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The World Since 1900 Tony Howarth The World Since 1900 Tony Howarth Second Edition by Josh Brooman LONGMAN PEARSON EDUCATION Lliv!ITED Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Acknowledgements Essex CM20 2/E, EJ1gln11,l awl Associated Compa11ies flznmgho11t tfie l;\lorld. \Ve arc grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright nuteriJI: Published in the United States of AmericJ. Andre Deutsch and Holt, Rinehart and Winston for a table from Thi: Secnnd World War by by Longman Inc., New York Henri .i\·[ichel © 1968 by Press Univcrsiuires de France, Translation 1£) Andre Deutsch 1975, reprinted by permission of Holt, Rinehart and Winston and AndrCDeutsch and Press © Longman Group Limited 1979 Uni\'ersitaires de France; Cambridge University Press for figures from China's Enmomtc © Longman Group UK Limited 1987 Rerolutio11 by A. Eckstein (1977) and Cambridge Economic Histor)' of Europe, Vol. VI, P,1rt 1, by D.V. Glass and E. Grebenik; Frank Cass & Co. Ltd for figures from A Short History All rights reserved; no pnrf of tfiis publirntioll of Economic Progn·ss by Y.S. Brenner (1969); Cissell pie for the map 'The Allies i'vleet' may be reprod11ccd, stored i11 a retrieval system, from History oft/it• Sceond World War by B.H. Liddell-Hart; Wm. Dawson & Sons Ltd for by or tm11s111itted in a11y form or ally 111ea11s, elcctro11ic, figures from A Political Ge()graphy of Post-War E11ropt' by Dr J\'1. Blacksel1; Delacorte Press mechmiicnl, photocopying, recordiltg, or of he noise, Inc. for extracts from Europt· 1919-45 by R.A.C. P.trker; The Hamlyn Group for figures without the prior writtcu permission of the Publishers from War 1'!t'llwries of D. Lloyd Georgi: by D. Lloyd-Georgc1 Odhams, Vol. r (1938); or a licence per111itti,1g restricted Copying in the United Harper and Row Publisher!'> Inc. for extracts and Figure 2 (p. 18) from America's Greatc·st Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Depression £929-19,Jt by Lester V. Chandler© 1970 by Lester V. Chandler, reprinted by 90 Totte,1/111111 Court Road, London, l1VlP 9HE. permission of Harper and Row Publishers Inc; Her ivlajesty's Stationery Office for figures from Race Relations in Britain, 2nd edition 1977, by Centrnl Office of Information, First published 1979 Reference Pamphlet 108; Dr Walter Kumpman for figures from History of the World Second edition 1987 Eronomy i11 the' 20th Cmwry, Vol. IV-Thi: World in Dt'prt'ssio11 £929-1939 by C.P. Third impression with additions 1989 Kindlcberger, published by Penguin Books Ltd; Alfred A. Knopf for map redrawn from Thirteenth impression 1999 The Emagt'11a of the Middle East: 1914-1924 by HowJrcl M. Sachar, r969; figures from Impart of Westall Man, Copyright© 1982, 1966 by William Woodrull~ Universit_y Press of Set in 10/12 poi11t El1rl1ardt (Lasercomp) America Inc.; Chi1111 1111d tltt' World silli:e 1949 by \Vang Gung \Va, by permission of Printed in Si11gnpore (COS) Macmillan, London and Basingstoke; Macmillan, St. l\ iartin 's Press Inc, for figures from British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Weimar and tlte Rise of Hit/a by A.J. Nicholls (1928); Campbell, Thompson, ivlcLaughlin Ltd, for materiJl from /111frpc111/mt Eastan Europe by© C.A. i\facartncy and t\.W. Palmer I Iowarth, Tony 1962; Monthly Review Press for figures from China's Economy and the 1\fooist 5,'tr11tegy by Twentieth century history: the world J.G. Gurley© 1976 by John G. Gurle)', reprinted by permission of monthly Review Press; since 1900.- 2nd ed. Penguin Books Ltd for figures from Au Eco110111ic History ofthe USSR by Alec Nove (Allen 1. History, Modern - 20th century Lane, The Penguin Press, 1969; Pelican Books 1972), pp. 146, 180, 186, 191, 225, © Alce 1. Title IL Brooman, Josh Nove r969, and an extract from a table in The Economic History of World Population by 909.82 D421 C.M. Cipolla (Pelir.:;m original, 1974) 1 p. 96, 1978, p. 98, © c.rvL Cipoll.i, 1962 1 1964, 1965, 1967 1970, 1974, reprinted by permission of Penguin Books Ltd; Rand McNally & ISBN 0-582-33209-5 1 Co. for an adapted version of the map 'The YeJrs Between World Wars' from These' States Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data United, Rand J\kNally Atl.1s of American History© 1974; The Twentieth Century Fund for figures from World Population and Production: Trends 1111d Outlook by \V.S. \Voytinsky Howarth, Tony and E.S. \Voytinsky © 1953 by the Twentieth Century Fund Inc., New York; United Twentieth century history. Nations for figures from The United Nations Demographic yearbook from p. 405 © "By arrangement with the British Broadcasting United Nations 1948; pp. 558-73 © United Nations 1957; pp. 138-41 © United Nations Company" - T.p. Verso. 1962; pp. 280-95 © United Nations 1966; pp. 139-46, 392-413 © United Nations 1975; Includes index. and The Unitt:d Nations Statistical Vearbook form pp. 19-20, 273-741 306 © United Summary: Describes the political and social Nations 1948; pp. 67-78, 98--101, 102-03, 486-92, 568-71, 689-91, 893-97 © United changes throughout the world from 1900 to the Nations 1976; Topham for map redrawn from Purnell History of the Twentieth Cmtury Vol. present day. 5; \Veidenfeld and Nicolson fi.Jr a table from The War Against the Perl's by Dawidowicz, L History, Modern - 20th century - Juvenile figures from the First World War Atlas by Martin Gilbert, and map redrawn from Recmt literature. [I. History, Modern - 20th century] f/istory Atlas, 1966. I. Brooman, Josh. II. Title. D42l.H59 1987 909.82 86-33788 We arc grat~ful to the following for permission to reproduce additional copyright material. ISBN 0-582-33209-5 The author's agentS for the poem 'Bombardment' by Richard Aldington from The Collected Poems of Richard Aldi11gto11 © Catherine Guillaume; Harper and Row Publishers Inc for an By arrangement with the British Broadcasting Corporation extract from the article 'The Decision To Use The Atomic Bomb' by Henry L. Stimson from pp. 38-39 The Atomic Age: Scientists in National mul World Affllirs ed. l\:L Grodzins The publisher's policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. and E. Rabinowitch; Oxford Uni\'ersity Press Inc. for an extract from pp. 112-1t8 The German lnflatio11 of £923 by Fritz K. Ringer (1969); Southern Music Publishing Co Ltd and Cromwell Music Inc for an extract from 1The Coffee S0ng1 words and music by Bob l lilliard and Dick Miles TRO - © Copyright 1946 & renewed 1974 Cromwell Music Inc., New York. We arc grateful to the following for permission to reproduce photographs: Associated Press, page 176; BBC Hulton Picture Library, pages 29 1 97, 155, 205 (UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos); Bettmann Archi\'e, page 101; British Library, page 9; Camera Press, page l99; Alex Henderson for Dµpont/Colorific, p-age 232; The John Hillelson Agency Limited, pJges 151 (photo: Robert Capa), page 249 (photo: Marc Ribound/Magnum), p,1ge 285 (photo: Ernest Cole), page 302 (photo: Sebastio Salgado/Magnum); Imperial War Museum, London, pages 24, r54, 178, 183; The Keystone Collection, page 181; Da\'id King Collection, p.1ge 34; Landesbildstclle, Berlin, page 193; Library of Congress, Washington, page viii; London Express News Service, page 267; Mail Newspapers p.l.c., page 274; National Archives, Washington, page 84; No\'osti Press Agency, page 136; Popperfoto, p,1ges 163, 171, 229; Press Association, p,1gc 72; Si.iddeutscher Verlag Bilderdienst, pages 49, u7, 156, 194; Topham, pages 61, 210; Ullstein IJilderdienst, page Ir 1; USIS, page 222; Roger-Viollet, page 57 (photo: Harlingque-Viollct). Cover: Refugee family from Frankfurt-on-Oder rest in street in Berlin. Possible date, 1945. BBC Hultfin Picture Library. Contents People and Societies I 1 9 The Peace Settlement of 1919-20 39 The People I 'The Road to Versailles 39 Town and Country 2 In Place of Empires 41 Trading Nations 2 Cracks in the Peace 43 Migrants: New Faces, New Places 4 The Other Half S 10 The Fourteenth Point: a League of Nations 44 The Shape of Things to Come S Wilson's League 44 A League of Some Nations 44 2 Lines on the Map 6 The League at Work 46 Nations and Nationalism 6 The World's Empires 6 11 Make Germany Pay! 47 Profits and Losses 8 Threats to the New Republic 47 Independence and Dominions 10 1923-The Ycar of Reckoning 48 Japan and the USA: New Imperialists 11 The Dawes Plan and the Locarno Pact SO Hints of Things to Come 12 12 The Establishment of Fascism in Italy 51 3 Politics Old and New 13 Problems of Italian Democracy SI Critics of Capitalism 13 The Rise of the Fascists 52 Marx and the Workers 13 Mussolini's Dictatorship 53 Patterns of Power 14 4 Towards Disaster: Causes of the Great War 16 13 The Establishment of Communism in Russia, Europe Under Stress 16 1917-24 54 In the West 16 The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 54 In the East 17 Reds and Whites: the Russian Civil War 54 Two Power Blocs and a Plan for War 18 War Communism 55 The Bosnian Connection 18 The New Economic Policy 56 Party Control 56 5 The Great War of 1914-18 21 The Making of the Fronts 21 14 Europe in the Twenties 58 A New Kind of War 22 The Search for Security 58 The Sideshows 22 Communist Russia and the Comintern 59 Empires at War 25 The New States of Eastern Europe 60 War at Sea 26 Competitors for Power in Western Europe 62 6 Peoples at War I 27 15 The Middle East between the Wars 64 Old and New Technologies of War 27 The Break-up of the Turkish Empire 64 Paying the Price 28 Turkish Nationalism 64 Changes on the Home Fronts 29 Persian Nationalism 66 Changes in Attitudes 30 Arab Nationalism 66 The Problem of Palestine 67 7 1917: Russia in War and Revolution 31 Russia in Crisis 31 The March Revolution 31 16 Africa between the Wars
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