (1999) and the US National Academy of Sciences (2003).
Curriculum vitae 86 Canada Foundation for Innovation Jody Deming
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Deming, J.W. 2010. Sea ice bacteria and viruses. In Sea Ice – An Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology, Second Edition, D.N. Thomas and G.S. Dieckmann, eds, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 247– 282. Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2011. Selective retention in saline ice of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the cold-adapted marine bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H. Ann. Glaciol. 52(57):111– 117.Krembs, C., H. Eicken, and J.W. Deming. 2011. Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic. US Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108(9):3653–3658. Collins, R.E., and J.W. Deming. 2011. Abundant dissolved genetic material in Arctic sea ice, Part I: Extracellular DNA. Pol. Biol. 34:1819–1830, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1041-y. Collins, R.E., and J.W. Deming. 2011. Abundant dissolved genetic material in Arctic sea ice, Part II: Virus dynamics during autumn freeze-up. Pol. Biol. 34:1831–1841, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1008-z. Kellogg, C.T.E., S.D. Carpenter, A.A. Renfro, A. Sallon, C. Michel, J.K. Cochran, and J.W. Deming. 2011. Evidence for microbial attenuation of particle flux in the Amundsen Gulf and Beaufort Sea: elevated hydrolytic enzyme activity on sinking aggregates. Pol. Biol. 34(12):2007–2023, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1015-0. Bowman, J.S., S. Rasmussen, N. Blom, J.W. Deming, S. Rysgaard, T. Scheritz-Ponten. 2012. Microbial community structure of Arctic multiyear sea ice and surface seawater by 454 sequencing of the 16S RNA gene. ISME 6:11–20, doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.76. Colangelo-Lillis, J.R., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Genomic analysis of cold-active Colwelliaphage 9A and psychrophilic phage-host interactions. Extremophiles 17:99-114, DOI 10.1007/s00792-012-0497-1. Ewert, M., S.D. Carpenter, J. Colangelo-Lillis, and J.W. Deming. 2013. Bacterial and extracellular polysaccharide content of brine-wetted snow over Arctic winter first-year sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 118:1–10, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20055. Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Sea ice microorganisms: Environmental constraints and extracellular responses. Biology 2:603–628, doi:10.3390/biology2020603. Bowman, J.S., C. Larose, T. Vogel, and J.W. Deming. 2013. Selective occurrence of Rhizobium spp., widely distributed bacterial members of the polar marine rare biosphere, in frost flowers on the surface of young sea ice near Barrow, Alaska. Environ. Microbiol. 5(4): 575–582, doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12047. NRC Committee (L.A. Mayer, M.C. Boufadel, J. Brenner, R.S. Carney, C.K. Cooper, J.W. Deming, D.J. Die, J. Eagle, J.R. Geraci, B.A. Knuth, K. Lee, J.T. Morris, S. Polasky, N.N. Rabalais, R.G. Stahl, Jr., D.W. Yoskowitz, K. Waddell, S. Forrest, L. Harding, H. Chiarello, J. Dutton, and C. Karras). 2013. An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, July. Collins, R.E., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Identification of an inter-Order lateral gene transfer event enabling the catabolism of compatible solutes by Colwellia spp. Extremophiles 17(4):601–610. Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Survival of sea-ice bacteria under fluctuating T/S regimes. Polar and Alpine Microbiology Conference, September 8–12, Big Sky, Montana. Bowman, J.S., C.T. Berthiaume, E.V. Armbrust, and J.W. Deming. 2014. The genetic potential for key biogeochemical processes in Arctic frost flowers and young sea ice revealed by metagenomic analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (in press) Kellogg, C.T.E., and J.W. Deming. 2014. Particle-associated extracellular enzyme activity and bacterial community composition across the Canadian Arctic. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (in press).
Curriculum vitae 87 Canada Foundation for Innovation Jody Deming
List of published contributions
Ewert, M., and J.W. Deming. 2013. Bacterial responses to fluctuations and extremes in temperature and brine salinity the surface of Arctic winter sea ice. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (in press)
Curriculum vitae 88 Canada Foundation for Innovation Jody Deming
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Development of a Holographic Gordon and Betty Moore Microscopic for Astrobiology Foundation W $58,920 2014 2017 Jody Deming, J. Nadeau, and 6 0 others
Seasonal synergy between bacterial osmoprotection and algal production NSF OPP-ANS W $132,737 2012 2015 in sea ice 0 Jody Deming and R.E. Collins
A new autonomous platform for Arctic Paul G. Allen Foundation ice and ocean observations The Under-ice float W $9,424 2014 2014 Jody Deming and E. D'Asaro and 2 0 others
Assessment of surface ice features as prebiotic sites for formaldehyde-based NAI-DDF W $23,287 2010 2013 organic synthesis 0 Jody Deming
Accessing new sea ice in an Arctic NSF OPS - ANS Winter polynya Rapid Response Research W $17,825 2011 2012 Jody Deming 0
Natural exopolymers as oil spill UW-RRF dispersants for the cold ocean W $39,179 2011 2012 0 Jody Deming
Frost flowers in Arctic winter: Sea-to- NSF OPP-ANS air transport of microbes and viruses W $116,626 2009 2012 0 Jody Deming
High resolution genomic and proteomic analyses or a microbial transport mechanism from Antarctic NSF OPP-ANT W $289,860 2010 2011 marine waters to permanent 0 snowpack Jody Deming
Curriculum vitae 89 Casey Hubert Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Hubert First name and initials Casey RJ Institution University of Calgary Position CAIP Chair & Associate Professor Department/Division Biological Sciences
Mailing address
Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta CANADA T2N 1N4
Contact information
Telephone 1-403-2207794 Extension Fax Email address [email protected] Web address www.ncl.ac.uk/ceg/staff/profile/casey.hubert
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country University of Calgary , Doctorate 2004 Environmental Microbiology CANADA
Cellular Molecular and Microbial University of Calgary , Bachelor's 1998 Biology CANADA
Printed on2014-06-27 90 Canada Foundation for Innovation Casey Hubert
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords geomicrobiology, extremophiles, oil reservoir, marine sediment, sulfate-reducing bacteria, hydrocarbons, petroleum microbiology, endospores, Firmicutes, Epsilonproteobacteria
Discipline EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY Subdiscipline Microbial ecology
Discipline GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY Subdiscipline Environmental Geochemisty
Discipline ENVIRONMENT Subdiscipline Environmental Engineering: Water
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Associate Professor, University of Calgary Biological Sciences 2014
Reader (faculty rank Associate Professor), School of Civil Engineering & Geoscience 2012 2014 Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Research Fellow (Royal Society; EPSRC) permanent academic, Newcastle University, School of Civil Engineering & Geoscience 2011 2014 Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Marie Curie International Incoming Fellow, School of Civil Engineering & Geoscience 2009 2011 Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
MPI Scientist, Max Planck Institute for Marine Biogeochemistry Department 2007 2009 Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
NSERC Post Doctoral Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Biogeochemistry Department 2005 2007 Germany
Research Associate, University of Calgary Biological Sciences 2004 2005
Curriculum vitae 91 Canada Foundation for Innovation Casey Hubert
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
>> Changing the way we think about microbial biogeography
As a post doc I studied microbial S cycling at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen, Germany. Working closely with MPIMM director Bo Barker Jørgensen, I spearheaded an international team (collaborators from Germany, Austria, Denmark and USA). This included 13 colleagues in total including one PhD student that I recruited and two others that I co-supervised. Together we discovered that dormant spores of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (optimal growth 55°C) are constantly supplied to permanently cold Arctic sediments (0°C year round). Our paper about the distribution of these SRB was published in Science (Hubert et al 2009a) and documents their steady flux into the seabed. Science commissioned an accompanying Perspectives article, Seeing the Big Picture on Microbe Distribution (Patterson, 2009; Science 325: 1506), and our paper received a Faculty of 1000 Biology recommendation of “Exceptional” describing it as “highly inspiring,” an “elegant combination of methods” and “an exciting new perspective on microbial biogeography” (http://f1000.com/prime/1166007). Subsequent papers from our team have appeared in top ranking discipline-specific journals Environmental Microbiology (Hubert et al. 2010) and The ISME Journal (de Rezende et al. 2013; Müller et al. 2014), all indicated below. First authors on the ISME papers are both PhD students that I recruited and/or co-supervised.
This approach to microbial biogeography is innovative since the important process of passive dispersal is isolated from conflating ecological factors, allowing new insights to be derived experimentally. I was invited to present this research at the last ISME conference in Copenhagen, which caught the attention of luminaries in the field and resulted in me being able to recruit of a post doc Dr. China Hanson from one of the leading microbial biogeography labs, at UC Irvine. At the next ISME I will co-chair the microbial biogeography session together with Prof. Jennifer Martiny from UC Irvine. This research direction has led to successful funding applications (see below) most notably a successful application in 2010 for a prestigious 8-year Royal Society Research Fellowship (UK-wide science/engineering with a 6% success rate).
>> Industrial applications for mapping subsurface fluid flow using microorganisms
A peculiar aspect of the research described above is that microbial biogeography is being pursued in a subsurface context that focuses on the ‘deep biosphere’. As such, biogeography is intersecting with the geoenergy industry, which is consistent with a guiding objective of my research, to gear ecological knowledge towards useful bioengineering applications. The Arctic thermophiles are genetically closely related to bacteria from deep hot oil reservoirs. These bacteria may thus present an opportunity to exploit quantitative biology in a novel strategy for offshore oil and gas exploration. Natural seepage of hydrocarbons up through the
Curriculum vitae 92 Canada Foundation for Innovation Casey Hubert
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years seabed could be transporting thermophilic SRB and other thermophiles from deep reservoirs up into abyssal ocean currents. Measuring the abundance of these ‘indicator organisms’ in marine samples could locate areas of seepage above potential sub-surface reservoirs. I have published an invited article on my ideas about how microorganisms can be used in offshore oil and gas exploration in the Handbook of Hydrocarbon & Lipid Microbiology (Hubert & Judd, 2010). Audiences of petroleum engineers and scientists in the UK and Europe have been enthusiastic about ‘biological prospecting’ for offshore oil and gas with thermophiles, including most recently at the Nova Scotia Offshore Energy Research conference in Halifax in May 2014. It has even been suggested by some that microbiological prospecting has the potential to lessen reliance on geophysical (seismic) methods, which would be advantageous for protecting marine mammals that rely on acoustic communication.
The oil industry’s interest in microbial prospecting is exemplified by a developing collaboration with ExxonMobil’s Upstream Research Company (EMURC). In 2011 my phone rang and an EMURC scientist was on the other end of the call, indicating that several colleagues in Houston had read the aforementioned Science paper. Shortly after that two EMURC scientists visited my Newcastle University lab, and later ExxonMobil invited me to Houston as a consultant for a two-day brainstorming workshop about petroleum geomicrobiology and subsurface fluid migration. In 2013 EMURC obtained seabed samples to donate to my research lab (estimated in kind value $1.7m) and we are negotiating a material transfer agreement to get these samples to Calgary. Other collaborations related to seabed prospecting using microorganisms are developing with the Geological Survey of Canada, and the provincial Department of Energy in Nova Scotia where Shell and BP have both purchased $1 billion offshore exploration leases.
>> Nitrate injection for the control of oil reservoir souring
With sustainable exploitation of fossil fuel resources more important than ever, we must change the simplistic view of nuisance microorganisms in the petroleum industry, to a view of microbes as catalytic agents to be exploited as tools that engineers can bring to their disposal. Oil reservoir souring control via nitrate injection is a prime example of this. I have published five first author articles on this topic, including most recently in the top ranking geochemistry journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (Hubert et al. 2009b) and an invited review in the Handbook of Hydrocarbon & Lipid Microbiology (Hubert, 2010). This highly practical integration of microbial ecology with engineering has been noted by the oil and gas industry, and results have been used by The Computer Modelling Group Ltd. (www.cmgl.ca) to develop reservoir simulation software for the energy industry. I have collaborated with several industry colleagues over the years on souring research (Shell, Chevron, DTI, Rawwater, CMGL) including most recently while I was at Newcastle University via research funding from ExxonMobil (USD $50k in 2013; $350k currently under negotiation for 2014). I also secured UK government research grants in 2010 and 2013 from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council for £1.3m in total. I have recruited two post docs who currently work with me on this topic.
>> Microbiology of subsurface oil reservoirs in Canada’s Athabasca oil sands
In Canada it is economically strategic for the oil sands to play a part in the global energy mix in coming decades, but environmentally essential that this be pursued as sustainably as possible. Microbiology can play a role on both fronts. In 2012 colleagues and I published the first ever paper on the microbial biodiversity of a Canadian oil sands reservoir (Hubert et al. 2012). There have been studies on other aspects of the oil sands (e.g., tailings ponds) but the major obstacle to sustainability remains the high emissions associated with oil sands production. If bioengineering is going to contribute to solving these problems, we must tackle the
Curriculum vitae 93 Canada Foundation for Innovation Casey Hubert
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years challenge of studying harder-to-access subsurface environments. Our work was in collaboration with Shell Canada who allowed me to obtain formation water and bitumen samples during a visit to their operations in northern Alberta. Our paper suggests new ecophysiological mechanisms for bioprocesses in oil sands and proposes new strategies for pursuing biodesulfurization of bitumen.
Curriculum vitae 94 Canada Foundation for Innovation Casey Hubert
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
* denotes corresponding author
[1] Müller AL, de Rezende JR, Hubert CRJ*, Kjeldsen KU, Lagkouvardos I, Berry D, Jørgensen BB, Loy A*. In Press Endospores of thermophilic bacteria as tracers of microbial dispersal byocean currents. ISME Journal DOI:10.1038/ismej.2013.225.
[2] Callbeck CM, Sherry A, Hubert CRJ, Gray ND, Voordouw G, Head IM*. 2013 Improving PCR efficiency for accurate quantification of 16S rRNA genes. Journal of Microbiological Methods 93:148-52.
[3] de Rezende JR*, Kjeldsen KU, Hubert CRJ, Finster K, Loy A, Jørgensen BB. 2013 Dispersal of thermophilic Desulfotomaculum endospores into Baltic Sea sediments over thousands of years.ISME Journal 7: 72-84.
[4] Hubert CRJ*, Oldenburg TBP, Fustic M, Gray ND, Larter SR, Penn K, Rowan AK, Seshadri R,Sherry A, Swainsbury R, Voordouw G, Voordouw J, Head IM. 2012 Massive dominance of Epsilonproteobacteria in formation waters from a Canadian oil sands reservoir containing severelybiodegraded oil. Environmental Microbiology 14: 387-404.
[5] Green-Saxena A, Feyzullayev A, Hubert CRJ, Kallmeyer J, Krüger M, Sauer P, Schultz H-M,Orphan VJ*. 2012 Active sulfur cycling by diverse mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms in terrestrial mud volcanoes of Azerbaijan. Environmental Microbiology 14: 3271-3286.
[6] Andrade LL, Leite D, Ferreira E, Ferreira L, Paula GR, Maguire M, Hubert CRJ, Peixoto R,Domingues R, Rosado A*. 2012 Microbial diversity and anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation potential in an oil-contaminated mangrove sediment. BMC Microbiology 12:186 (30 August 2012).
[7] Gray ND*, Sherry A, Grant RJ, Rowan AK, Hubert CRJ, Callbeck C, Aitken CM, Jones DM, Adams JJ, Larter SR, Head IM. 2011 The quantitative significance of Syntrophaceae and syntrophic partnerships in methanogenic degradation of crude oil alkanes. Environmental Microbiology 13: 2957-2975.
[8] Hubert C*, Arnosti C, Brüchert V, Loy A, Vandieken V, Jørgensen BB. 2010 Thermophilic anaerobes in Arctic marine sediments induced to mineralize complex organic matter at high temperature. Environmental Microbiology 12: 1089-1104.
[9] Gray ND*, Sherry A, Hubert C, Dolfing J, Head IM. 2010 Methanogenic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in subsurface environments: remediation, heavy oil formation, and energy recovery. Advances in Applied Microbiology 72: 135-159.
[10] Sawicka J*, Robador A, Hubert C, Jørgensen BB, Brüchert V. 2010 Survival and reactivation of Arctic marine sediment bacteria under freeze-thaw conditions. ISME Journal 4:585-594.
Curriculum vitae 95 Canada Foundation for Innovation Casey Hubert
List of published contributions
[11] Hubert C*, Judd A. 2010 Using microorganisms as prospecting agents in oil and gas exploration. Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Ed. Timmis KN (Springer, Berlin) Vol. 4,Chapter 23, pp 2713- 2725.
[12] Hubert C* 2010 Microbial ecology of oil reservoir souring control by nitrate injection. Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Ed. Timmis KN (Springer, Berlin) Vol. 4, Chapter 26, pp. 2753-2766.
[13] Hubert C*, Loy A, Nickel M, Arnosti C, Baranyi C, Brüchert V, Ferdelman T, Finster K,Christensen F, de Rezende JR, Vandieken V, Jørgensen BB. 2009a A constant flux of diverse thermophilic bacteria into the cold arctic seabed. Science. 325: 1541-1544.
[14] Hubert C*, Voordouw G, Mayer B. 2009b Elucidating microbial processes in nitrate- and sulfate reducing systems using sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios: the example of oil reservoir souring control. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73: 3864-3879.
[15] Oldenburg T*, Larter S, Adams J, Clements M, Hubert C, Rowan A, Brown A, Head I, Grigoriyan A, Voordouw G, Fustic M. 2009 Methods for recovery of microorganisms and intact microbialpolar lipids (IPLs) from oil-water mixtures – lab experiments and natural well-head fluids. Analytical Chemistry. 81: 4130-4136.
Curriculum vitae 96 Canada Foundation for Innovation Casey Hubert
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Province of Alberta CAIP Research Chair in Campus Alberta Innovates Geomicrobiology W $350,000 2014 2021 Program (CAIP) Casey Hubert 100
Canada-NSERC THERMOSPORE Strategic Project Grant R $165,100 2015 2018 Casey Hubert 0
ExxonMobil Nitrate injection and microbial ExxonMobil (URC-Houston) enhanced corrosion research grant to Newcastle R $108,570 2014 2017 Casey Hubert University, UK 0
UK-EPSRC (Engineering & Physical Sciences Research DEEPBIOENGINEERING Council) W $360,609 2012 2017 Casey Hubert Research Fellowship Grant 40
UK-EPSRC (Engineering & Physical Sciences Research BIOCORROSION Council) W $232,738 2013 2015 Casey Hubert New Directions Standard Grant 20
UK-NERC (Natural Environment OILSPORE Research Council) W $270,626 2012 2015 Casey Hubert & Ian Head Standard Grant 10
ExxonMobil Endospores and reservoir souring in ExxonMobil (CSR-New Jersey) thermal viability shells Knowledge Build project at W $54,285 2013 2014 Casey Hubert Newcastle University, UK 10
Microbial Biogeography and the Deep Royal Society of London Biosphere University Research Fellowship W $145,535 2011 2012 Casey Hubert 0
European Union FP7 MICROBEOIL Marie Curie International Incoming W $130,372 2009 2011 Casey Hubert & Ian Head Fellow 0
Curriculum vitae 97 Christopher Mundy Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Mundy First name and initials Christopher J. Institution University of Manitoba Position Assistant Professor Department/Division Centre for Earth Observation Science
Mailing address
C.J. MundyCentre for Earth Observation Science (CEOS)Department of Environment and GeographyCHR Faculty of Environment, Earth, and ResourcesUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba CANADA R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone 204-272-1571 Extension Fax 204-474-8129 Email address [email protected] Web address http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~ummundy0/
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country Ph.D. - Environment & Geography, Thesis: Scale University of Manitoba , Doctorate 2007 Dependent Forcing on Ice Algae CANADA Dynamics
M.A. - Geography, Thesis: Sea Ice Physical Processes and University of Manitoba , Master's 2000 Biological Linkages in the NOW CANADA polynya
B.Sc. - Honours Ecology, Thesis: University of Manitoba , Bachelor's, Honours 1997 Snail-Periphyton Interactions in a CANADA Prairie Wetland
Printed on2014-06-27 98 Canada Foundation for Innovation Christopher Mundy
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords sea ice thermodynamics, biophysical processes, ice algae, phytoplankton, bio-optics, primary production, radiative transfer, photophysiology, nutrient dynamics, ice-ocean biophysical modelling
Discipline OCEANOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Biological Oceanography
Discipline EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY Subdiscipline Microbial ecology
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Assistant Professor (Biological Oceanography), Centre for Earth Observation Science, CHR 2011 University of Manitoba Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources
Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Biological Oceanography), Université du Québec à Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski 2007 2011 Rimouski
Course Instructor (Introduction to Physical Department of Environment and Geography 2007 2007 Geography), University of Manitoba
ArcticNet (NCE) Scientific Theme Coordinator, Centre for Earth Observation Science 2003 2006 University of Manitoba
Research Associate/Assistant, University of Centre for Earth Observation Science 1997 2003 Manitoba
Demonstrator Level II (Geographic Information Centre for Earth Observation Science 1997 2003 Systems), University of Manitoba
Demonstrator Level I (Introductory Biology), Department of Biological Sciences 1996 1999 University of Manitoba
Curriculum vitae 99 Canada Foundation for Innovation Christopher Mundy
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
According to the online database, SciVerse Scopus, I have 26 recognized publications that have been cited over 442 times. Over the last three years, my h-index has increased by 7 to reach its current value of 12 and it is expected to continue its rise. Below, I list my 5 most significant contributions published since 2009 and describe their significance to the scientific community. a) Mundy et al. (2014) Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada. - just published It had been common practice in scientific studies to assume negligible phytoplankton production when the ocean is ice-covered, due to the strong light attenuation properties of snow, sea ice, and ice algae. Recent observations of massive under-ice blooms in the Arctic challenged this concept (e.g., Mundy et al. (2009)) and called for a re-evaluation of light conditions prevailing under ice during the melt period. Using hydrographic data collected under landfast ice cover in Resolute Passage, Nunavut, Canada, I documented the exponential growth phase of a substantial under-ice phytoplankton bloom. Numerous factors appeared to influence bloom initiation: (1) transmitted light increased with the onset of snowmelt and termination of the ice algal bloom; (2) initial phytoplankton growth resulted in the accumulation of biomass below the developing surface melt layer where nutrient concentrations were high and turbulent mixing was relatively low; and (3) melt pond formation rapidly increased light transmission, while spring-tidal energy helped form a surface mixed layer influenced by ice melt-both were believed to influence the final rapid increase in phytoplankton growth. This work significantly contributed to our understanding of under-ice phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Furthermore, timing of bloom initiation with melt onset suggested a strong link to climate change where sea ice is both thinning and melting earlier, the implication being an earlier and more ubiquitous phytoplankton bloom in Arctic ice-covered regions. b) Ehn and Mundy (2013) Assessment of light absorption within highly scattering bottom sea ice from under- ice light measurements: Implications for Arctic ice algae primary production - cited by at least 1 Primary production estimates of ice algae within the bottommost layers of the Arctic ice cover are commonly derived using irradiance measurements taken immediately below the solid ice bottom. However, radiation absorbed by ice algae is significantly affected by the high-scattering sea ice environment they are embedded within because scattering increases the pathlength traveled by photons and therefore, the probability of photon encounters with algal cells. In this paper, we quantified this pathlength effect as a a function of chlorophyll a concentration. We then applied our results to an apparent photosynthesis vs. irradiance relationship where we showed that light limitation was greatly reduced relative to the case where scattering was not considered. These results highlighted an important interaction not previously noted for ice algal production in their high-scattering environment. Knowledge of this absorption amplification can help explain
Curriculum vitae 100 Canada Foundation for Innovation Christopher Mundy
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years ice algal phenology during the spring bloom and will improve ice algal production estimates and model parameterizations. c) Mundy et al. (2011) Characteristics of two distinct high-light acclimated algal communities during advanced stages of sea ice melt. - cited by at least 11 Sea ice imposes a unique level of complexity on the Arctic marine ecosystem. In particular, numerous distinct algal communities can be found within different habitats associated with the sea ice environment. However, a limited number of studies have explored algal communities that exist during advanced stages of ice melt in the Arctic due to logistical difficulties associated with sampling during this period. In this study, I was able to examine the sea ice and its associated communities during the melt period. I found two distinct and physically separate communities: (1) an interior ice assemblage confined to brine channel networks; and (2) an ice melt water assemblage in the brackish waters of both surface melt ponds and the layer immediately below the ice cover. Absorption characteristics of the algae indicated the presence of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and carotenoid pigments as a significant photoprotective strategy against being confined to high-light near-surface layers. Furthermore, I hypothesized the ice melt water community plays an important ecological role in the Arctic marine ecosystem, supplying an accessible and stable food source to higher trophic levels during the period of ice melt. The significance of this paper lies in its focus on the ice melt water algal community and their photoacclimation strategies. It will drive future research to improve our understanding of this community's significance to the Arctic marine ecosystem and, in particular, to investigate the role of important algal compounds such as the ultraviolet light absorbing MAAs. d) Mundy et al. (2010) Riverine export and the effects of circulation on dissolved organic carbon in the Hudson Bay system, Canada. - cited by at least 11 In this work, I provided the first-ever documentation of dissolved organic carbon within the marine portion of the Hudson Bay system using hydrographic data collected from 1-14 August 2003. I found that waters were significantly modified with respect to dissolved organic carbon concentrations as they circulated through the system with a predominant marine influence in Hudson Strait and western Hudson Bay and a strong terrigenous influence from rivers as waters circulated through southern Hudson Bay. Estimates of input and export of riverine dissolved organic carbon were nearly equal during summer/early fall, and therefore, I concluded that the system contributes a substantial amount of terrigenous carbon to northern seas during the seasonal period of the study. This is the first paper I know of where this terrigenous contribution was recognized as a key element in the overall dissolved organic carbon budget. This is important when one considers the influence of hydroelectric development around Hudson Bay. e) Mundy et al. (2009) Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. - cited by at least 61 In this paper, I documented an ice-edge upwelling event and associated primary production in the Canadian Beaufort Sea using under-ice hydrographic data collected ca. 1 km in from the ice-edge. The significance of this paper are two-fold. Firstly, the paper showed that upwelling events can contribute substantially to the region's marine production, and therefore, in an inverse manner, validated previous research that the system is nutrient limited. Secondly, the unique under-ice measurements of the study showed that a significant portion of primary production associated with the event had occurred under the ice due to high transmittance of light through the melt pond covered ice. It was further suggested that under-ice primary production is likely widespread and may represent a significant, yet not currently incorporated, contribution to annual marine primary production estimates in Arctic ice associated ecosystems.
Curriculum vitae 101 Canada Foundation for Innovation Christopher Mundy
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Campbell, K.L., Mundy, C.J., Barber, D.G., Gosselin, M. (In Press) Characterizing the ice algae biomass-snow depth relationship over spring melt using transmitted irradiance. Journal of Marine Systems.
Brown, T.A., Belt, S.T., Tatarek, and Mundy, C.J. (2014) Source identification of the Arctic sea ice proxy IP25. Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/ncomms5197.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Gratton, Y., Brown, K., Galindo, V., Campbell, K., Levasseur, M., Barber, D.G., Papakyriakou, T., Bélanger, S. (2014) Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series. doi:10.3354/meps10587.
Belt, S.T., Brown, T.A., Ringrose, A.E., Cabedo-Sanz, P., Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Poulin, M. (2013) Quantitative measurement of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25 and sterols in Arctic sea ice and underlying sediments: Further considerations for palaeo sea ice reconstruction. Organic Geochemistry. 62, doi:10.1016/ j.orggeochem.2013.07.002.
Ehn, J.K., Mundy, C.J. (2013) Assessment of light absorbed within highly scattering bottom sea ice from under-ice light measurements: Implications for Arctic ice algae primary production. Limnology and Oceanography. doi:10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.0893.
Alou, E., Mundy, C.J., Roy, S., Gosselin, M., Agusti, S. (2013) Snow cover affects ice algae pigment composition in the coastal Arctic Ocean during the spring-summer transition. Marine Ecology Progress Series. doi: 10.3354/meps10107.
Song, G., Xie, H., Aubry, C., Zhang, Y., Gosselin, M., Mundy, C.J., Philippe B., Papakyriakou, T.N. (2011) Spatiotemporal variations of dissolved organic carbon and carbon monoxide in first-year sea ice in the western Canadian Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research. 116, C00G05, doi:10.1029/2010JC006867.
Ehn, J.K., Mundy, C.J., Barber, D.G., Hop, H., Rossnagel, A., Stewart, J. (2011) Impact of horizontal spreading on light propagation in melt pond covered seasonal sea ice in the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research. 116, C00G02 doi:10.1029/2010JC006908.
Hop H., Mundy C.J., Gosselin M., Rossnagel A., Barber D.G. (2011) Zooplankton boom and ice amphipod bust below melting sea ice in the Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Canada. Polar Biology. doi: 10.1007/s00300-011-0991-4.
Palmer, M.A., Arrigo, K.R., Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Brunelle, C.B., Ehn, J.K., Rossnagel, A., Alou, E., Martin, J., Tremblay, J.-É., Gratton, Y. (2011) Spatial and temporal variation of photosynthetic parameters in natural phytoplankton assemblages in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic. Polar Biology. doi: 10.1007/ s00300-011-1050-x.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Ehn, J.K., Belzile, C., Poulin, M., Alou, E., Roy, S., Hop, H., Papakyriakou, T.N., Barber, D.G., Stewart, J. (2011) Characteristics of two distinct high-light acclimated microbial communities during advanced stages of sea ice melt. Polar Biology. doi:10.1007/s00300-011-0998-x.
Curriculum vitae 102 Canada Foundation for Innovation Christopher Mundy
List of published contributions
Brown, T.A., Belt, S., Philippe, B., Mundy, C.J., Massé, G., Poulin, M. and Gosselin, M. (2011) Temporal and vertical variations of three classes of lipid biomarkers during a bottom ice diatom bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea: further evidence for the use of the IP25 biomarker as a proxy for the occurrence of spring Arctic sea ice. Polar Biology. doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0942-5.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M. Starr, M. and Michel, C. (2010) Riverine export and the effects of circulation on dissolved organic carbon in the Hudson Bay system, Canada. Limnology and Oceanography. 55(1), 315-323.
Mundy, C.J., Gosselin, M., Ehn, J.K., Gratton, Y., Rossnagel, A.L., Barber, D.G., Martin, J. Tremblay, J.- É., Palmer, M., Arrigo, K., Darnis, G., Fortier, L., Else, B. and Papakyriakou, T.N. (2009) Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Geophysical Research Letters. 36, L17601, doi:10.1029/2009GL038837.
Curriculum vitae 103 Canada Foundation for Innovation Christopher Mundy
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Physical and biological controls of NSERC primary production in the ice-covered Discovery Grant W $27,000 2013 2018 Arctic marine system 40 C.J. Mundy
Physical and biological controls of NSERC primary production in the ice-covered Northern Research Supplement W $15,000 2013 2018 Arctic marine system 10 C.J. Mundy
Instrumental suite for high-resolution NSERC ice-ocean exchange process studies Research Tools and Instruments W $150,000 2014 2014 in the Arctic 10 Jens K. Ehn
Arctic Biogeochemical Optics CFI Laboratory (ABOL) for high-resolution Leaders Opportunity Fund process studies in sea ice-covered - Funding for Research W $800,000 2014 2014 environments Infrastructure C.J. Mundy 20
University of Manitoba Start-up funds Start-up funds W $25,000 2011 2014 C.J. Mundy 0
R/V Martin Bergmann 2013 21-27 July ArcticNet Cambridge Bay Scientific Cruise ArcticNet Shiptime Request W $21,000 2013 2013 C.J. Mundy 5
Quantifying the influence of University of Manitoba multiple scattering on ice algal University Research Grants W $7,500 2012 2012 photophysiology Program C.J. Mundy 10
Arctic - Ice Covered Ecosystem in a Natural Resources Canada rapidly changing environment (Arctic- Polar Continental Shelf Program W $102,667 2012 2012 ICE) Logistics C.J. Mundy 10
Arctic - Ice Covered Ecosystem in a ArcticNet rapidly changing environment (Arctic- ArcticNet Field Aircraft Support W $24,192 2012 2012 ICE) 0 C.J. Mundy
Curriculum vitae 104 Søren Rysgaard Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Rysgaard First name and initials Søren Institution University of Manitoba Position Professor Department/Division Geological Sciences
Mailing address
CEOS, Wallace Building Winnipeg, Manitoba CANADA R3T 2N2M
Contact information
Telephone 001-204-474-8124 Extension Fax Email address [email protected] Web address
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country University of Aarhus , Doctorate 1995 Biogeochemistry DENMARK
University of Aarhus , Master's 1991 Biology DENMARK
University of Aarhus , Bachelor's 1988 Microbiology DENMARK
Printed on2014-06-27 105 Canada Foundation for Innovation Søren Rysgaard
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords Marine microbiology and biogeochemistry, mass spectrometry, micro-electrodes, coulometry, potentiometric titration, planear optodes, oceanography, ADCP & CTD moorings, underwater in situ equipment, radiocarbon and stable isotope techniques.
Discipline MICROBIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY Subdiscipline Microbial Physiology
Discipline BIOCHEMISTRY Subdiscipline Analytical Biochemistry
Discipline INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Subdiscipline Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Professor, University of Manitoba Geology 2011 2030
Head of Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Greenland Climate Research Centre 2009 2013 Resources
Adjunct Professor, Department of Biology University of Southern Denmark 2009 2012
Professor, Greenland Institute of Natural Marine Ecology 2005 2009 Resources
Research Scientist, University of Aarhus National Environmental Research Institute 1995 2005
Scientist, University of Aarhus National Environmental Research Institute 1992 1995
Curriculum vitae 106 Canada Foundation for Innovation Søren Rysgaard
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
Ecosystem studies In 1994, Rysgaard initiated and raised the funds for a comprehensive marine ecological study in North East Greenland. The study still continues and comprises several sub-research projects as well as a long-term monitoring program (www.g-e-m.dk). The reason was the growing evidence of dramatic changes in sea ice cover from satellite images and model predictions of a future dramatic temperature increase in the Arctic and the possible shut-down of the thermohaline circulation. The study site is situated in a very climate sensitive area in close contact with the East Greenland Current which carries along with it most of the exported ice from the Arctic Ocean. Together with the monitoring programs in the terrestrial and marine environments, Rysgaard’s work has provided important data on this remote region, from which very few data existed before 1994. One of the most comprehensive decadal studies of carbon and nutrient cycles has been made here and reported in several books and papers.
Sea ice In recent years, more of Rysgaards focus has been directed towards sea ice. Starting with the development of new in situ techniques for quantifying sea ice algal primary productivity using diving PAM fluorometers and micro-sensors, the first non-destructive measurements of algal activity were made. During this work it was realized that the dynamics of gases within the sea ice and close to the sea ice-water interface underwent extreme fluctuation. Using a combination of mass balance studies, micro-sensors, 2D optodes and stable isotopes the team realized that sea ice hosts highly oxygen-supersaturated areas (relative to atmospheric saturation) as well as areas with anoxic conditions. The potential for anaerobic bacterial denitrification and anammox activity was also shown for the first time. The latest finding is that dissolved inorganic carbon is rejected together with brine from growing sea ice and that sea ice melting during summer is rich in carbonates. Model calculations show that melting sea ice exported from the Arctic Ocean into the East Greenland current and the Nordic Seas plays an important and overlooked role in regulating the surface partial pressure of CO2 and increases the seasonal CO2 uptake in the area by nearly 50%.
Establishment of a research centre in Greenland The Greenland Climate Research Centre was established in May 2009 as a result of Rysgaard’s previous success in North East Greenland and his work in Nuuk, Greenland. In 2005, Rysgaard initiated the first research department at the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources in Nuuk with financial help from Danish Funding Agencies, the Greenland Home Rule and the Aage V Jensen Charity Foundation. The centre’s scientific focus is the cryosphere with special focus on sea ice and glaciers. During the last five years Rysgaard has initiated 50 externally funded research projects and initiated two long-term marine monitoring programs in West and East Greenland. Since 2005, his department in Greenland has grown to 18 persons, and the
Curriculum vitae 107 Canada Foundation for Innovation Søren Rysgaard
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years institute now comprises 70 employees, all focusing on Arctic studies. A large new donation has ensured new modern research facilities (1000 m2 of laboratories and offices, a 50 m research vessel, several smaller boats, two field laboratories, boat houses etc.). Over the next year, the GCRC will host up to 45 scientists and be linked to scientific groups around the world.
Canada Excellence Research Chair In 2010, Rysgaard was awarded the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. This Chair – which carries with it $48 million CAD in funding over seven years – is a Canadian federal government initiative created in 2008. The Greenland Climate Research Centre and the University of Manitoba have merged through a memorandum of understanding (MOU). These groups agree to establish a Research Partnership in the field of Arctic System Science and Climate Change, directly in support of a Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. The parties will establish a research partnership to allow both centers to more effectively conduct collaborative research, to establish multidisciplinary research teams and to share field equipment and logistics. ArcticNet will be a key collaborator in this new partnership with Rysgaard (the U of M CERC) as a network investigator (NI) in ArcticNet. This partnership began in April 2011 and will run for a period of at least seven years.
Establishment of the Arctic Science Partnership In May 2011, Rysgaard took the initiative to further expand the Greenland – Canada cooperation through the Canada Excellence Research Chair to include a strong cooperation with the Arctic Research Centre at Aarhus University in Denmark. Thus, the “Arctic Science Partnership” (ASP) has now been expanded to include the Greenland Institute of Natural Resorces, the University of Manitoba in Canada and Aarhus University in Denmark. This partnership is based on cooperation between individual centers through a memorandum of understanding, and staff will be encouraged to move freely between Denmark, Greenland, Canada and other circumpolar countries when performing collaborative research. The ASP will apply a holistic approach which will require multidisciplinary collaboration at various scales. ASP will link research and education across natural science and health disciplines. We will combine research across the borders of atmosphere, terrestrial, limnic and marine compartments by use of various research fields, e.g. climatology, physical geography, glaciology, oceanography, sedimentology, bio- and geochemistry, microbiology, ecology, micropaleontology and modeling. Furthermore, ASP will work with a combination of environmental chemistry, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, ecotoxicology and environmental medicine to evaluate impacts of contaminants in the Arctic. Finally, ASP will use a combination of approaches including process-based studies, analyses of multi-data sets and time-series, paleoecology/climatology, spatial and temporal modeling and remote sensing to describe and understand past and current environmental conditions and changes at various scales (from µm to >1000 km) in the Arctic in order to better predict future conditions.
Curriculum vitae 108 Canada Foundation for Innovation Søren Rysgaard
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Parmentier FJW, Christensen TR, Sørensen LL, Rysgaard S, McGuire AD, Miller PA, Walker DA (2013) The impact of a lower sea-ice extent on Arctic greenhouse-gas exchange. Nature Climate Change. 3, 195-202, doi:10.1038/nclimate1784.
Geilfus N-X, Galley R, Hare A, Wang F, Søgaard D, Rysgaard S (2013) Ikaite and gypsum crystals observed in experimental and natural sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters. 40, 1-6, doi:10.1002/2013GL058479.
Hare A, Wang F, Galley R, Gelfus N-X, Barber D, Rysgaard S (2013). pH evolution in sea ice grown at an outdoor experimental facility. Marine Chemistry. 154, 46-64, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2013.04.007.
Rysgaard S, Søgaard D, Cooper M, Pucko M, Lennert K, Papakyriakou TN, Wang F, Geilfus NX, Glud RN, Ehn J, McGinnes D, Attard K, Siverts J, Deming JW, Barber D (2013). Ikaite crystal distribution in Arctic winter sea ice and its implications for CO2 system dynamics. The Cryosphere 7, 1-12 doi:10.5194/tc-7-1-2013.
Else BGT, Galley RJ, Lansard B, Mucci A, Papakyriakou TN, Brown K, Tremblay J-É, Babb D, Barber D, Miller LA, Rysgaard S (2013). Further observations of a decreasing atmospheric CO2 uptake capacity in the Canada Basin (Arctic Ocean) due to sea ice loss. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 40, 1132-1137, doi:10.1002/ grl.50268.
Bowman, JS, Rasmussen S, Blom N, Deming JW, Rysgaard S, Scheritz-Ponten T (2012). Microbial community structure of Arctic multiyear sea ice and surface seawater as determined by 454 sequencing of the 16S RNA gene. The Nature ISME Journal, 6, 11-20; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.76
Rysgaard S, Mortensen J, Juul-Pedersen T, Sørensen LL, Lennert K, Søgaard DH, Arendt KE, Blicher ME, Sejr MK, Bendtsen J (2012) High air-sea CO2 uptake rates in nearshore and shelf areas of Southern Greenland: Temporal and spatial variability. Marine Chemistry 128-129, 26-33.
Versteegh EAA, Blicher ME, Mortensen J, Rysgaard S, Als TD, Wanamaker Jr AD (2012). Oxygen isotope ratios in the shell of Mytilus edulis: archives of glacier meltwater in Greenland? Biogeosciences 9, 5231-5241 doi:10.5194/bg-5231-2012.
Rysgaard S, Bendtsen J, Delille B, Dieckmann G, Glud RN, Kennedy H, Mortensen J, Papadimitriou S, Thomas D, Tison J-L. (2011) Sea ice contribution to air-sea CO2 exchange in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Tellus 63B, 823-830.
Piña-Ochoa E, Høgslund S, Geslin E, Cedhagen T, Revsbech NP, Nielsen LP, Schweiger M, Jorissen F, Rysgaard S, Risgaard-Petersen N (2010) Widespread occurrence of nitrate storage and denitrification among Foraminifera and Gromiida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:1148-1153
Post E, Forchhammer MC, Bret-Harte S, Callaghan TV, Christensen TR, Elberling B, Fox T, Gilg O, Hik DS, Ims RA, Jeppesen E, Klein DR, Madsen J, McGuire AD, Rysgaard S, Schindler D, Stirling I, Tamstorf M, Tyler
Curriculum vitae 109 Canada Foundation for Innovation Søren Rysgaard
List of published contributions
NJC, van der Wal R, Welker J, and Wookey PJ (2009). Ecological dynamics across the Arctic associated with recent climate change. Science 325:1355-1358.
Rysgaard S, Bendtsen, JB, Pedersen LT, Ramløv H and Glud RN (2009). Increased CO2 uptake due to sea-ice growth and decay in the Nordic Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, C09011, doi:10.1029/2008JC005088.
Curriculum vitae 110 Canada Foundation for Innovation Søren Rysgaard
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Canada Excellence Research Chair tri-agency in Arctic Geomicrobiology and climate Canada Excellence Research W $1,428,550 2011 2018 change Chair Program Rysgaard S 150
Aarhus University, Denmark Internal funding to support the Arctic Research Centre Arctic Sceince Partnership W $2,680,851 2012 2017 Rysgaard S collaboration 30
Infrastructure application to the Villum Villum Foundation Foundation - St North Private compagny (Denmark) W $7,000,000 2012 2014 Skov H 5
Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate CFI Change Leaders opportunity fund W $799,365 2011 2014 Rysgaard S 50
The Commission for Scientific Establishment of the new Greenland Research in Greenland Climate Research Centre W $316,455 2009 2013 Special program Søren Rysgaard 8
Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate NCE Change ArcticNet W $35,000 2011 2012 Rysgaard S 5
Manitoba Research and Innovation Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Fund Change Infrastructure support for the CERC W $800,000 2011 2012 Rysgaard S chair 50
The Commission for Scientific FreshLink Research in Greenland W $504,588 2007 2009 Søren Rysgaard Danish IPY program 30
The Commission for Scientific Ecogreen Research in Greenland W $421,950 2007 2009 Søren Rysgaard Danish IPY program 30
Nordic Council of Ministers FreshNor Network NorForsk W $38,500 2007 2009 Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen 10
Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Network on sea ice (NetIce) NorForsk W $63,300 2007 2009 Jorma Kuparinen 10
Curriculum vitae 111 Canada Foundation for Innovation Søren Rysgaard
Research or technology development funding
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To MarineBasis – Ecosystem studies in Danish Ministry of the Environment West Greenland DANCEA program W $337,550 2005 2009 Søren Rysgaard 30
MarineBasis – Ecosystem studies in Danish Ministry of the Environment East Greenland DANCEA program W $337,550 2002 2009 Søren Rysgaard 10
Curriculum vitae 112 Lotfollah Shafai Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Shafai First name and initials Lotfollah Institution University of Manitoba Position Distinguished Professor/Canada Research Chair in Applied Electromagnetics Department/Division Electrical and Computer Engineering
Mailing address
University of Manitoba,Dept. of Electrical & Computer Eng.,E3-404C EITC, 75 Chancellors Circle Winnipeg, Manitoba CANADA R3T 5V6
Contact information
Telephone 1-204-474-9615 Extension Fax 1-204-269-0381 Email address [email protected] Web address
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country University of Toronto , Doctorate 1969 Electrical Engineering CANADA
University of Toronto , Master's 1966 Electrical Engineering CANADA
University of Tehran , Bachelor's 1963 Electrical Engineering IRAN
Printed on2014-06-27 113 Canada Foundation for Innovation Lotfollah Shafai
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords Antennas, arrays, waveguides and transmission lines, low loss networks, beam scanning, numerical simulation, antenna measurements, electromagnetics, millimeter waves, microwaves, phase shifters, beam-forming networks
Discipline ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Subdiscipline Antennas and Propagation
Discipline SPACE SCIENCE Subdiscipline Space Plasmas
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Distinguished Professor, University of Manitoba Electrical and Computer Engineering 2002
Canada Research Chair in Applied Electrical and Computer Engineering 2009 2015 Electromagnetics Tier I, University of Manitoba
Canada Research Chair in Applied Electrical and Computer Engineering 2002 2008 Electromagnetics, University of Manitoba
Professor, University of Manitoba Electrical and Computer Engineering 1979 2002
Applied Electromagnetics Chair, University of Electrical and Computer Engineering 1989 1994 Manitoba
Department Head, University of Manitoba Electrical and Computer Engineering 1987 1989
Director , University of Manitoba Institute for Technological Development 1985 1985
Associate Professor, University of Manitoba Electrical Engineering 1973 1979
Visiting Professor, Technical University of Electromagnetics Institute 1977 1977 Denmark
Visitng Professor, Communication Research Space Electronics 1976 1977 Centre
Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba Electrical Engineering 1970 1973
Sessional Lecturer, University of Manitoba Electrical Engineering 1969 1970
Curriculum vitae 114 Canada Foundation for Innovation Lotfollah Shafai
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
MOST SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. Concept of Conducting Patch-Array Matching Layer for Dense Arrays: Phased arrays normally suffer from scan blindness and impedance mismatch, especially in large arrays and wide angle scanning. We have introduced a new concept of an “infinitesimally thin conducting patch array”, which has eliminated these problems and can also be designed to offer additional benefits in electrical and adaptive performance. We have also shown that they have superior performance in bandwidth, especially at low frequencies, wider scan range in direct radiating arrays, and improved scan, gain efficiency, and fine-step-beam controls with reflector antennas. These are major enhancements in phased arrays, with influence in their performance and applications, especially in extreme design limits as in the next generation radio telescopes and large multiple- beam reflector antennas, where the array performances are pushed to the limit. The patch shape can also be modified using RF or MEM switches, thereby allowing an adaptive control of the matching layer parameters, to further optimize the array performance. 2. Laminated Conductor Concept for RF Loss Reduction in Miniaturized Antennas: New technology trends demand antenna miniaturizations well below traditional limits. While new design concepts allow such extreme miniaturizations, the antenna performance in gain and efficiency suffer. Detailed investigations showed that the cause of this performance degradation was due to a rapid rise of antenna resistive loss, even with good conductors like copper. To remedy, we investigated using laminated conductors, while keeping the overall conductor thickness the same as the solid one, a lamination layer was made of a thin conductor backed by a dielectric. Analytic solutions showed that, resistive losses of the conductors were reduced by increasing the number of layers in the lamination. This concept was used to design several miniaturized antennas, and showed by simulation and experiment, that the antenna gain and efficiency, recovers using laminated conductors. The concept will do better at millimeter wave and terahertz bands, where the conductive losses become excessive. It is also not limited to antennas and should apply equally well to circuit loss reduction. 3. Improved antenna performance using Artificial and Meta-Materials: Antennas are known to have inferior performance in impedance bandwidth and radiation efficiency over conducting ground planes, and circularly polarized antennas suffer from additional degradations in axial ratio. Their performance degrades further by decreasing the antenna height over the ground plane. By using artificial impedance surfaces we eliminated these limitations, thereby designed, extremely low profile antennas, by placing them directly over the ground plane. In spite of the height reduction, the antenna performance had significantly improved. The impedance bandwidths increased from 3% to 24% and the antenna gains by as much as 7 dB. Similar improved performances were obtained with circularly polarized spiral antennas, without degradation in their axial ratio. 4. Virtual Array Concept for Antenna Design: This antenna concept was investigated and developed for applications, where physically, space is limited to a single antenna, but it is desirable to have two or more. Examples: a smart antenna array on a small handset; a large rotating reflector antenna on an aircraft. In
Curriculum vitae 115 Canada Foundation for Innovation Lotfollah Shafai
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years the former, available space is premium, and the latter the rotating beam of the reflector, prevents the use of a second independent antenna. To address this problem we developed a mathematical model for the antenna, in terms of its aperture or near field distribution, and used it to find its hardware equivalence. The extension to large antennas for high gains, was obtained by using magnification properties of the reflectors and lenses. This concept allows aperture field manipulation by signal processing, or hardware and generation of multiple dislocated antenna signals from that of a single one. The concept was developed and tested on a radar antenna, to make it equivalent to two radars. This can have important applications, in communications for interference mitigation, and in imaging systems for improving resolution, without increasing the complexity of the hardware. 5. Self-Powered Wireless Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring: In the course of this research we developed and tested novel sensors and miniaturized them for a variety of applications, such as motion or displacement of buildings due to earthquakes, and bridges or rails due to loads. Extensive research was conducted to design integrated sensor-antenna combinations, for embedded wireless sensor applications in concrete and harsh environments. These sensors are currently being used in outdoor locations, monitoring buildings, bridges and rails. 6. Remote Sensing of Arctic Sea Ice: This research was conducted mostly on board the icebreaker Amundsen in the arctic region, and aimed at investigating the electromagnetic response of the sea ice under various conditions, in order to develop a mathematical model for its behavior. The results are important for calibrating the large scale studies using satellites, and relating the variations in the arctic sea ice behavior to the climatic changes. OTHER EVIDENCE OF IMPACT: AWARDS Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Chen-To Tai Distinguished Educator Award, 2009 Canada Council for the Arts, “Killam Prize in Engineering”, 2011 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, “John Kraus Antenna Award”, 2013 TRAINING OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL Training of HQP is an integral part of the applicant’s research, and special efforts are made to provide the best available tools for their training, a positive environment for learning, and opportunity for feedback from experts. We have both “EM Computation” and “Antenna Testing” laboratories. The EM computation lab has in-house and commercial software packages, which include site licenses for Ansoft HFSS, Ansoft Designer, Zealand IE3D, FDTD, NEC, FEKO, GRASP and WIPL. The antenna lab has nine test ranges, three Anechoic Chambers; two Compact Ranges covering 1.5-50 GHz and 8-110 GHz bands and a 16-element Multiprobe Measurement System. Every student must complete training in analysis, design and testing of their own research hardware. The facility attracts scientists from the US, Europe and Japan for research leaves, which provides an invaluable opportunity for our students to interact in modern research training. Our IEEE Waves Chapter invites local, national, international scientists and IEEE distinguished lecturers for regular presentations, and also organizes the biennial ANTEM conference, that emphasizes on student participation and encourages excellence by awarding “Best Student Paper” prizes. Students are also encouraged to present papers in the North American IEEE/URSI conference and key international conferences to receive feedback from international experts. Internally, an annual graduate conference (GRADCON) is held, where students present their research to university, government and industry participants. The quality of the applicant’s, students and PDFs can be measured by their success in international competitions. In the past five years, two students won a “Best Paper Award”, seven students won a “Young Scientist Award” in international IEEE- APS and URSI competitions, and two students won a “Best Paper Award” from GRADCON.
Curriculum vitae 116 Canada Foundation for Innovation Lotfollah Shafai
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS: Refereed Journal publications 303 (total), 57 since 2009 Refereed Conference proceedings 658 (total), 125 since 2009 Books & book Chapters 18 (total), 10 since 2009 Patents 15 (total), 2 filed since 2009 IEEE Chen-To-Tai Distinguished educator for 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Fellow Engineering Institute of Can. Canada Council Killam Prize in Engineering for 2011, from Canada Council John Kraus Antenna Award, 2013 from IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society PAPERS IN REFEREED JOURNALS: Z.A. Pour and L. Shafai, 2014, “Improved Cross Polarization Performance of Multi-Phase Center Parabolic Reflector Antenna”, accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, March. V. Okhmatovski, M.J. Feroj and L. Shafai, 2014, “On Use of Inhomogeneous Media for Elimination of Ill- Posedness in the Inverse Problem”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13. Z.A. Pour and L. Shafai, 2014, “A Practical Approach to Locate Offset Reflector Focal Point and Antenna Misalignment using Victorial Representation of Far Field Radiation Patterns”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 3, March. M. Q-E-Maula, L. Shafai and Z.A. Pour, 2014, “A corrugated Printed Dipole Antenna With Equal Beamwidths”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 3, March. S.I. Latif, S. Pistorius, L. Shafai, and D. Flores-Tapia, 2014, “An ultrawideband elliptical monopole antenna for active microwave imaging”, accepted for publication in Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. S.I. Latif, M.S.H. Abadi, C. Shafai, and L. Shafai, 2014, “Development of adaptive structures incorporating MEMS-devices to be used as reflectarrays or transmitarrays”, accepted for publication in Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. D. Isleifson, R. J. Galley, D.G. Barber, J.C. Landy, A. Komarov, and L. Shafai, 2014, “A Study on the C- Band Polarimetric Scattering and Physical Characteristics of Frost Flowers on Experimental Sea Ice", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 1787-1798, March. A. Komarov, L. Shafai and D.G. Barber, 2014, “Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Rough Boundaries Interfacing Inhomogeneous Media and Application to Snow-covered Sea Ice” Progress in Electromagnetic Research, Vol. 144, pp. 201-219. A. Rashidian, L. Shafai, and D.M. Klymyshyn, 2013, “Tall Microstrip Transmission Lines for Dielectric Resonator Antenna Applications”, IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, doi: 10.1049/iet- map.2012.0608, pp. 1-13, October. A. Rashidian, M.T. Aligordarz, L. Shafai, and D.M. Klymyshyn, 2013, “On the Matching of Microstrip- Fed Dielectric Resonator Antennas”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 10, pp. 5291-5296, October. Z. Allahgholi Pour and L. Shafai, 2013, “A Novel Dual-Mode Dual-Polarized Circular Waveguide Feed Excited by Concentrically Shorted Ring Patches”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 10, pp. 4917-4925, October. M. Ostadrahimi, P. Mojabi, A. Zakaria, J. LoVetri and L. Shafai, 2013, “Enhancement of Gauss-Newton Inversion Method for Biological Tissue Imaging,” IEEE Transaction Microwave Theory and Technique, Vol. 61, No. 9, pp. 3424-3434, September.
Curriculum vitae 117 Canada Foundation for Innovation Lotfollah Shafai
List of published contributions
S.I. Latif, L. Shafai and C. Shafai, 2013, “An Engineered Conductor for gain and Efficiency Improvement of Miniaturized Microstrip Antennas”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, Issue 2, pp. 77-90, April. Z. Allahgholi Pour and L. Shafai, 2013, “Investigation of Virtual Array Antennas with Adaptive Element Locations and Polarization Using Parabolic Reflector Antennas”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 688-699, February. Z. Allahgholi Pour and L. Shafai, 2012 "A Simplified Feed Model for Investigating the Cross Polarization Reduction in Circular- and Eliptical-Rim Offset Reflector Antennas", accepted for publication IEEE Trans. on Ant. & Prop., February.
Curriculum vitae 118 Canada Foundation for Innovation Lotfollah Shafai
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Applied Electromagnetics, Advanced NSERC Antennas and Simulated Materials Discovery Grant W $88,000 2010 2015 L. Shafai 80
Government of Canada Applied Electromagnetics Canada Research Chair W $200,000 2009 2015 L. Shafai 80
Experimental Studies on Meta- University of Saskatchewan Material Dielectric Resonator Research Contract W $5,100 2013 2014 Antennas 10 L. Shafai
Enhanced Microwave Tomography for NSERC Biomedical Imaging Strategic Project Grant W $97,000 2010 2013 J. LoVetri 20
Active & Smart Surfaces for Sensors NSERC & MM Components Strategic Project Grant W $166,000 2008 2011 L. Shafai 40
Ultra Wideband Antennas for NSERC Communications & Imaging Collaborative Res. Development W $142,000 2007 2010 L. Shafai 40
Ultra Wideband Antennas for Manitoba Hydro Communications & Imaging CRD/Industrial Contribution W $61,000 2007 2010 L. Shafai 40
Applied Electromagnetics, Advanced NSERC Antennas and Simulated Materials Discovery Grant W $60,000 2005 2010 L. Shafai 80
Curriculum vitae 119 Gary Stern Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Stern First name and initials Gary Institution University of Manitoba Position Department/Division Centre for Earth Observation Science
Mailing address
University of ManitobaClayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth,Centre for Earth Observation Science (CEOS)586 Wallace Bld, 125 Deysart Rd. Winnipeg, Manitoba CANADA R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone 1-204-4749084 Extension Fax Email address [email protected] Web address
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country The University of Manitoba , Doctorate 1991 Analytical chemistry CANADA
The University of Manitoba , Master's 1985 Mass spectrometry CANADA
The University of Manitoba , Bachelor's 1983 Chemistry CANADA
Printed on2014-06-27 120 Canada Foundation for Innovation Gary Stern
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords Analytical chemistry, Arctic ecosystem health, Arctic ocean, Biogeochemistry, Climate change, Contaminants, Food webs, Mass spectrometry, Mercury, Oil and gas (hydrocarbons)
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Professor, DFO Research Chair, The University Centre for Earth Observation Science 2013 2018 of Manitoba
Professor, The University of Manitoba Centre for Earth Obsevation Science 2005 2013
Professor, The University of Manitoba Soil Science 1997 2005
Curriculum vitae 121 Canada Foundation for Innovation Gary Stern
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
For the past 22 years Dr. Stern’s research has involved the study of environmental pathways of contaminants including their delivery, transport, and elimination from Arctic marine and freshwater aquatic ecosystems. He was co-project leader of the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study and leads the ArcticNet Phase II project entitled "Effects of Climate Change on Carbon and Contaminant Cycling in the Arctic Coastal and Marine Ecosystems: Impacts, Prognosis and Adaptations Strategies". Dr. Stern is also the leader of the ArcticNet Phase II Western High Arctic IRIS (Integrated Regional Impact Study) and is the Canadian co-Chair of the Beaufort/Bering/Chukchi Regional Implementation Team of the Arctic Council’s Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) initiative. Dr. Stern’s current research focuses on studying petroleum hydrocarbons in the Arctic Ocean including the sources and fate of oil in ice, in surrounding seawaters, and in biota in order to apportion responsibility, and monitor habitat recovery in the event of a spill. His research has been published in over 135 high ranking peer reviewed journals (h-index = 36, times cited = 4309, times cited – self citations = 3940, Web of Science, Oct 15, 2013).
Significant contributions: The effect of atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean coupling on Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pathways within the Arctic marine environment [2-6]: The importance of the cryosphere, and of sea ice in particular, for contaminant transport and redistribution in the Arctic has been well studied. However, studies on contaminants in sea ice are scarce, and entirely neglect the sea ice geophysical and thermodynamic characteristics as well as interactions between various cryospheric compartments. Our recent work has addressed these gaps. Ice formation was shown to have a significant concentrating impact on the levels of HCHs in the water just beneath the ice. In the spring, when snow melt water percolates into the ice delivering HCHs to the upper ocean via desalination by flushing, levels of HCHs in the ice can increase by up to 2-18% and 4-32% for α- and γ-HCH, respectively. Brine contained within sea ice currently exhibits the highest HCH concentrations in any abiotic Arctic environment, exceeding under-ice water concentrations by a factor of 3 in the spring. Our very recent results have show significantly higher concentrations of HCHs in melt pond surface waters. This enriched surface melt water then percolates into and under the ice, posing a risk for elevated exposures to ice-associated flora and fauna.
The role of the Arctic Ocean in mercury cycling in the Arctic [7-13]: The rapid and high bioaccumulation of mercury in marine mammals and its spatial and temporal variations have been a major puzzle in the Arctic and a great concern with respect to animal and human health. While extensive efforts to date have focused on the monitoring and chemistry of mercury atmospheric processes, the development of mass budget estimates of mercury in the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay strongly imply that the importance of the oceans in and of themselves have been greatly overlooked. These findings have resulted in a total restructuring of
Curriculum vitae 122 Canada Foundation for Innovation Gary Stern
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years efforts by many programs and investigators, national and international, on the study of mercury processes in Arctic marine ecosystems. This led to the striking discovery that marine biota (bacteria to marine mammals) represent only a small fraction (~1%) of the existing total mercury and methyl mercury inventories in each of these water masses. The inertia associated with these large non-biological reservoirs means that ‘bottom-up’ processes are probably incapable of explaining recent biotic mercury trends, contrary to prevailing opinion. Instead, within system processes such as increasing methylation rates, increasing primary productivity, changing food web structures and/or animal feeding habitat or behaviour (all susceptible to ecological, climatic and biogeochemical influences), may be the driving forces behind the observed changes. These finding also suggest that deep and sustained cuts to global anthropogenic mercury emissions will be required to return biotic mercury levels to their natural state.
The effects of a climate induced increase in primary productivity on biotic contaminant exposure in Arctic and sub-Arctic freshwater lakes [14-19]: Our research in this area has shown unequivocally that contaminant increases in freshwater systems can be attributed to a corresponding climate induced increase in algal-derived organic matter. Suspended sediments scavenge hydrophobic contaminants from the lake water surfaces, thereby acting as a “concentrator” for these compounds in the water column and bottom sediments which, in turn, enhances their bioavailability. In a recent paper, using temporal data generated by the monitoring of contaminant levels in Mackenzie River burbot since the early 1980s, it was reported that the mercury, PCB and DDT levels in these fish have increased by 5-, 3- and 2-fold, respectively, since 1994. Most importantly, we were able to directly link this increased exposure to the climate driven increase in primary productivity. These results are completely contrary to the prevailing paradigm that levels in Arctic biota should continue to decline in consort with declining global contaminant emissions and usage and have major implications for communities who consume these fish as part of their traditional diets.
Curriculum vitae 123 Canada Foundation for Innovation Gary Stern
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Selected publications; 1) Foster, K.L.; Stern, G.A.; Carrie, J.; Bailey, J.N-L.; Outridge, P.; Sanei, H.; Macdonald, R.W. Spatial, temporal, and source variations of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine sediments from Baffin Bay, eastern Canadian Arctic. In review, Biogeochemistry, May 2014. 2) Pucko, M.; Walkusz, W.; Macdonald, R.W.; Barber, D.G.; Fuchs, C.; Stern, G.A., 2013, Importance of Arctic zooplankton seasonal migrations for α-Hexachlorocyclohexane bioaccumulation dynamics. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 4155-4163. 3) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Barber, D.G.; Macdonald, R.W.; Warner, K.A.; Fuchs, C., 2012. Mechanisms and implications of α-HCH enrichment in melt pond water on Arctic sea ice, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 11862– 11869. 4) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Macdonald, R.W.; Rosenberg. B.; Barber, D.G. 2011. The influence of the atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean interactions on the levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the Arctic cryosphere. JGR, 116:C02035 12p. 5) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Macdonald, R.W.; Barber, D.G. 2010. α- and γ-HCH measurements in the brine fraction of sea ice in the Canadian High Arctic using a sump-hole technique. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 9258-9264. 6) Pucko, M.; Stern, G.A.; Barber, D.G.; Macdonald, R.W.; Rosenberg, B. 2010. International Polar Year (IPY) Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study: the importance of brine processes for α- and γ- HCH accumulation/rejection in the sea ice. Atm.-Oceans, 48 (4) 2010, 0–00 doi:10.3137/OC318.2010. 7) Pucko, M.; Burt, A.; Walkusz, W.; Wang, F.; Macdonald, R.W.; Rysgaard, S.; Barber, D.G.; Tremblay, J-E.; Stern, G.A., Transformation of mercury at the bottom of the Arctic food web: An Over looked puzzle in the mercury toxicity narrative. Environ. Sci. Tech., In press. 8) Burt, A.; Wang, F.; Pucko, M.; Mundy, C-J.; Gosselin, M.; Philippe, B.; Poulin, M.; Tremblay, J-E.; Stern, G.A., 2013, Mercury uptake within an ice algal community during the spring bloom in first-year Arctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20380. 9) Foster, K.L.; Stern, G.A.; Pazerniuk, M.A.; Hickie, B.; Walkusz, W.; Wang, F.; Macdonald, R.W., 2012, Mercury biomagnification in marine zooplankton food webs in Hudson Bay, Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 12952-12959. 10) Wang, F.; Macdonald, R.W.; Armstrong, D.A.; Stern, G.A., 2012. Total and methylated mercury in the Beaufort Sea: The role of local and recent organic remineralization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 11821–11828. 11) Stern, G.A. et al. 2012. How does climate change influence arctic mercury?, Sci. Total Environ. 414, 22–42. 12) Chaulk, A.; Stern, G.A.; Armstrong, D.; Barber, D.G.; Wang, F., 2011. Mercury distribution and transport across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface in the western Arctic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 1866-1872. 13) Hare A.A.; Stern, G.A.; Kuzyk, Z.A.; Macdonald, R.W.; Johannessen, S.C.; Wang. F. 2010. Natural and anthropogenic mercury distribution in marine sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 5805–5811. 14) Sanei, H.; Outridge, P.M.; Stern, G.; Macdonald, R.W. 2014. Classification of mercury–labile organic matter relationships in lake sediments Chemical Geology 373, 87–92. 15) Carrie, J.; Wang, F.; Sanei, H; Macdonald, R.W.; Outridge, P.M.; Stern, G.A. 2010. Increasing contaminant burdens in an Arctic fish, burbot (Lota lota), in a warming climate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 316-322.
Curriculum vitae 124 Canada Foundation for Innovation Gary Stern
List of published contributions
16) Stern, G.A.; Sanei, H.; DeLaronde, J.; Roach, P. Outridge, P.M. 2009. Historical interrelated variations of mercury and aquatic organic matter in lake sediment cores from a sub-arctic lake in Yukon, Canada: Further evidence toward the algal-mercury scavenging hypothesis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7684–7690. 17) Outridge, P.M.; Sanei, H.; Stern, G.A.; Hamilton, P.B.; Goodarzi. F. 2007. Evidence for control of mercury accumulation rates in Canadian High Arctic lake sediments by variations in aquatic primary productivity. Environ Sci. Technol., 41, 5259–5265.
Curriculum vitae 125 Canada Foundation for Innovation Gary Stern
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Baselines, accumulation and cycling Aboriginal Affairs and Northern and of hydrocarbons in Beaufort Development Canada (AANDC) W $200,000 2014 2017 sediments and biota Environmental Studies Research Gary Stern Fund
Petroleum hydrocarbons in Aboriginal Affairs and Northern invertebrates at the base of marine Development Canada (AANDC) W $55,250 2013 2015 food webs in Baffin Bay Nunuvut General Monitoring Plan Gary Stern
Western and central high Arctic Integrated Regional Impact Study Network Centres of Excellence W $87,500 2011 2015 (IRIS 1) ArcticNet Gary Stern
Ecosystem cycling of metals near gold and diamond deposits of the Slave Geological Province, NWT: De Beers Canada Implications for the environmental W $45,000 2012 2014 De Beers Canada monitoring of potential contaminant metals under a changing climate. Gary Stern
Networks of Centres of Excellence Ship time request for F/V Frosti (NCE) W $51,500 2012 2014 Gary Stern ArcticNet
Temporal trends of heavy metals and halogenated organic compounds in Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Hendrickson Island, Sanikiluaq and Development Canada (AANDC) W $39,390 2010 2014 Pangnirtung beluga Northern Contaminants Program Gary Stern
Temporal trends of organohalogen Indian and Northern Affairs and heavy metal contaminants in (Canada) W $22,880 2010 2014 burbot from Fort Good Hope, N.W.T. Northern Contaminants Program Gary Stern
Long term trends of halogenated organic contaminants and metals Aboriginal Affairs and Northern in lake trout from two Yukon Lakes; Development Canada (AANDC) W $30,833 2010 2014 Kusawa and Laberge Northern Contaminants Program Gary Stern
Effects of climate change on carbon and contaminant cycling in the Arctic Networks of Centres of Excellence coastal and marine ecosystems: (NCE) W $155,355 2009 2014 Impacts, prognosis and adaptations ArcticNet strategies Gary Stern
Curriculum vitae 126 Canada Foundation for Innovation Gary Stern
Research or technology development funding
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Baselines, accumulation, cycling and Aboriginal Affairs and Northern potential effects of hydrocarbons in Development Canada (AANDC) W $164,200 2012 2013 Beaufort sediments and biota BREA (Beaufort Sea Regional Gary Stern Environmental Assessment)
Spatial and temporal variations of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine Aboriginal Affairs and Northern sediments of Baffin Bay, Eastern Development Canada (AANDC) W $44,000 2011 2013 Canadian Arctic. Nunavut General Monitoring Plan Gary Stern
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Impacts of climate change on Development Canada (AANDC) contaminants in consumed fish W $39,800 2011 2013 Cumulative Impact Monitoring Gary Stern Program
Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study Government of Canada - Contaminants W $102,375 2007 2011 International Polar Year Gary Stern
Curriculum vitae 127 Feiyue Wang Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Wang First name and initials Feiyue F. Institution University of Manitoba Position Professor Department/Division Environment and Geography
Mailing address
Center for Earth Observation ScienceDepartment of Environment and GeographyUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba CANADA R3T 2N2
Contact information
Telephone 1-204-474-6250 Extension Fax 1-204-474-7608 Email address [email protected] Web address http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~wangf
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country Peking University, China , Doctorate 1995 Environ. Geochemistry CHINA
Wuhan University, China , Bachelor's 1990 Environ. Chemistry CHINA
Printed on2014-06-27 128 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords Environmental chemistry, biogeochemistry, aquatic chemistry, cryospheric chemistry, analytical chemistry, metal speciation and bioavailability, sulfide and polysulfide chemistry, ICP-MS, in situ analysis
Discipline ENVIRONMENT Subdiscipline Water Quality : Pollution
Discipline GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY Subdiscipline Environmental Geochemisty
Discipline ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Subdiscipline Analytical Spectroscopy
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Full Professor, University of Manitoba Environment & Geography / Chemistry 2009
Visiting Professor, Harvard University Earth and Planetary Sciences 2010 2010
Associate Professor, University of Manitoba Environment & Geography / Chemistry 2003 2009
Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba Environment & Geography / Chemistry 2000 2003
NSERC Industrial Research Fellow, EVS Environment 1998 2000 Environment Consultants
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, INRS-ETE Environment 1996 1998
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Chinese Res. Center for Eco-Environ. Sci. 1995 1996 Academy of Sciences
Curriculum vitae 129 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS IN LAST 5 YEARS - 45 papers in refereed journals (lifetime total 95); 11 published book chapters/technical reports (lifetime total 14). - h index: 27 (Institute for Scientific Information), 31 (Google Scholars), - Total citation times: 2034 (Institute for Scientific Information), 3225 (Google Scholars),
MOST SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS IN LAST 5 YEARS
My research focuses on molecular-level processes of trace metal contaminants across environmental and bio- interfaces, and how such processes operate on regional to global scales under different geological, ecological, and climatic settings. Most significant research contributions are summarized below.
1. Mercury biogeochemistry: My group has made major advancement in the understanding of the role of sulfide and selenide in mercury speciation and toxicity. We developed a new methodology for determining mercury speciation in polysulfidic waters, and the first analytical method for the speciation of methylmercury- thiol complexes. We were the first to report analytical evidence of the presence and dominance of methymercuric cysteinate, a complex that is thought to be at the centre of the neurotoxicity of methylmercury, in fish muscle, beluga tissues, and rice grains. We discovered a new pathway for demethylation of methylmercury involving selenoamino acids. We also reported two new pathways for biomineralization of Hg- Se-S nanoparticles. This series of studies offered new insights into understanding and remediating mercury contamination, and resulted in an invited chapter in a Wiley book.
2. Cryospheric chemistry of sea ice: As the Lead Scientist of the CFI-funded Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility, I have recently been exploring the new frontier of sub-zero temperature (Celsius) and high ionic strength cryospheric chemistry as pertinent to the sea ice environment. We are the first to report pH evolution in sea ice, and our paper on mercury distribution in first-year and multi-year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been regarded as “pioneering” by my peer. In collaboration with S. Rysgaard, I have been contributing to fundamental understanding of ikaite formation in sea ice and the resulting “sea ice pump” of CO2. This has resulted in an invitation to contribute a chapter to the upcoming new edition of the standard-setting book Sea Ice.
3. Interaction between chemical contamination and climate change: At the regional to global scale, my research in the Arctic and the Himalayas has shown an increasing role of climate-induced changes in biogeochemical processes on bioaccumulation of contaminants in polar and alpine ecosystems. Based on
Curriculum vitae 130 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years these findings, we proposed that during a rapidly changing climate or environment, emission control of some contaminants may be followed by long delays before ensuing reduction is seen in food-web contaminant levels, which was highlighted in the AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) 2011 report and NCP (Northern Contaminants Program) 2013 report. This series of work resulted in an invitation for sabbatical study at Harvard University (D. Jacob, 2010) to develop a cryospheric mercury model for the Arctic, and invitations to join CHARLEX and AMISOC campaigns in remote islands (Galapagos and Canary, respectively) to further test the hypothesis.
4. Ultra-trace and in situ chemical speciation techniques: In addition to the analytical methods for methylmercury and polysulfide speciation, we also made significant contributions to the development of the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) techniques to measure in situ metal speciation in natural waters. My contribution in this area was recognized by a Sir Allan Sewell Visiting Fellowship (2010) to foster collaborative research with Griffith University, Australia.
OTHER RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN THE PAST 5 YEARS
1. Graduate Student Training (year of completion or expected completion):
Kang Wang, Ph.D. (2016), Mercury methylation in Arctic seawater Mohammad Khan, Ph.D. (2010), Metallomics of methylmercury: role of selenium Jesse Carrie, Ph.D. (2010), Mercury biogeochemistry in the Mackenzie River Basin Marcos Lemes, Ph.D. (2010), Metallomics of methylmercury: role of thiols Alex Hare, Ph.D. (2009), Mercury biogeochemistry in the Hudson Bay Marine System Mark Loewen, Ph.D. (2008), Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau Ashley Elliotte, M.Sc. (2016), Mycosporine-like amino acids in sea ice covered waters Wen Xu, M.Sc. (2015), Cryospheric chemistry of halides Dan Zhu, M.Sc. (2014), Mercury oxidation during the Great Oxidation Events Sarah Beattie, M.Sc. (2014), Mercury transport and transformation in natural and experimental sea ice Breanne Reinfort, M.Env. (2014), Adaptation to mercury contamination in the Canadian Arctic Alexis Burt, M.Sc. (2012), Ecosystem response to atmospheric mercury depletion events in the Arctic Amanda Chaulk, M.Sc. (2011), Mercury speciation and transport across the Arctic cryosphere Jeff Latonas, M.Sc. (2010), Atmospheric mercury deposition into the Arctic Ocean Xiaoxi Hu, M.Env. (2008), Selenium in the aquatic environment of southern Manitoba
2. PDF Training
Alex Hare, 2011-2014, pH evolution in the sea ice environment Marcos Lemes, 2010-present, Mercury speciation in marine ecosystems Ren Zhang, 2008-2010, Environmental geochemistry of uranium
3. Training of Technicians
Amanda Chaulk, 2011-2013, Technician Debbie Armstrong, 2004-present, Technician
4. Awards
Curriculum vitae 131 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
2010, Sir Allan Sewell Visiting Fellowship Award, Griffith University, Australia
5. Invited Visiting Professorship
2010, Invited Visiting Professor, Harvard University, USA 2010, Invited Visiting Professor, Griffith University, Australia
6. Journal Editorship
2011-2013, Editorial Board, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
7. Professional Services
2014 - present, Chair, Environment Division of the Chemical Institute of Canada
2012 - present, International Science Advisory Board, Villem Station (Station Nord), Greenland
2009 - present, Co-organizer, session chair, and invited speaker of more than a dozen scientific conferences;
8. Member, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), Geochemistry Society, etc.
9. Peer reviewer for various journals (e.g., Environ. Sci. Technol., Marine Chemistry, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta) and funding agencies (e.g., NSERC, CFI, NSF, DOE).
Curriculum vitae 132 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
Selected Journal Papers:
95. Pućko M., Burt A., Walkusz W., Wang F., Macdonald R.W., Rysgaard S., Barber D.G., Tremblay J.-É., and Stern G.A., 2014. Transformation of mercury at the bottom of the Arctic food web: an overlooked puzzle in the mercury exposure narrative. Environ. Sci. Technol. (in press). 93. Beattie S., Armstrong D., Chaulk A., Comte J., Gosselin M., and Wang F. 2014. Total and methylated mercury in Arctic multiyear sea ice. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 5575-5582, doi:10.1021/es5008033. 92. Hare A.A., Kuzyk Z.Z., Macdonald R.W., Sanei H., Barber D., Stern G.A., and Wang F. 2014. Characterization of sedimentary organic matter in recent marine sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada, by Rock Eval pyrolysis. Org. Geochem. 68, 52-60. 91. Wang F., Saiz-Lopez A., Mahajan A.S., Gómez Martín, J.C., Armstrong D., Lemes M., Hay T., Prados- Roman C. 2014. Enhanced production of oxidised mercury over the tropical Pacific Ocean: A key missing oxidation pathway. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 1323-1335. 90. Geilfus N.-X., Galley R.J., Cooper M., Halden N., Hare A., Wang F., Søgaard D.H., and Rysgaard S. 2013. Gypsum crystals observed in experimental and natural sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 1-6. 89. Burt A., Wang F., Pućko M., Mundy, C.-J., Gosselin M., Philippe B., Poulin M., Tremblay, J.E., and Stern G.A. 2013. Mercury uptake within an ice algal community during the spring bloom in first-year Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20380. 88. Hare A.A., Wang F., Barber D., Geilfus N.-X., Galley R., and Rysgaard S. 2013. pH evolution in sea ice grown at an outdoor experimental facility. Mar. Chem. 154, 46-54. 86. Ostertag S.K., Stern G.A., Wang F., Lemes M., and Chan H.M., 2013. Mercury distribution and speciation in different brain regions of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Sci. Total Environ. 456-457, 278-286. 84. Wang F. and Zhang J. 2013. Mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems under a changing environment: Implications for the Three Gorges Reservoir. Chin. Sci. Bull. 58, 141-149. 82. Wang F., Macdonald R., Armstrong D., and Stern G. 2012. Total and methylated mercury in the Beaufort Sea: The role of local and recent organic remineralization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 11821–11828. 71. Lemes M., Wang F., Stern G.A., Ostertag S., and Chan H.M. 2011. Methylmercury and selenium speciation in different tissues of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Western Canadian Arctic. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 30, 2732-2738. 70. Chaulk A., Stern G.A., Armstrong D., Barber D., and Wang F. 2011. Mercury distribution and transport across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface in the Arctic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 1866-1872. 68. Hare A.A., Stern G.A., Kuzyk Z.Z., Macdonald R.W., Johannessen S.C., and Wang F. 2010. Natural and anthropogenic mercury distribution in marine sediments from Hudson Bay, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 5805-5811. 66. Wang F., Macdonald R.W., Stern G.A., and Outridge P.M. 2010. When noise becomes the signal: Chemical contamination of aquatic ecosystems under a changing climate. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60. 1633-1635. 65. Khan M.A.K. and Wang F. 2010. Chemical demethylation of methylmercury by selenoamino acids. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23, 1202-1206. 62. Carrie J., Wang F., Sanei H., Macdonald R., Outridge P., and Stern G. 2010. Increasing contaminant burdens in an Arctic fish, burbot (Lota lota), in a warming climate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 316-322.
Curriculum vitae 133 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
List of published contributions
56. Li W., Wang F., Zhang W., and Evans D. 2009. Measurement of stable and radioactive cesium in natural waters by the diffusive gradients in thin films technique with new selective binding phases. Anal. Chem. 81, 5889-5895. 53. Wang F. and Tessier A. 2009. Zero-valent sulfur and metal speciation in sediment porewaters of freshwater lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7252–7257. 52. Lemes M. and Wang F. 2009. Methylmercury speciation in fish muscle by HPLC-ICP-MS following enzymatic hydrolysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 24, 663-668.
Curriculum vitae 134 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Water and Sanitation Security in First NSERC Nations Communities (H2O CREATE) CREATE W $300,000 2014 2018 Farenhorst A. 8
NSERC Canadian Arctic GEOTRACES CCAR W $1,000,000 2013 2018 Francois R. 24
NSERC/CIHR/SSHRC ArcticNet Phase II NCE W $5,000,000 2011 2018 Fortier L. 16
Cryospheric Chemistry of Mercury in NSERC Sea Ice Discovery W $55,000 2011 2016 Wang F. 40
Instrumental Suite for High-Resolution Ice-Ocean Interface and Boundary NSERC Layer Process Studies in the Research Tools and Instruments W $106,945 2014 2015 Canadian Arctic 8 Ehn J.
Sediment Traps for Studying the Fate NSERC of Organic Matter and Associated Research Tools and Instruments W $78,000 2014 2015 Contaminants in the Arctic Ocean 8 Kuzyk Z.Z.
Mercury and methyl mercury profiles Indian and Northern Affairs in the Arctic Ocean Northern Contaminants Program W $60,850 2013 2014 Wang F. 16
Methylmercury speciation in Arctic Indian and Northern Affairs marine ecosystems Northern Contaminants Program W $44,275 2011 2012 Wang F. 16
Interaction between chemical University of Manitoba contamination and climate change: URGP and Riddell Endowment W $14,000 2010 2011 evidence from the Galapagos 16 Wang F.
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Federal Government Study IPY W $1,600,000 2007 2011 Barber D. 40
NSERC/CIHR/SSHRC ArcticNet NCE W $4,000,000 2004 2011 Fortier L. 20
TiO2 as a Cost Effective Uranium NSERC Getter for Uranium Contaminated Supplementary Strategic Program W $99,990 2008 2010 Sites 20
Curriculum vitae 135 Canada Foundation for Innovation Feiyue Wang
Research or technology development funding
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Wang F.
Metal-thiol complexs in the aquatic NSERC environment Discovery W $42,400 2006 2010 Wang F. 80
Metals in the Human Environment NSERC Research Network Research Networks W $1,000,000 2005 2010 Hale B. 24
A Sea-ice Environmental Research CFI Facility (SERF) LOF W $973,127 2008 2009 Wang F. 16
Coal and Sediment as a Mercury Environment Canada Source to the Mackenzie River and Northern Ecosystem Iniatives W $45,000 2007 2009 Stern G. 16
Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System NSERC Study IPY W $24,700 2007 2009 Barber D. 24
Curriculum vitae 136 John Yackel Curriculum vitae
Identification
Family Name Yackel First name and initials John J Institution University of Calgary Position Professor Department/Division Geography
Mailing address
Department of GeographyEarth Sciences 356University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta CANADA T2N 1N2
Contact information
Telephone 403-220-4892 Extension Fax 403-282-6561 Email address [email protected] Web address http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~fcaf/yackel.htm
Academic background
Degree type Year received or expected Discipline/Field/Speciality Institution and country University of Manitoba , Doctorate 2001 Sea Ice, Remote Sensing CANADA
University of Calgary , Master's 1995 Climatology CANADA
Wilfrid Laurier University , Bachelor's 1991 Physical Geography CANADA
Printed on2014-06-27 137 Canada Foundation for Innovation John Yackel
Area(s) of expertise
Keywords Microwave Remote Sensing, Snow Covered Sea Ice, Microclimatology, Microwave Scattering, Geographic Information Systems, Geophysical Inversion, Modelling
Discipline OCEANOGRAPHY Subdiscipline Physical Oceanography
Discipline GEOPHYSICS Subdiscipline Physical Geography
Discipline GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Subdiscipline Remote Sensing
Work experience Period
Position/Organization Department/Division Start date End date Professor, University of Calgary Geography 2013
Associate Professor, University of Calgary Geography 2005 2013
Assistant Professor, University of Calgary Geography 2000 2005
Ph.D. Candidate, University of Manitoba Geography 1998 2001
Instructor, University of Manitoba Geography and Education 1997 2000
Research Scientist, University of Manitoba Geography 1995 2000
Ph.D. Student, University of Manitoba Geography 1995 1998
Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Geography 1995 1997 Manitoba
Digital Terrain Analyst, Intera Information Starmap 1993 1995 Technologies Corp
M.Sc. Student, University of Calgary Geography 1991 1995
Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Geography 1991 1993 Calgary
Computer Operator, Mississauga Hospital Information Systems 1989 1991
B.A. (Honours) Student, Wilfrid Laurier University Geography 1987 1991
Curriculum vitae 138 Canada Foundation for Innovation John Yackel
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
This section provides details on research or technology development contributions over the past five years. It should include: • the most significant contributions to research/technology development (refereed articles, monographs, books, patents, copyright, products, services, technology transfer, other forms of research output), • the significance in terms of influence and impact on the target community for the most important contributions; and • other activities that show the impact of the work, such as research training, awards, consulting, contributions to professional practice or public policy, and membership on committees, boards, or policy-making bodies.
Fuller, M. Christopher., Gill., Jagvijay. P. S., Geldsetzer, T.,Yackel, J.J., and Derksen, C., 2014. C-band backscatter from a complexly-layered snow cover on first-year sea ice. Hydrological Processes. DOI: 10.1002/ hyp.10255.
This recently published paper tackles the challenging task of investigating complexly configured/layered snow on sea ice in the light of Arctic warming and the increasing frequency of rain on snow (and subsequent freeze/thaw) events during the spring transition season. These events create complexity and difficulty in our interpretation of synthetic aperture radar images from space and make our interpretation of the icescape and its physical characteristics challenging.
Hossain, M., J. Yackel, M. Dabboor, M.C. Fuller., 2014. Application of a three-component scattering model over snow-covered first-year sea ice using polarimetric C-band SAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35(5), 1786-1803.
This simple, but novel model is applied to the case of first-year sea ice classification from polarimetric SAR imagery and evaluated with in situ validation data from an Arctic sea ice field campaign. The model simplifies the first-sea ice type continuum into smooth, rough and very rough categories and concludes that the model could be used to estimate the catchment topography for providing first order estimates of the snow thickness distribution on first-year sea ice.
Gill, J.P.S., J.J. Yackel and T. Geldsetzer., 2013. Analysis of consistency in first-year sea ice classification potential of C-band SAR polarimetric parameters. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(2), 101-117.
An important paper on the reproducibility of polarimetric SAR image classification techniques and the potential misclassification that can arise under certain thermodynamic and geophysical conditions with snow covered first-year sea ice. This paper will be useful for Canadian and International Sea Ice Services as they begin to explore the utility of select polarimetric SAR parameters for sea ice type, concentration and thermodynamic stage classification.
Scharien, R. K., J. J. Yackel, D. G. Barber, M. Asplin, M. Gupta, and D. Isleifson (2012), Geophysical controls on C band polarimetric backscatter from melt pond covered Arctic first-year sea ice: Assessment using high- resolution scatterometry, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00G18, doi:10.1029/2011JC007353.
Curriculum vitae 139 Canada Foundation for Innovation John Yackel
Research/Technology development contributions in the last five years
Again, a new and important paper on the unique contributions that polarimetric SAR can make on estimating the melt stage of first-year sea ice with an evolving melt pond cover. The papers most important result is the identification and conclusion that the co-polarization ratio is a hallmark parameter for the estimation of melt pond fraction, which recently was assessed to be an important parameter in the estimate in the pan-Arctic sea ice minimum extent in September (Flocco et al., 2014)
Tivy, A., S.E.L. Howell, B. Alt, J.J. Yackel, and T. Carrieres. 2011. Origins and levels of seasonal forecast skill for sea ice in Hudson Bay using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Journal of Climate. Vol 24, No. 5, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3527.1.
The paper provided one of few pieces of evidence that multivariate statistical techniques play an important role is seasonal ice forecasting. It demonstrated that the Hudson Bay sea ice cover in July can be mostly explained by sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic as manifested by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) during the preceding fall.
Tivy, A., S.E.L. Howell, B. Alt, S. McCourt, G. Crocker, T. Carrieres and J.J. Yackel. 2011. Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960 to 2008 and 1968-2008. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. Vol. 116, C03007, doi:10.1029/2009JC005855.
The this highly cited paper provides a synthesis and summary of sea ice type and concentration data in the Canadian Arctic from the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive. It compares and contrasts two time period; 1960 to 2008 and 1968-2008, and highlights the role of ENSO in predicting multiyear and first-year sea ice types in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Emphasis is placed on the potential effect these changing trends and patterns have on the Northwest Passage sea routes and implications for ship navigability.
T. Geldsetzer, A. Langlois and J. Yackel., 2009. Dielectric properties of brine-wetted snow on first-year sea ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 58(1-2), 47-56.
This paper presents measurements, empirical models and a semi-physical dielectric mixture model for the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of brine-wetted snow on first-year sea ice over frequency ranges between 10 and 50 MHz. Nearly all dielectric measurements of snow covered first-year sea ice fall within this range and because nearly all of the dielectric measurements made of snow covered first-year sea ice include brine within the basal layer of the snow. These dielectric properties of the snow cover on first-year sea ice are paramount towards understanding microwave backscatter signatures from this surface type.
Curriculum vitae 140 Canada Foundation for Innovation John Yackel
List of published contributions
This section provides a list of the most significant published contributions (e.g. submitted and/or published articles, patents, technical reports) over the past five years.
JJ Yackel, T Geldsetzer, JPS Gill and G Bhardwaj., 2014. Time Series SeaWinds/QuikScat and MODIS albedo observations over landfast first-year sea ice for snow thickness discrimination. Remote Sensing of Environment, (in review).
M.C. Fuller., JPS Gill, T. Geldsetzer, J.J. Yackel and C. Derksen, 2014. C-band backscatter from a complexly- layered snow cover on first-year sea ice. Hydrological Processes. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10255.
M Hossain, J Yackel, M Dabboor, MC Fuller., 2014. Application of a three-component scattering model over snow-covered first-year sea ice using polarimetric C-band SAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 35 (5), 1786-1803.
JPS Gill, JJ Yackel, T Geldsetzer., 2013. Analysis of consistency in first-year sea ice classification potential of C-band SAR polarimetric parameters. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (02), 101-117.
M Dabboor, J Yackel, M Hossain, A Braun., 2013. Comparing matrix distance measures for unsupervised POLSAR data classification of sea ice based on agglomerative clustering. International Journal of Remote Sensing 34 (4), 1492-1505.
RK Scharien, JJ Yackel, DG Barber, M Asplin, M Gupta, D Isleifson., 2012. Geophysical controls on C band polarimetric backscatter from melt pond covered Arctic firstyear sea ice: Assessment using highresolution scatterometry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 117 (C8).
JPS Gill and JJ Yackel., 2012. Evaluation of C-band SAR polarimetric parameters for discrimination of first- year sea ice types Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 38 (03), 306-323.
JW Kim, D Kim, SH Kim, BJ Hwang, J Yackel., 2012. Detection of Icebergs Using Full-Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 SAR Data in West Antarctica. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 28 (1).
A Tivy, SEL Howell, B Alt, S McCourt, R Chagnon, G Crocker, T Carrieres, and J Yackel., 2011. Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans (1978–2012) 116 (C3).
A Tivy, SEL Howell, B Alt, JJ Yackel, T Carrieres., 2011. Origins and Levels of Seasonal Forecast Skill for Sea Ice in Hudson Bay Using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Journal of Climate 24 (5).
RK Scharien, T Geldsetzer, DG Barber, JJ Yackel, A Langlois., 2010. Physical, dielectric, and C band microwave scattering properties of firstyear sea ice during advanced melt. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978–2012) 115 (C12).
Curriculum vitae 141 Canada Foundation for Innovation John Yackel
List of published contributions
EJ Stewart, SEL Howell, D Draper, J Yackel, A Tivy., 2010. Cruise tourism in Arctic Canada: Navigating a warming climate. Tourism and change in polar regions.
Curriculum vitae 142 Canada Foundation for Innovation John Yackel
Research or technology development funding
This table lists support held over the past five years as an applicant or co-applicant for grants and contracts from all sources, including industry and academic/research institutions. Support can be either under review (R) or awarded (W).
Funding source Support Period Title of proposal Program name Name of Principal Applicant / Time commitment (hours per Average amount Project Leader month) R, W per year From To Faculty of Arts, University of Research Support Calgary W $40,000 2013 2017 J. Yackel 5
Derivation of snow thickness information on sea ice using in-situ NSERC and satellite based multi-frequency Discovery Grant W $22,000 2010 2014 polarimetric scatterometer and SAR 10 data J. Yackel
Derivation of snow thickness information on sea ice using in-situ NSERC and satellite based multi-frequency Northern Research Supplement W $15,000 2010 2014 polarimetric scatterometer and SAR 5 data J. Yackel
ArcticNET - Hudson Bay IRIS 3 NSERC Sea Ice, Climate Change and the Network of Centres of Excellence W $18,000 2010 2014 Marine Ecosystem - Phase 3 of Canada D. Barber 15
Arctic-ICE – 2012 Canadian Ice Service - Multi-frequency Microwave Environment Canada Backscatter of snow covered first-year W $20,000 2012 2012 GRIP sea ice 5 J. Yackel
IPY-CFL: International Polar Year - NSERC Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study Sea Ice $15,000 2009 2010 D. Barber 10
Curriculum vitae 143 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Suggested reviewers
The decision whether or not to use the suggestions remains with the CFI.
Name Kenneth Lee Institution/Organization Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Country AUSTRALIA Email [email protected] Telephone 61-8-64368629 Fax Online CV or biography http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Flagships/Wealth-from-Oceans- Flagship/KennethLee.aspx Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Offshore oil & gas, Ocean renewable energy, Oil spill research
Name Don Perovich Institution/Organization Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth Country CANADA Email [email protected] Telephone 1-603-6460743 Fax Online CV or biography http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/people/faculty/donald-perovich/ Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Sea ice geophysics; the interaction of sunlight with ice and snow; the Arctic system and climate change
Name Seelye Martin Institution/Organization University of Washington Country UNITED STATES Email [email protected] Telephone 1-206-5436438 Fax Online CV or biography http://www.ocean.washington.edu/home/Seelye+Martin Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Remote sensing of ice growth & melting; oceanography processes of Arctic Ocean & Okhotsk Sea
Suggested reviewers Proposal 144 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Name Peter Wadhams Institution/Organization University of Cambridge Country ENGLAND Email [email protected] Telephone 44-0-1223760372 Fax Online CV or biography http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/pw11/ Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Sea Ice, dynamics, motion tracking, oil in sea ice
Name Steve Blasco Institution/Organization Natural Resources Canada - Geological Survey Country CANADA Email [email protected] Telephone 1-902-4263932 Fax Online CV or biography https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/trailblazers/steve-blasco/3477 Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Geohazards, geology, multibeam ocean mapping, paleoceanography
Name Stig Falk Petersen Institution/Organization Aukvaplan Niva Country NORWAY Email [email protected] Telephone 47-95-111914 Fax Online CV or biography www.akvaplan.niva.no Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Ecology; Arctic bioenergetics of pelagic, bottom fishes & invertebrates; energy flow & bioaccumulation pollutants
Suggested reviewers Proposal 145 Canada Foundation for Innovation Project number 33089
Name Rolf Gradinger Institution/Organization University of Alaska, Fairbanks Country UNITED STATES Email [email protected] Telephone 1-907-4747407 Fax 1-907-4747204 Online CV or biography https://www.sfos.uaf.edu/directory/faculty/gradinger/ Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Sea ice ecology; microbial network; polar ecology; marine protists
Name Roland Von Glascow Institution/Organization University of East Anglia Country UNITED KINGDOM Email [email protected] Telephone 44-1603-593204 Fax Online CV or biography http://www.uea.ac.uk/~fkd06bju/ Area(s) of expertise (keywords) Chemistry and physics of the atmosphere
Suggested reviewers Proposal 146