2010 ANNUAL REPORT “Physics Is More Than ‘Just Another Subject’ at the School of Physics — There Are Many Opportunities for Interested Students to Go Further

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF PHYSICS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT “Physics is more than ‘just another subject’ at the School of Physics — there are many opportunities for interested students to go further. The researchers here are passionate about what they do and they inspire the same passion in the next generation of scientists.” EMMA LINDLEY BACHELOR OF SCIENCE MAJORING IN PHYSICS AND TSP STUDENT CONTENTS

2 Welcome from the Head of School 3 School of Physics Sta! 6 Teaching & Learning 7 Teaching Report 2010 10 Talented Students Program 11 Student Prizes and Scholarships 12 Physics Outreach 13 The Science Foundation for Physics 14 ISS2011: Light & Matter 15 Research 16 Research Highlights 2010 18 Grant Income 2010 21 Sta! Publications 2010 22 A New Building for Physics: The AIN 24 Research Pro"les 75 Publications 76 Books and Chapters 77 Refereed Journal Publications 93 Refereed Conference Publications 97 Financial Statements

CONTACT School of Physics The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia T +61 2 9351 2537 F +61 2 9351 7726 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/science/physics 2

WELCOME HEAD OF SCHOOL

Professor Clive Baldock The School continued to increase its year-on-year publications Head of School School of Physics with 474 total articles 2010. The School continued in 2010 with healthy numbers in the undergraduate years. Honours and PhD continued to show year-on-year growth. In a School such as the School of Physics there are many events and prizes and success stories. I would like to mention a few key ones. Over 350 people gathered in the Great Hall for the tribute to Harry Messel in May. This event was extremely successful with a number of donations including two $100k donations to support of the International Science School (ISS). ABC Radio National’s It gives me great pleasure to introduce the School of Physics Robyn Williams acted as Master of Ceremonies with speakers Annual Report for 2010. including Lord Robert May of Oxford, alumnus of the School. I commenced as Head of the School of Physics on 1 January, In August, Prof. William Philips, 1997 Nobel Laureate for 2010. I record my admiration and gratitude to Professor Anne Physics and quantum physicist gave a lecture organised very Green who led the School as Head with great success and successfully by the School of Physics as part of Sydney Ideas distinction for the past three years. Her excellent stewardship in the Seymour Centre. enabled the School’s many achievements during her time as Head and her contribution will certainly be remembered. Visual artist, Fiona Davies, set up an art installation in the foyer of the School in September and formally opened by 2010 was certainly a productive year for research. In April ABC TV’s Catalyst presenter, Dr Paul Willis. The installation, we were told that we had been successful in securing $40M Memorial/Double Pump/Laplace II, was one of three in a in funding through the Federal Government’s Education series, loosely based on narratives of the dying and death in Investment Fund (EIF) towards a $110M new building for 2001 of Fiona’s father, Louis Walter Davis who graduated from the School of Physics which replace the existing School the School with honours in 1948. of Physics Annexe, A29 with the Australian Institute of Nanoscience (AIN). The AIN will provide national and In September, Prof. Bryan Gaensler won the Physics, Earth international leadership in foundational, cross-disciplinary and Sciences, Chemistry and Astronomy Category of the 2010 translational research across three areas united by a common NSW Scientist of the Year Awards and in November, Daniel disciplinary core of nano-scale science and with shared Huber won "rst prize at the 2010 Australian Institute of requirements for world-leading, specialised nanofabrication Physics NSW Postgraduate Awards in November for his research infrastructure. research presentation on asteroseismology and interferometry. The School was successful in 2010 applications for funding I would particularly like to acknowledge the service of Jim from 2011 for "ve ARC Centre’s of Excellence. Two centres McCaughan who stepped down from teaching in the School will be headquartered in the School: the Centre for All-sky after “35 years of running things, 38 years of demonstrating, Astrophysics (CAASTRO) with income over the lifetime of 46 years of lecturing and 49 years of tutoring”. Physics has the centre of $20.6M and the Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth been taught in the University for more or less 158 years. Jim Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS) with income over has taught in the School for almost 1/3 of that time. In his time, lifetime of the centre of $23.8M. Three nodes of centres Jim taught, tutored and demonstrated to over 25,000 students, will be based in the School: the Engineered Quantum including 3,300 in the last 11 years since formal retirement from Systems Centre (EQuS) with headquarters at the University the School! The School owes Jim a debt of gratitude for his of Queensland with income over lifetime of the centre of long service to and constant enthusiasm for the School. $24.5M, the Particle Physics at the Tera-Scale Centre with headquarters at Melbourne University with income Professor Clive Baldock over lifetime of the centre of $25.2M, and the Quantum Head of School Computation and Communication Technology Centre with headquarters at UNSW and income over the lifetime of the Centre of $24,500,000. SCHOOL OF PHYSICS STAFF

Professor in Medical Physics, Head of Associate Professors Mike Ireland, BSc PhD Sydney School and Director, Science Foundation Stephen Bartlett, BSc Waterloo MSc PhD Tor Sunnie Lim, BAppSci PhD RMIT for Physics Zdenka Kuncic, BSc PhD Cantab Ravi Pant, BS MS Delhi MTech Inst Tech Clive Baldock, BSc Sus MSc PhD Lond Serdar Kuyucak, BSc METU PhD Yale Delhi PhD Arizona David J Moss, BSc Waterloo MSc PhD Tor Sergio Leon-Saval, BSc Seville MPhys Hull Professor in Physics (Applied) John W O’Byrne, BSc PhD Sydney PhD Bath Marcela M Bilek, BSc PhD Cantab MBA Roch Manjula D Sharma, MSc SPac, PhD MEd Christelle Monat, PhD Leom PhD CNRS Professor in Space Physics Sydney Dane McCamey, BSc PhD UNSW Iver H Cairns, BSc PhD Sydney Kevin E Varvell, BSc UWA DPhil Oxf Dennis Stello, BSc MSc Aarhus PhD Sydney Michael S Wheatland, BSc PhD Sydney Professor in Theoretical Physics ARC Super Science Fellow Martijn deSterke, MEng Delft PhD Roch Adjunct Associate Professors James Allison, MPhys DPhil Oxf Roger Fulton, PhD UTS Professor in Optics Professor Harry Messel Fellow Andrew Hopkins, BSc PhD Sydney Simon Fleming, BSc PhD Leeds Roman Kompaneets, BSc MSc Moscow PhD Lyn Oliver, MSc Lond PhD UNSW Munich Professor in Sustainability Research Natalka Suchowerska, BSc Birm MSc UTS Manfred Lenzen, PhD Dip Bonn PhD Sydney Lecturers Robert Wilkins, BE MEngSc PhD Sydney Pulin Gong, BS PhD Xian Jiaotong Professor in Astrophysics and University Tara Murphy, PhD Edin BSc Sydney Chair ARC Queen Elizabeth II Research Fellows Donald B Melrose FAA, BSc UTAS DPhil Oxf Scott Croom, BSc PhD Durham Teaching Management Stuart Jackson, BSc Newcastle PhD Richard Tarrant, BA MSc PhD Sydney Professor in Physics (Condensed Matter) Macquarie Richard Thompson, BSc PhD Sydney Catherine Stamp#, BSc PhD La Trobe Alexander A Samarian, MSc Kiev PhD Postgraduate Teaching Fellows Professor in Medical Physics RAS(Mos) Tina Gorjiara David Thwaites, BA MA Oxon MSc Aberdeen Peter G Tuthill, BSc UQ BSc ANU PhD Patrick Neumann PhD Dundee Cantab Alessandro Tuniz Professors in Astrophysics ARC Australian Research Fellow Joel Wallman Timothy R Bedding, BSc PhD Sydney Bruce Yabsley, BTh Moore BSc PhD Sydney Tim White Anne Green, BSc Melbourne PhD Sydney ARC Future Fellows Senior Research Fellows Richard W Hunstead, BSc PhD Sydney Andrew Doherty, BSc Cantab PhD Auckland Christopher Dey, BSc PhD Sydney Geraint Lewis, BSc Lond PhD Cantab Boris Kuhlmey, BSc Lyon MSc Paris PhD Helen M Johnston, PhD CalifIT BSc ARC Federation Fellows Marseille Jong Won Kim, BS MS Seoul PhD Maryland Joss Bland-Hawthorn, BSc AU Birm PhD Sus Alexey Kondyurin, TechSc PhD Perm Senior Lecturers & RGO Maryanne Large, BSc PhD Dub Michael Biercuk, BA Penn PhD Harvard Benjamin J Eggleton, BSc PhD Sydney Bo L Li, MSc Nankai PhD JCUNQ Reza Hashemi-Nezhad, MSc PhD Birm Bryan Gaensler, BSc PhD Sydney Qinghuan Luo, BSc NIHM MSc Heilonjiang Joseph Khachan, BSc PhD UNSW Peter A Robinson, BSc PhD Sydney PhD Sydney David Reilly, BAppSc UTS PhD UNSW Eric Magi, BSc ANU PhD UNSW ARC Australian Professorial Fellows J Gordon Robertson, BSc Adelaide PhD Joy Murray, PhD Wollongong David R McKenzie, BSc PhD UNSW Sydney Nelson Ng, BSc PhD Sydney Ross C McPhedran, BSc PhD UTAS Adjunct Senior Lecturers Oliver Warschkow, BSc PhD Tor Elaine M Sadler FAA, BSc UQ PhD ANU Lois Holloway, BSc PhD UNSW Sergey Vladimirov, MSc PhD Mosc Research Fellows Shami Chatterjee, BTech(EE) Madras MSc Adjunct Professors PhD Cornell Cenk Kocer, BSc Monash PhD Sydney Russell Cannon, BSc MA PhD Camb Visili Lobzin, DipPhysics Moscow InstPhys ARC Postdoctoral Research Fellows Matthew Colless, BSc PhD Camb PhD Troitsk Alexander Argyros, BSc PhD Sydney Thomas Landecker, BSc BE MEngSc PhD Feng Luan Peter Domachuk, BSc PhD Sydney Sydney Seong-Sik Min Christian Grillet, BSc Claude Bernard Lyon Naomi McClure-Gri$ths, BA Oberlin PhD Minn Mark Pelusi, BE PhD Melbourne DEA Montpellier II PhD Ecole Lyon Robert Robinson, BA PhD Cantab Snjezana Tomljenovic-Hanic 4 STAFF

Postdoctoral Fellows Research Associates Human Resources O"cer Peter Abolfathi Alexandria deCastro Sang Huynh Mushtaq Ahmad Alex Judge Administrative Support Sta! Negin Amanat Andrew Michie Jean Pierre Cheaib Honglin An Neil Nosworthy Joanne Daniels, BA UNSW Grad Cert TESOL Firas Awaja Anne Ross UNE Daniel Bax, BSc Leeds PhD Manchester Jochen Schroeder Debra Gooley, BComm UNSW Othmar Benomar David Wang Diana Londish, BA Southampton BSc UNSW Sylvain Blanvillian Anthony Waugh PhD Sydney Julia J Bryant, PhD Sydney Julius Sumner Miller Fellow Shelley Martin Albert Canagasabey Karl Kruszelnicki AM, BSc MBioMedE UNSW Elizabeth Starkey Xiangyuan Carl Cui MB BS Sydney Peter Drysdale CUDOS Chief Operating O"cer Simon Ellis, MPhys Leicester PhD Birm School Manager Chris Walsh, PhD Sydney Florian Girelli, BSc Southhampton PhD Paul Harbon, MBA DipMgmt Deakin DipMath CUDOS Technical Support Provence USQ BSc Sydney Engbang Li Nadav Gutman Teaching Support Sta! oseph Zheng Paul Hancock Nathan Apps Lisa Harvey-Smith CUDOS Administrative Support Marek Dolleiser Darren Hudson Wendy Espinoza Brian Ford Shih Hsin Hsu Emily Higginson Amelita Napthali Torgany Karlsson, MSc PhD Uppsala Barry Napthali Science Foundation Executive O"cer Kwang Lee Myo Win Adam Sellinger, GradDip BSc ANU Fangxin Li Yeong-Cherng Liang IT Support Sta! Science Community Relations Manager Greg Madsen, PhD Illinois Sebastian Juraszek, PhD Sydney Alison Muir Owen Maroney Anthony Monger, PhD Sydney Science Foundation Education Miroslav Micic, BSc PhD Belgrade Guoliang George Shan, PhD Sydney Chris Stewart BSc UQ Grad Dip ScComm Nicolae Nicorovici Xue (Sue) Zhang, BEng MEng Beijing PhD ANU PhD York (Canada) Svetlana Postnova ANU Alex Viglienzone BEd BA Sydney Tim Robishaw Technical O"cers Aldo F. Saavedra, BSc PhD Sydney Physics Workshop Robert Davies Joachim Schmid Michael Paterson Phil Denniss Alexei Sibidanov Terry Pfei!er Lai Chun (Cat) So Radan Slavik Molonglo Telescope Manager Rivzi Syed Science Communicators Duncan Campbell-Wilson, BSc ANU Edward Taylor Lara Davis, BAppSc ANU Grad Dip ScComm Yuriy O Tyshetskiy Sydney Molonglo Technical O"cers Ben Warrington Phil Dooley, BSc PhD ANU Adrian Blake Jeanette I Weisse, BSc PhD Melbourne Charles Hemmings Student Support O"ce Hans Westman Darshan Thakkar Hyacinth Alfonso Kathy Willowson John Wills Eve Teran, BSc Chunle Xiong Emeritus Professors Ting Yu Finance Manager Richard Edward Collins, BSc PhD NY Marlyn Horgan John Davis, BSc PhD Manc Finance Assistant Harry Messel AC CBE, BSc UQ PhD NUI David Young Bernard Mills AC FRS FAA, BSc BE ME DScEng Sydney Coordinator, Academic Administration Chindy Praseuthsouk, DipHRMgmt SIT BA Sydney STAFF 5

Honorary Professors Honorary Associates Kieran Larkin John Boldeman, BSc UQ PhD DSc UNSW Martin Abendroth Jon Lawrence Jak Kelly, BSc PhD Reading DSc UNSW Dimitri Alexiev Igor Levchenko Roy Macleod, PhD LittD Cantab Ara Asatryan, MSc Yerevan State Uni PhD Bob Lucas, BSEE Calif MSc Sydney Kostyantyn Ostrikov, MSc PhD DSc Kharkov Mosc Pamela McNamara, BSc Swansea (Wales) Chris dos Remedios BSc PhD DSc Sydney Dale Bailey, BAppSc NSWIT MAppSc UTS MSc She! PhD Bangor (Wales) Colin JR Sheppard, MA PhD Cantab DSc Oxf PhD Surrey Terry Moon Honorary Associate Professors Andrew Bakich, MSc Sydney Graham Morrison, BE PhD Melbourne Qijin Cheng, BSc Xiamen PhD NTU Jeremy Bolger, BSc UWA PhD Heriot-Watt Bhaskar Mukherjee, BE Calc MSc PhD Rodney C Cross, PhD DipEd Sydney Stephen Bosi, BSc PhD UNSW Technisch Robert G Hewitt, PhD Sydney Lindsay C Botten, BSc UTAS PhD Sydney Kym Nitsch Brian W James, BSc PhD Sydney Michael Breakspear, BA BSc MB BS Sydney Julian North Ian D S Johnston, BSc UQ PhD Sydney John Bunton Edward Penny Brian McInnes, BSc PhD UQ Alexander Buryak Kay Phillip Lawrence S Peak, PhD Sydney Gerald Cecil John Piggot Adel Rahmani, DEA PhD Bourgogne Jenkins Charles Rebecca Powles, PhD Sydney Murray Winn, BSc PhD Birm Ian J Cooper, BSc MPhys DipEd UNSW Adel Rahmani Ludovico De Souza Mark Reinhard, BSc PhD UOW Honorary Senior Lecturers Mark Englund Christopher Rennie, BSc ANU MBioEng Roy Allen, BSc PhD Manc Robert Fletcher, DipEd UTS BSc MSc PhD UNSW Peter Barnes, BSc MSc Sydney PhD Illinois Sydney Maitreyee Roy, MSc MPhil Ian M Bassett, MSc PhD Melbourne Barney Foran, BAgSc UQ MAgSc Natal Michael Scholz, BSc Tuebingen MSc PhD G Fergus Brand, MSc Otago PhD Sydney Gregory W Forbes, PhD ANU BSc Sydney Hamburg Neil F Cramer, BSc PhD Sydney Romuald Gajewski Peter Shaver, BSc Queens (Canada) PhD Ian S Falconer, MSc NZ PhD ANU Brad Gibson Sydney Gavin Greenoak, BA Sydney Dip Light Micro Hong Qing Shi Woolwich Polytech Richard Gray, PhD Sydney Lindsey Smith Susan Law, PhD Sydney Peter Greer Je! Stanger Bruce McAdam, MSc NZ PhD Camb Al Mamun Haque Dimitrii Stepanov James B T McCaughan, MSc PhD Sydney Dionne Hayes Michael Steel, BSc PhD Sydney Rosemary Millar, BSc UQ MEd Sydney Roger Hayes Ravi Subrahmanya Richard Morrow, BSc Adelaide PhD Flinders Brendan Healy Theo ten Brummelaar BA Sydney Kirsten Hogg Jocelyn Towson, BSc UWA BA Cantab MSc Ian Sefton, MSc Sydney Anthony Horton Lond Robert Shobbrook, BSc StAnd PhD Sydney Chris Howard John Tuthill William J Tango, BSc Calif PhD Colorado Alexandra Hugman Martin Van Eijkelenborg Anthony J Turtle, BA PhD Cantab Natalie L James, BSc MBiomedE PhD UNSW Mark J Wardle, MSc Auck PhD Prin Juris Ulrichs, BSc PhD Sydney David L Jauncey, PhD Sydney Simon Johnston, BSc Edin PhD Manc Thomas Wiedmann Michael Kesteven Andrew Willes, BSc PhD Sydney Ramzi Kutteh Leanne Williams Christian Langton Kin wah Wu, BSc HK MSc PhD Louisiana TEACHING & LEARNING TEACHING & LEARNING 7

TEACHING REPORT 2010

Associate Professor John O’Byrne Unit Semester1 Semester 2 Associate Head (Teaching and Learning) Junior Physics Student numbers in Junior (1st year) Physics Mainstream units 1155 671 rose by almost 30% in 2010, compared to the COSC Junior units — 63 previous year, driven by increasing numbers EDUH 1017 Sports Mechanics 90 — in the core Physics units (PHYS1001 etc.) and MRTY 1031 Medical Radiation Physics 94 — the introduction of two new units of study — MTRY 1036 Health Physics and Radiation Biology — 90 MRTY1031 Medical Radiation Physics and MTRY EDUF 1017 Science Foundations 2 — 117 1036 Health Physics and Radiation Biology. The PHYS 1500 Astronomy — 142 latter are service units for almost 100 student AFNR 1002 Climate and the Environment — 145 radiographers from the university’s Cumberland Intermediate Physics campus. Junior Computational Science (COSC) units also saw signi"cantly higher enrolments. Mainstream units 122 109 PHYS 2213 Physics 2EE — 46 Numbers in Intermediate and Senior Physics Senior Physics were similar to previous years, while the 2010 Core units only 80 73 Honours cohort was again exceptionally large COSC Senior units — 17 with 35 students enrolled in Honours or the Graduate Diploma in Science. Honours 35 Numbers in each teaching year were Postgraduate coursework (full time equivalent) 35 approximately as shown in the table at right. Postgraduate research 116 Dr Michael Biercuk joined the School as a new continuing member of the Teaching and to review the place of computing in our teaching program. The Research sta!. Retired sta!, some of our research-only sta! School has a record of providing innovative computing education, and many of our postgraduate students continue to make for example through the COSC (Computational Science) signi"cant contributions to the teaching program of the School. programme and the Computational Laboratory component in The administration of teaching in the School changed a Intermediate physics. However, there was a feeling amongst our little with the Academic Programs Committee (APC) being sta! and students that the current era of data-intensive science restructured and changing its name to the Teaching and demands higher levels of competence in computing that in the Learning Committee (TLC). One objective of this change was to past. The committee made various recommendations. Some are move the committee away from some of the day-to-day details relatively easy to implement, such as an introductory workshop of teaching to give it more time to consider larger issues such as for all research students. Others re#ect a comprehensive the pedagogy of teaching and monitoring how well we are doing change in our approach to teaching physics and would and how to do better. have wide-ranging implications. An important aspect of the recommendations is the need to incorporate computing into The pedagogy of teaching was also a focus of a review we assessment tasks to re#ect the importance that we place on conducted of our overall program in 2010. A review of the computing skills. Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA) also had a teaching component, with recommendation for additional astronomy In mid-2010 it was announced that the Federal Government had units to build on our research strength in this area. Both reviews approved Education Investment Fund (EIF) funding for part of a will feed into a larger review of our full syllabus, beginning in 2011. new Australian Institute of Nanoscience (AIN)-Physics building. The committee structure for the design process of the building Another regular review of our teaching performance is the includes a Teaching & Learning Working Group that necessarily accreditation of our courses conducted every "ve years by the draws heavily on members of the TLC and is chaired by the TLC Australian Institute of Physics. A detailed report and a day of chair. Discussions during 2010 led to a discussion document that interviews resulted in our accreditation being con"rmed, with formed the basis of the T&L Working Group’s recommendations the panel generally very complimentary of our program. The to consultants writing a detailed design brief for the project. comments they had centred on improvements to procedures to Innovative approaches to teaching were highlighted in the further improve the quality of the program we o!er the students. proposed designs of lecture theatres and a studio teaching space. Prior to these various reviews, the TLC formed a working party 8 TEACHING & LEARNING

Junior (1st year) Physics Much of Junior Physics continued on as in recent years, despite the signi"cant increase in number putting pressure on facilities, especially labs. Carslaw lab 408 was re-claimed part-time to cope with the load. A signi"cant change in 2010 was a revision to the circuits labs in semester 2. An extra week was added to this section of the lab course and all the material substantially revised in response to a review in 2009. The aim was to improve student understanding and retention of basics concepts of circuit theory. The biggest initiative in 2010 was undoubtedly the introduction of two new units designed speci"cally for students enrolled in the Bachelor of Applied Science (MRS) Diagnostic Radiography from the Computational Science (COSC) Cumberland campus. MRTY 1031 Medical Radiation Physics Computational Science is a major run by the School covering provides a basic knowledge and understanding of concepts the application of computers to the solution of scienti"c in physics relevant to the use of ionising X-ray radiation in problems, not just physics. Student numbers in the "rst year medicine. MRTY 1036 Health Physics and Radiation Biology COSC units were up over 50% in 2010, partly in response to a gives a basic knowledge and understanding of concepts in strong advertising campaign. radioactivity and ultrasound and explores the e!ects of ionising Intermediate (2nd year) Physics and non-ionising radiation on biological systems, including Student numbers in Intermediate Physics were approximately implications for radiological protection. steady in 2010, although the enrolment in the optional second MRTY classes consisted of 2 hours of lecture, 2 hours of ‘studio semester PHYS 2013/2913 units remains lower than we would lab’ and 1 hour of workshop tutorial, all on Fridays. Lecturers like at around 60% of Intermediate students. We strongly included sta! from Physics, Health Sciences and Prince recommend these units to students continuing into Senior of Wales Hospital, with students, including some from the Physics, but they are not compulsory. The Advanced/Normal Masters of Medical Physics program, assisting in tutoring and ratio remains close to 1:1, although it is somewhat higher in the preparation of materials. optional unit. The Studio Lab sessions in particular were exploring innovative The major lab innovation this year was the replacement of all the approaches to combine lectures and lab, with a view to studio old analog oscilloscopes by modern Agilent digital oscilloscopes teaching in the new AIN-Physics building. throughout the lab. This prove popular with students and tutors. All the teaching years made a similar change to o!er a more Talented Student Program (TSP) modern and relevant experience to the students. The TSP is a Faculty of Science initiative aimed at introducing high-achieving students (with UAI ≥ 99) to research early in Senior (3rd year) Physics their University career. Around 32 "rst year students and 15 The numbers in Senior Physics have slipped slightly in recent second year students signed up for Physics TSP early in the years but 2010 stopped this trend with numbers approximately year. Around 10 of these also signed up for the two Physics stable. The Advanced/Normal ratio peaked at over 2:1 several projects o!ered as part of the Faculty-wide TSP showcase in years ago but was at a slightly lower, and probably more realistic, "rst semester under the ‘Frontier Technologies’ banner. 16 "rst ratio in 2010. year students and 6 second years opted to do TSP projects in The laboratory continued to operate three days a week to cope second semester with research groups in the School, replacing with the large number of students. Concerns about student part of their regular laboratory courses. A further three second ability with basic circuits led to the introduction of a multiple year students did full 6 credit point TSP projects. choice assignment on basic electronics at the start of semester. TEACHING & LEARNING 9

Nanoscience Major Postgraduate Coursework Nanoscience is concerned with the study of matter on the The numbers in Postgraduate Coursework continued to slowly nanoscale scale where fundamental quantum interactions climb, with 35 students early in the year. Medical Physics had determine the properties of materials. Senior physics units are 18 students, including 7 continuing with projects from 2009 key elements of the Nanoscience major and small changes and completed during the year. Applied Nuclear Science had were made to the arrangement of these units in 2010 to better seven students, although three later decided not to continue. accommodate the Nanoscience module. Condensed Matter Photonics & Optical Science had ten students, including two Physics was moved from semester 2 to semester 1 so that internationals. it comes before Nanoscience and can act as a prerequisite, Postgraduate Research allowing the students to be better prepared. The number of students in Postgraduate Research continued to Honours climb, with 116 PhD/MSc students late in the year. This is close The 2010 Honours cohort was again exceptionally large, though to double the number a decade ago! not quite as large as the previous year. Here were 35 students (almost all full-time) enrolled in the Honours or Graduate Diploma of Science, of whom six were continuing from 2009 (either as part-time, or mid-year intake). Two Honours and one Grad Dip Sci students completed mid-year, while at the end of the year, another 22 Honours and two Grad Dip Sci students completed. Several students continuing their studies to next year. 21 First Class Honours were awarded, along with two University medals to David Kedziora and Graham White. One new feature of the 2010 Honours program was a Mathematical Methods course run prior to the start of semester 1. 10 TEACHING & LEARNING

TALENTED STUDENT PROGRAM

The Talented Student Program (TSP) is an initiative of the Faculty of Science aimed at introducing high-achieving undergraduate students to research in their early years at University. The Physics TSP experience in 2010 consisted of weekly research seminars by sta!, research fellows and postgraduate students on topics ranging from interplanetary travel to invisibility cloaks, starquakes to dark energy, brain dynamics to nuclear medicine, and complex plasma to quantum gravity. Research groups across the School o!ered mini projects in second semester to Junior and Intermediate students in the Talented Student Program. These projects were done in place of part of the regular experimental physics program. The response was excellent, with 22 students opting to do project work on a wide range of topics. The student talks and reports were of a uniformly high standard, and several of the TSP students continued with their research projects as summer vacation scholars. Seven of the TSP students came on a 3-day excursion in the September mid-semester break to sites in the Canberra area, namely the Molonglo Radio Observatory operated by the School of Physics, the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Mt Stromlo, and the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex at Tidbinbilla, as well as visits to physics and quantum optics research labs at the Australian National University. The students were given a guided tour by the scientists who worked at each facility.

ABOVE: At DSS-46 at Tidbinbilla, the telescope that recorded the first steps on the Moon by Neil Armstrong in 1969, with our guides, Dr David Jauncey and Dr Shinji Horiuchi LEFT: At the Molonglo Radio Observatory . BELOW LEFT: Up close at the H-1 heliac plasma fusion facility at ANU, with Prof John Howard (second from right) BELOW RIGHT: With PhD student John Debs (front) at the temperature-controlled optical table at ANU’s Centre for Quantum Atom Optics. TEACHING & LEARNING 11

STUDENT PRIZES & SCHOLARSHIPS

The following students were awarded prizes or scholarships in 2010 based on their academic achievements in 2009.

JUNIOR PHYSICS INTERMEDIATE PHYSICS Deas-Thomson Scholarship PHYSICS HONOURS The Levey Scholarship No. 1 School of Physics Julius Sumner David Kedziora Shiroki Prize for Best Honours for Physics Miller Scholarship No. 2 The Walter Bur#tt Project in Physics (shared) Benjamin Pope Alison Hammond Scholarship No. 2 for Physics James Colless School of Physics Julius Sumner Chun Chien Shieh Barnaby Norris Casey Handmer Miller Scholarship No. 1 Science Foundation for Physics School of Physics-Julius The Australian Institute for Chun Chien Shieh Scholarship No. 2 Sumner Miller Scholarship No. 3 Physics NSW Branch Prize Daniel Jacobs Robert Hannah Barnaby Norris Ian Watson Science Foundation for Physics Dominic Else, Romesh Abeysuriya Henry Chamberlain Russell Scholarship No. 1 Emma Lindley SThe W.I.B. Smith Prize Prize in Astronomy Alexander Soare Matthew Hill Barnaby Norris Timothy White Jiro Funamoto Todd Green The Malcolm Turki Memorial POSTGRADUATE PHYSICS Thomas Viet Tung Vu The Slade Prize for Scholarship CISRA Postgraduate Physics Frances Algert Practical Physics Matthew Collins Jason Tsz Shing Yue Alison Hammond Prize School of Physics Honours William Corcoran Smith Prize in Experimental The Geo!rey Builder-AWA Prize Scholarship The School of Physics Physics (shared) Anthony Cheetham Paul Stewart Postgraduate Alumni Prize Jiro Funamoto Bjorn Sturmberg, SENIOR PHYSICS Andrew Phillips Daniel Jacobs David Webster Science Foundation for Physics Australian Sky & Telescope Shivansh Kochhar Scholarship No. 3 Prize for Astronomy Matthew Wardrop Graham White Joseph Callingham Aaron Rizzuto Michael West Samuel Barclay Matthew Collins Francesca von Braun-Bates Vanessa Moss Nicola Asquith Timothy Patten Curtis Black

Winners of Physics Scholarships and Prizes Awarded in 2010 for achievements in 2009

1. A/Professor John O’Byrne - Chair, Teaching & Learning 15. Vanessa Moss 29. David Kedziora 2. Frances Algert 16. Aaron Rizzuto 30. Benjamin Pope 3. Dr Kieran Larkin - Canon Systems Research Australia 17. Timothy Patten 31. Casey Handmer 4. Alison Hammond 18. Alexander Soare 32. Graham White 5. Dr Michael Biercuk - AIP NSW Branch 19. Emma Lindley 33. Robert Hannah 6. Emeritus Professor Dame Leonie Kramer 20. Ian Watson 34. Anthony Cheetham 7. Professor Clive Baldock - Head of School & Director, Science Foundation 21. Timothy White 35. Jan King 8. Curtis Black 22. Joseph Callingham 36. Dominic Else 9. Nicola Asquith 23. Michael West 37. Matthew Hill 10. Trevor Danos - President, Science Foundation 24. Greg Bryant - Australian Sky & Telescope magazine 38. Jiro Funamoto 11. Barnaby Norris 25. Matthew Collins 39. Jason Yue 12. Paul Stewart Winners of Physics26. David Scholarships Webster and Prizes 40. Thomas Viet Tung Vu 13. Bjorn Sturmberg Awarded in 201027. James for achievements Colless in 2009 41. Professor Richard Hunstead 14. Francesca von Braun-Bates 28. Romesh Abeysuriya 42. Daniel Jacobs 1. A/Professor John O’Byrne - Chair, Teaching & Learning 15. Vanessa Moss 29. David Kedziora 2. Frances Algert For more16. information Aaron Rizzuto see www.physics.usyd.edu.au/current/scholarships.shtml30. Benjamin Pope 3. Dr Kieran Larkin - Canon Systems Research Australia 17. Timothy Patten 31. Casey Handmer 4. Alison Hammond 18. Alexander Soare 32. Graham White 5. Dr Michael Biercuk - AIP NSW Branch 19. Emma Lindley 33. Robert Hannah 6. Emeritus Professor Dame Leonie Kramer 20. Ian Watson 34. Anthony Cheetham 7. Professor Clive Baldock - Head of School & Director, Science Foundation 21. Timothy White 35. Jan King 8. Curtis Black 22. Joseph Callingham 36. Dominic Else 9. Nicola Asquith 23. Michael West 37. Matthew Hill 10. Trevor Danos - President, Science Foundation 24. Greg Bryant - Australian Sky & Telescope magazine 38. Jiro Funamoto 11. Barnaby Norris 25. Matthew Collins 39. Jason Yue 12. Paul Stewart 26. David Webster 40. Thomas Viet Tung Vu 13. Bjorn Sturmberg 27. James Colless 41. Professor Richard Hunstead 14. Francesca von Braun-Bates 28. Romesh Abeysuriya 42. Daniel Jacobs

For more information see www.physics.usyd.edu.au/current/scholarships.shtml 12 TEACHING & LEARNING

PHYSICS OUTREACH

Science communication and outreach in the School of The biennial Science Teachers Physics Workshop was run Physics has expanded in the past year, and is set to grow again in 2010, with over 170 teachers from local and far- further in years to come, in pursuit of the goal of increasing #ung schools taking part. The Workshop brings teachers school and public involvement and boosting enrolments. into contact with many sta! from the School of Physics Examining the participation rates for our main activities to discuss physics concepts, explore tested and new ways shows the importance and success of our programs, and of teaching, and to give teachers a chance to see the highlights areas to focus our e!orts in the future. In 2010, latest research in physics and education, through lectures the total number of school students visiting the School of and hands on demonstrations. The next Science teacher’s Physics was just over 4,600. The majority of these were workshop will run in 2012. participants in the #agship program, HSC Physics Kickstart. The Physics Bridging Course is a seven-day intensive Kickstart in 2010 built on many years of success at introductory physics course for students about to start a introducing school students to challenging physics concepts science, engineering or medicine university course. The and experiments. The carefully crafted workshops assist lectures and tutorials cover the year 11 physics syllabus, and them (and their teachers) with subtle or experimentally the program is presented by teaching sta! from the School, tricky aspects of the HSC syllabus, as well as an introducing along with demonstrators and students to assist with hands- them to the work going on in the School of Physics. on tutorial sessions. A signi"cant event in 2010 was another tour of Kickstart On Beyond working with school students and teachers, the The Road. This program brings the highly valued Kickstart School’s Outreach o$ce aims to raise general science workshops to regional NSW high schools, many that are awareness, and communicate the value and importance disadvantaged by their location. Kickstart On The Road of phsyics to other sections of the public. We take brings classroom experiments that regional schools might demonstrations and presentations to outside events, such as not be able to access themselves, helping students and their the popular Science in the City and Science in the Suburbs teachers with their HSC studies. The touring team consisted programs. These are designed to raise science awareness of eight trained science communicators — both students amongst the community, on the back of national events and researchers. The team carried a wealth of knowledge to such as National Science Week. the schools, explaining physics concepts to the students and A full year of intensive outreach in 2010 further promoted introducing them to some fantastic mentors across a wide the School of Physics as a leader in science communication range of areas in Physics. and informal education.

The Kickstart On The Road team on their 2010 tour, lending their support to the Parkes Telescope. TEACHING & LEARNING 13

SCIENCE FOUNDATION FOR PHYSICS

Mr Trevor Danos, President ç an increased fundraising focus on Science Foundation for Physics alumni of the School, especially those The key role for the Foundation, indeed who were privileged to have been the raison d’être for any University of students during Harry Messel’s time as Sydney foundation, is fundraising. The Head of School; and circumstances of the Foundation ç the Foundation’s “back o$ce” being have changed considerably from its dissolved, with relevant activities/ establishment in 1954 when it was the "rst services to be supplied and supported foundation of its kind and the world-at-large by the School and the Faculty. was mesmerised by atomic physics. In In charting its future direction, the Council Nicola Fleming (ISS alumna) and Dr Susan Pond present a collage of his life to Professor Messel our present times, made more challenging will ensure that the Foundation achieves HONOURING EXCELLENCE the right balance between honouring by the Global Financial Crisis, there is far A Tribute to Prof. Harry Messel less interest and willingness on the part of the past, including Harry Messel’s great On Thursday 20 May 2010 the Science vision and his steadfast commitment to industry and commerce to give "nancial Foundation for Physics honoured its support to the non-medical sciences. excellence, and ful"lling the Foundation’s founder, Emeritus Professor Harry A number of major and well planned commitment to provide the best and most Messel AC CBE, and celebrated his fundraising initiatives were pursued in 2010 e!ective support for the School. This will 88th birthday. Around 500 alumni, — including high pro"le, big-end-of-town not result in any material changes to the friends and VIP guests "lled the lunches with keynote speakers from the way in which the ISS is run, to the annual University of Sydney’s Great Hall to pay School speaking on the Square Kilometre funding of School prizes and scholarships tribute to Professor Messel’s signi"cant Array (SKA) telescope and on nanoscience (over $30,000 pa), to the funding of contribution to Australian science and technology. — but without signi"cant fundraising annual discretionary expenditure by the success. Head of School ($100,000 pa) or to the Robyn Williams AM emceed the event, Foundation’s sponsorship of the Julius and the many guest speakers — With these realities in mind, the Foundation Sumner Miller Fellow, Dr Karl Kruszelnicki. including HE Professor Marie Bashir, pushed for, and readily agreed to participate Governor of NSW & University of in, an external review of the Foundation The Foundation will also continue identifying Sydney Chancellor, NSW Chief Scientist and its operations. The Foundation is in the and incubating new outreach activities Professor Mary O’Kane, and Lord process of reviewing, taking stock from and activities that bene"t the School and Robert May of Oxford OM AC Kt FRS and selectively implementing the review’s its stakeholders. Past activities include — shared insights and anecdotes about recommendations, including: the development of a teaching module Professor Messel’s time at the School of Physics. ç a much closer alignment between on Leadership and Ethics and the biennial the School’s and the Foundation’s Science Teachers Workshops, now In a surprise announcement, Albert Wong and his wife Sophie made of committees, with relevant committees extended beyond physics and run by the a gift of $100,000 to the Messel being reconstituted, merged and given Faculty. Endowment. A second $100,000 new focus; The Foundation has maintained a high donation was presented from Physics ç clear and transparent arrangements pro"le in 2010 and its views are regularly alumnus Dr John Graham, and a further being put in place to ensure that and widely sought. Activities include gift of $50,000 was made by an the biennial Professor Harry Messel participating in the NSW Premier’s anonymous ISS alumnus. International Science School (ISS) is Business-University-Government forum, fully funded in perpetuity; developing a working relationship with the Nobel Laureate Dr William Phillips demonstrating magnetic levitation at his public lecture. ç a shift away from the Foundation’s Weizmann Institute (Australian branch), fundraising being principally focused meeting with senior o$cers from the on the ISS to the broader needs of the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science School, including fundraising for the and Research on the report Inspiring new AIN building; Australia – A national strategy for engaging ç the Foundation (with input from the with the science, and co-hosting the public School and the Faculty of Science) lecture at the University of Sydney by having access to professional physics Nobel Laureate Dr William Phillips. fundraising support; 14 TEACHING & LEARNING

ISS2011: LIGHT & MATTER

THE 36TH PROFESSOR HARRY MESSEL INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE SCHOOL Preparations began in 2010 for the 36th International Science School for high school students. Held in the School of Physics every two years, the ISS brings around 145 students from across Australia and overseas together for a fortnight of science talks and activities, with the primary aim of exciting their enthusiasm and promoting science as a future career. IISS2011 will run from July 3–16, and will involve students from China, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, the UK and the USA, as well as all states and territories of Australia. In addition, since 2005 several ISS scholarships have been set aside for talented Indigenous Australian students — in 2011, we will again seek out our best Indigenous students from across the country. The backbone of the ISS is the talks series, featuring lectures from leading scientists on their "eld of research. The lineup for ISS2011 features Professor Sir John Pendry from Imperial College, London, renowned for his research on metamaterials and the invention of the “invisibility cloak”. From the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Professor Allan Clark will speak about the search for the Higgs particle and the future of fundamental physics. Leading local scientists feature strongly as well: the School’s own Professor Ben Eggleton and Associate Professor Stephen Bartlett will both give talks, along with Professor Stephen Simpson from the School of Biological Sciences, Professor Thomas Maschmeyer and Dr Deanna D’Alessandro from the School of Chemistry, and Dr Jo Whittaker from the School of Geosciences. Beyond the lecture hall, the ISS gives the students a chance to see Top: Prof. Jill Tarter, renowned SETI scientist, speaking at ISS2009. the University’s research labs in action, mix with students and sta!, Middle: Students testing their design for a Mars rover during the Science and Engineering Challenge. and challenge their skills and knowledge. They also enjoy a rich social Above: The scholars make an enthusiastic and appreciative audience. program, giving them an opportunity to make new friends from all over Below: The entire cohort of ISS2009 scholars and staff, with guests and members of the Science Foundation for Physics and the School of Physics, the world. at the ISS2009 Gala Reception in the University’s Great Hall. RESEARCH PROFILES 15

RESEARCH 16 RESEARCH

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 2010

The School of Physics continued its The award of $40 million dollars from excellence in research throughout 2010, the federal government’s Education and the summary below cannot truly Investment Fund to found the do justice to the successes during the Australian Institute of Nanoscience year. has positioned the School for success Physics in the Media into the long term future. This will Our science appeared in the media, fund a new building connected to the with stories drawn from a broad historic Physics Department (see p.18), research portfolio. This included with cutting-edge laboratories for fascinating stories on a cloak of nanoscience research, and teaching invisibility, proposed be Prof Ross spaces, to be opened in mid-2014. McPhedren, and Dr Dane McCamey’s School sta! were also rewarded with demonstration that the spins of grant success, with more than $2.7 individual atoms can store information, million being awarded to a diversity heralding in the next generation of of "elds including almost $0.5 million high speed computer storage. With being awarded to Prof Marcela Bilek the wealth of data coming from the to continue her research on advanced Kepler spacecraft, Prof Tim Bedding materials, and $330,000 awarded and the stellar oscillations group have to Prof Iver Cairns and Prof Peter been "nding new planets and unraveling Robinson for their investigation of radio the inner secrets of stars, while down emission from the Sun. on Earth, Dr Kathy Willowson has Prof Geraint Lewis received $270,000 been investigating new approaches to to advance the "eld of galactic treating metastatic liver cancer with archaeology, and Prof Ross McPhedren e!ective radiation therapy. Also, the was awarded $300,000 for his studies COEPP group’s work with particle of transforming photonics through the physics at the Large Hadron Collider use of metamaterials. This funding was made the front page of the Sydney further boosted by a linkage award Morning Herald in September 2010. to Prof Iver Cairns and Prof Peter Research Success Robinson to advance their predictions Our research success is a re#ection of space weather, needed to protect of the School’s ability to attract vital space infrastructure from the substantial research funding. This e!ects of solar particles. received a major boost in 2010, with a Towards the close of the year, the total of $44.4 million of ARC funding School received further success awarded to two Centres of Excellence the with the award of three Future headquartered in the School. The CoE Fellowship for Scott Croom, Geraint for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Lewis and Peter Tuthill; these Optical Systems (CUDOS), led Prof fellowships will allow these researchers Ben Eggleton, will continue its world- to keep their astrophysical research at leading development of photonics the forefront of science. The School devices for high speed computing was also awarded "ve ARC Super and communications, while the L to R, Top to Bottom: Prof. Ross McPhedran, Science fellows, working in the key establishment of Centre for All-sky Dr Dane McCamey, Prof. Tim Bedding, Prof. Ben Eggleton, Prof. Bryan Gaensler, Prof. Marcela Bilek, research areas of radio astronomy Astrophysics (CAASTRO), led by Prof Prof. Iver Cairns, Prof. Geraint Lewis, A/Prof. Scott Croom, Prof. Peter Tuthill and galactic accretion, while Dr Sean Bryan Gaensler, will place Australia Farrell received an ARC Postdoctoral at the forefront of large scale survey Fellowship to support his studies of science, and prepare it for the deluge of black hole evolution. data from the next generation of radio and optical telescopes. RESEARCH 17

Prizes and Awards As recognition for her distinguished In addition to grant and fellowship work in high energy astrophysics and success, our researchers were rewarded galaxy evolution, Prof Elaine Sadler was with a number of prizes and awards. elected as a Fellow to the prestigious Prof. Ben Eggleton was recognised Australian Academy of Science. The as Scopus Young Researcher of the Fellowship of the Academy is made Year in Physical Science for his work up of over 400 of Australia’s top on the photonics chip. He was also scientists, distinguished in the physical elected a Fellow of the The Institute Above: Prof. Elaine Sadler, Dr David Reilly. and biological sciences and their of Electronics and Electrical Engineers applications, who are considered to (IEEE) for contributions to the have made an exceptional contribution development and applications of Bragg to knowledge in their "eld and have gratings and other periodic structures signi"cantly advanced the world’s in optical "bers. scienti"c knowledge. Prof Bryan Gaensler received multiple Senior Lecturer Dr David Reilly was awards, being the winner of the NSW awarded the 2010 Selby Research Scientist of the Year, and then the Award, granted by The Selby Scienti"c Pawsey Medal, the tenth time the Foundation to assist an outstanding School has won this prestigious award. academic to establish their research career. 18 RESEARCH

GRANT INCOME 2010

AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL Fibres and Gratings, Canning, John; Bassett, Cairns, Iver; Robinson, Peter $154,026 AUSTRALIAN LAUREATE FELLOWSHIPS Ian $93,193 DP0880860, Quantum-enhanced reference FL100100114, A Survey of the Universes DP0770729, DRAGONFLY: a revolutionary systems, Bartlett, Stephen $115,785 Magnetism, Gaensler, Bryan $276,033 camera for astronomical imaging, Tuthill, DP0880882, Fabrication and design of spun Peter $77,294 and chiral microstructured !bres, Argyros, AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND DP0771840, Habitable planets and stellar Alexander; Poladian, Leon $23,054 oscillations with the NASA Kepler mission, ENGINEERING AWARDS DP0881038, A programme to study Stello, Dennis $61,385 5248, Calibration of track detectors for quarkonium-like states at ATLAS, Yabsley, determination of natural thorium !ssion rate, DP0773967, Dust physics: a challenge in Bruce $124,278 ITER, Samarian, Alexandre $122,076 Hashemi-Nezhad, Seyed $9,600 DP0881396, Optical Biometics of Diatoms, 5768 Composition of TCO and MAX alloys: DP0664830, Information Technology Aided Parker, Andrew; Grillet, Christian $68,515 Diagnosis of Dementia with PET-CT Imaging, E"ects of e"ects of discharge pulse power DP0881467, Massive Galaxies: tracers of Feng, Dagan; Eberl, Stefan; Fulham, Michael and shape, Bilek, Marcela $44,800 extreme density peaks in the early universe, $49,696 Hunstead, Richard $106,225 AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL DP0665923, Optical Nano-plasmonics, DP0881528, Ultra-sensitivity resonances CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE McPhedran, Ross $175,166 in photonic bandgap !bres, Kuhlmey, Boris; CE0348250 UNSW, Centre for Quantum DP0666002, Complex plasmas: Eggleton, Benjamin $84,980 Computer Technology, McKenzie, David self-organised dusty matter from $96,000 DP0881806, Control of Protein Attachment nanotechnology to astrophysics, Vladimirov, and its Optical Detection, McKenzie, David CE0348259, Centre for ultrahigh-badwidth Sergey $256,462 $190,212 devices for optical systems, de Sterke, Carel DP0666615, Quasar Cosmology, Croom, (Martijn); Blows, Justin; Eggleton, Benjamin; DP0984389, First-Principles Engineering of Scott $130,240 McPhedran, Ross $1,176,598 Advanced Multicomponent Materials for DP0770828, Frontier experiments in Clean, Energy E#cient Thermoelectric and NHMRC CLINICAL CENTRE OF high energy physics, Varvell, Kevin; Peak, Catalytic Technologies, Stamp#, Catherine RESEARCH EXCELLENCE Lawrence $100,000 $104,142 571421, CCRE in Interdisciplinary Sleep DP0772283, Galactic Archaeology: A radial DP0985522, Developing a global Health, Grunstein, Ron (Ronald); Cistulli, velocity experiment to unveil the history environmental, social and economic Peter; Glozier, Nicholas; Anderson, Craig; of the milky way, Lewis, Geraint; Bedding, information system, Lenzen, Manfred Armour, Carol; Robinson, Peter; Marks, Guy; Timothy $113,000 $98,935 Liu, Peter $0 DP0877816, Quantitative dynamics of DP0986237, Compact Tunable Visible Lasers NATIONAL BREAST CANCER functional magnetic resonance imaging, - New Approaches to Phase-Matching, FOUNDATION COLLABORATIVE Robinson, Peter $106,225 Fleming, Simon $124,970 BREAST CANCER RESEARCH DP0878069, Quantum mechanical and DP0986503, Quantum limits in measurement PROGRAM dynamical investigation of ion channels, and communications, Bartlett, Stephen Clinical correlates of lymphoedema, Kuyucak, Serdar; Bastug, Turgut $99,851 $20,000 Kilbreath, Sharon; Baldock, Clive; Bailey, DP0878083, Quantum plasmas, Melrose, DP0986960, Micro!bre photonics: function Dale; Refshauge, Kathryn $10,204 Donald; Wheatland, Michael $110,474 densi!cation on a wavelength scale, Jackson, Stuart $88,521 AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL DP0878496, Liquid Light- aqueous bio- DISCOVERY GRANT sensing in microstructured polymer optical 0987072, Snap, Crackle, Pop: Opening the DP0665574, The Commonwealth cosmology !bres, Large, Maryanne $21,245 Window on the Variable Radio Universe, Gaensler, Bryan $75,795 initiative: from the !rst objects to the DP0878674, Multiplicity in Star and Planet cosmic web, Lewis, Geraint $129,209 Formation with the PAVO instrument, Tuthill, DP0987331, The mass assembly of galaxies DP0770692, Advanced Laser, Sensor Peter; Ireland, Michael $114,512 and structure in the universe, Hopkins, Andrew; Bland-Hawthorn, Jonathan $83,314 and Diagnostic Technologies Using New DP0879522, Wave localization and Generation Micro- and Nano- Structured Burstiness in Type 111 Solar Radio Bursts, DP0987515, Silicon All-Optical Nanophotonic RESEARCH 19

Devices for 160Gb/s Systems, Moss, David enzymes for the synthesis of ethanol, Insulating Vacuum Glazing, Bilek, Marcela; $104,142 McKenzie, David; Bilek, Marcela; dos Mai, Yiu-Wing; McKenzie, David $137,276 Remedios, Cristobal $149,710 DP0988751, Galactic Archaeology: a LP0776380, Interferometric Distributed Challenge for the Cold Dark Matter DP1096417, Black Hole Accretion: The Feedback Fibre Laser Sensors, Fleming, Paradigm, Bland-Hawthorn, Jonathan E"ects of Magnetic Fields and Radiation, Simon; Law, Susan; Canning, John $31,423 $92,042 Kuncic, Zdenka $5,000 LP0776813, Hermetic bonding of biomedical DP1092729, Mechanism of glutamate DP1096567, Light-matter interactions in polymers for cardiac assist devices, transport from experimental and simulation nanoparticle-doped microstructured polymer McKenzie, David $92,120 studies, Kuyucak, Serdar; Ryan, Renae; !bres, Leon-Saval, Sergio $112,283 LP0882243, Plasma processes for optimising Vandenberg, Robert $71,453 DP1096831, Silk Fibroin Opto$uidic Chips, the performance of surfaces for biomedical DP1093086, Relativistic jets and radio-mode Domachuk, Peter $132,698 applications, Bilek, Marcela; Weiss, Anthony; feedback in massive galaxies, Sadler, Elaine; McKenzie, David $191,205 DP1096838, Stimulating light scattering in Croom, Scott $142,905 periodic structures: How slow can it go?, LP0989752, Tailoring ultrafast pulses DP1093413, An Australian Program in Eggleton, Benjamin; Pant, Ravi $132,698 for Tb/s transmission with advanced Precision Flavour Physics, Varvell, Kevin modulation formats, Eggleton, Benjamin $102,075 AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL $98,935 FEDERATION FELLOWSHIP DP1093445, Frozen linear and nonlinear LP100200742, Space weather prediction via light, de Sterke, Carel (Martijn) $102,075 FF0344414, Application of !rst principles automated data analysis systems, Cairns, theory in condensed matter physics surface Iver; Robinson, Peter $51,038 DP1093526, Spins in Organic physics chemistry and engineering: coatings. Semiconductors, McCamey, Dane $142,905 catalysis and devices., Stamp#, Catherine AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL DP1093789, Microstructured polymer $72,974 LINKAGE INTERNATIONAL AWARD waveguides for Terahertz radiation, Argyros, FF0561298, The Origin and Evolution LX0882504, Cosmic evolution of radio Alexander $142,906 of Cosmic Magnetism, Gaensler, Bryan galaxies, Hunstead, Richard; Sadler, Elaine DP1094173, Novel Motion Correction $171,355 $16,146 Technologies for Simultaneous Positron FF0776056, Photonic integrated circuits: Emission Tomography and Magnetic Platform for fundamental science and NHMRC PROJECT GRANT Resonance Imaging, Fulton, Roger; Baldock, applications, Eggleton, Benjamin $348,148 512330, Rectal invivo radiotherapy dosimetry Clive; Wang, Shih-Chang $61,245 using a Fibre Optic Array, Suchowerska, FF0776384, Astrophotonics: exploiting a Natalka; McKenzie, David; Jackson, Michael DP1094322, Quantum control of new technological frontier to probe back to $101,040 decoherence in mesoscopic spin systems, the Dark Ages, Bland-Hawthorn, Jonathan Reilly, David; Doherty, Andrew $122,490 $348,148 ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE DP1094439, Biomedical imaging with spins in FF0883155, Dynamics of Multiscale Complex FOR QUANTUM COMPUTER nanoparticles: from single cell to whole-body Systems Robinson, Peter $121,852 TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH scanning, Reilly, David $104,150 SUPPORT DP1094766, Testing stellar physics using AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL Quantum measurement and control chip asteroseismology, Bedding, Timothy FUTURE FELLOWSHIPS program - UNSW, McKenzie, David $45,000 $102,075 FT0991895, Ringed photonic crystal !bres for broadband nonlinear optics, Kuhlmey, AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL DP1094977, How many bright stars of the Boris $178,710 SUPER SCIENCE FELLOWSHIPS night sky harbour planets?, Ireland, Michael FS100100033, New dimensions in radio $112,283 FT0992079, Quantum control in mesoscopic astronomy: Mining sparse datasets with the condensed matter systems, Doherty, Andrew DP1095510, Solar Radio Bursts, the Origin Australian SKA Path!nder, Sadler, Elaine; $204,536 and Properties of the Suns Corona and Gaensler, Bryan; Murphy, Tara; Murphy, Tara Solar Wind, and Space Weather, Cairns, Iver $116,928 $137,801 AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL LINKAGE CANCER INSTITUTE NEW SOUTH DP1095765, Surface immobilisation of LP0775324, Fracture-Resistant Highly WALES EQUIPMENT GRANT 20 RESEARCH

10/REG/1-10, The NSW Advanced ARC LINKAGE COLLABORATING SIRTEX TECHNOLOGY PTY LTD Computing Facility for Cancer Research, ORGANISATION RESEARCH SUPPORT Kuncic, Zdenka $165,000 Tailoring ultrafast pulses for Tb/s Sydnovate 2009-12911 Willowson, Enterprise transmission with advanced modulation Connect Researchers, Willowson, Kathy NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL formats, Eggleton, Benjamin $20,000 $73,607 RESEARCH COUNCIL EQUIPMENT GRANTS SYDNEY GLASS PTY LTD ARC EUROPEAN COMMISSION The Instron testing material instrument LINKAGE COLLABORATING SEVENTH FRAMEWORK NETWORK (Model 5943), Dehghani, Fariba; Weiss, ORGANISATION OF EXCELLENCE PROGRAMME Anthony; Chrzanowski, Wojciech; LP0775324Â, Fracture-Resistant Highly 248609, Silicon-Organic hybrid fabrication Rohanizadeh, Ramin; Zreiqat, Hala; Dunstan, Insulating Vacuum Glazing, Bilek, Marcela; platform for integrated circuits (SOFI), Colin; Bilek, Marcela $0 Mai, Yiu-Wing; McKenzie, David $71,966 Eggleton, Benjamin $3,306

AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF VENTRACOR ARC LINKAGE SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE COLLABORATING ORGANISATION LINKAGES $ SCIENCE ACADEMIES LP0776813Â , Hermetic bonding of PROGRAM: SCIENTIFIC VISITS TO biomedical polymers for cardiac assist CHINA devices, McKenzie, David $51,000 Decimetric type III solar bursts: observations and numerical simulations, Li, Bo $1,854 IFC MEDICAL LINKAGE INDUSTRY PARTNER FORESTS NSW LINKAGE LP0882243, Plasma processes for optimising LP0669290 Newcastle, Advancing the the performance of surfaces for biomedical ecological footprint for application to policy applications, Bilek, Marcela; Weiss, Anthony; development, Lenzen, Manfred $16,600 McKenzie, David $34,430

DEPT OF BUSINESS AND REGIONAL PERIMETER INSTITUTE FOR DEVT NSW RESEARCH GRANT THEORETICAL PHYSICS NSW Gmnt funding COE-Eggleton, NSW PERIMETER INSTITUTE ' Government funding supporting ARC Centre AUSTRALIA FOUNDATIONS %PIAF& of Excellence for Ultra High band width COLLABORATION PROJECT Devices for Optical Systems, Eggleton, Perimeter Institute - Australia Foundations Benjamin; McPhedran, Ross; de Sterke, Carel Collaboration, Price, Huw; Bartlett, Stephen (Martijn); Blows, Justin $81,126 $10,853

AUSTRALIAN NUCLEAR SCIENCE NATIONAL BREAST CANCER AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION FOUNDATION PILOT STUDY RESEARCH SUPPORT GRANTS 09/10-H-07, Collaboration in the ATLAS Towards more e"ective ratiotherapy Experiment at CERN, Saavedra, Aldo; Patel, treatment of breast cancer: a monte carlo Nikhul $9,124 study, Kuncic, Zdenka; Hill, Robin $15,500

DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND CANCER COUNCIL NEW SOUTH REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT %NSW& WALES RESEARCH PROJECT RESEARCH SUPPORT GRANTS Opening the window on the variable CC NSW RG 08-17 Suchowerska, universe with the Square Kilometre Array Radiobilogical modelling for intensity and its path!nders, Gaensler, Bryan; Green, modualted radiation therapy, Suchowerska, Anne; Murphy, Tara; Murphy, Tara $591,667 Natalka; Jackson, Michael; McKenzie, David; Milross, Christopher $42,500 FINISAR AUSTRALIA PTY LIMITED RESEARCH 21

STAFF PUBLICATIONS 2010 22 RESEARCH

A NEW BUILDING FOR PHYSICS THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE FOR NANOSCIENCE

A BUILDING FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NANOSCIENCE: KEY TO THE FUTURE THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY IS BUILDING A NEW THE FIELD OF NANOSCIENCE AIMS TO UNDERSTAND, PHYSICS RESEARCH AND TEACHING FACILITY ON ITS CONTROL AND DESIGN MATTER AT THE NANOSCALE. CAMPERDOWN CAMPUS. The scienti"c community is aiming to unlock totally new technical The Australian Institute for Nanoscience building is an capabilities, by emphasising the access to and control over investment by the University and the Federal Government’s individual systems at the scale of nanometres, because matter Educational Infrastructure Fund (EIF) in nationally and at the nanoscale behaves in a fundamentally di!erent way internationally signi"cant 21st century research capability in than it does at the macroscale. Applications span engineering advanced physical sciences. and science, with the potential to transform computation, communications, medical treatment and energy generation. This building will be designed so that our researchers can conduct world-leading experiments in which matter is Because of this promise and excitement, nanoscience has fabricated, controlled and probed at the nanoscale — down to developed into an extremely broad and active "eld, encompassing the level of single atoms. This new building, signi"cant for the research in electronics, biological systems, chemistry, materials future of physics research at the University, will be constructed science and precision metrology. These diverse endeavors are immediately adjacent to and integrated with the existing uni"ed by the need to fabricate, characterize and control sensitive heritage-listed building housing the School of Physics. It will devices on extremely small scales of size and energy, requiring house, in speci"cally designed, highly controlled environments, research tools of increasing complexity and performance. the precision equipment and instruments required for frontier This common need brings new challenges. As devices shrink research in nanoscience. in size and measurements become more sensitive to probe The new building will be located immediately to the south of and and exploit nanoscale phenomena, the e!ects of instabilities in integrated with the existing, heritage-listed School of Physics ambient laboratory temperature, #uctuations in electrical power building. The new building will have approximately 9,500 m2 and mechanical vibrations grow in signi"cance. Transmission (gross) #oor area comprising high quality laboratory, o$ce electron microscopes are an essential tool for understanding the and teaching spaces. It will accommodate approximately 50 nanoworld. They can provide imaging resolution at the level of teaching, research and administrative sta! and 100 postgraduate single atoms and, in conjunction with advanced lithography tools, students. can enable the fabrication of functional materials and devices with nanoscale critical dimensions. Nanoscience research laboratories are the centrepiece and principal rationale for the building. Nanofabrication spaces, Yet, the ultimate limits of these techniques are rarely met in microscopy facilities and other laboratories will be built standard laboratories. New buildings, designed and constructed with shielding and active cancellation of electromagnetic for the purpose of conducting research in this "eld, are needed to interference and exceptional environmental stability to form a house the next generation of experimental tools and laboratories. comprehensive suite of experimental laboratories for research in quantum science, photonics, biomedical science and advanced RESEARCH FOR THE NEW CENTURY metrology at the single-atom level. A suite of sophisticated REQUIRES A TECHNICALLY DESIGNED lithography and imaging tools will support these experimental programs, and will be available for national access through BUILDING TO MATCH the Federal Government’s National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) program. This includes the only optical lithography stepper in Australia available to academic researchers. This advanced research infrastructure will be integrated with state of the art teaching facilities for undergraduates and postgraduate students. Dedicated teaching facilities include multiple lecture theatres and seminar rooms, advanced undergraduate teaching laboratories and specialised teaching labs for postgraduate coursework students. These facilities will support the development of new teaching techniques tailored to the discipline at the forefront of pedagogy. RESEARCH 23

A WORLD'LEADING FACILITY be a potent engine for innovation in the new economy. THE STATE OF NSW, THE UNIVERSITY AND THE NATION Commercialization of nano-enabled supporting technologies ARE WELL'POSITIONED TO CAPITALISE ON A NEW developed in the AIN will "nd customers in areas as diverse BUILDING DESIGNED FOR RESEARCH IN NANOSCIENCE. as defence through to environmental sensing, and many AIN- Through e!orts across a variety of disciplines, Australia and a$liated academic sta! members have experience in undertaking the University of Sydney have become recognised world- joint research with these sectors. The facility itself will strengthen leaders in nanoscience. E!orts in the School of Physics have ties between the University sector and existing Australian industry already attracted international attention and received funding through collaboration, provision of specialised training and use from prominent agencies in the United of centralised nanofabrication facilities. States, Europe and Asia. Academic sta! BUILDING TIMELINE: This includes the University’s fully-owned are internationally recognised for their company Bandwidth Foundry International, Funding granted: July 2010 a key national research services provider accomplishments and have been rewarded Project approved: Jan 2011 with a variety of prestigious prizes and Architect engagement: July 2011 in micro/nanofabrication, which will be re- fellowships in the "eld, including Federation Site works begin: Jan 2012 located to the new building. and Laureate Fellowships. Construction begins: Mid 2012 Australian industry needs more than new Construction complete: Early 2014 A primary competitive advantage of technologies. It requires a new generation our new building will lie in the technical of scientists, engineers and technicians speci"cations and research capabilities it provides, integrated with with the skill set necessary to thrive in the new economy. This innovative teaching facilities. The building will merge facilities for means robust training in the basics of physical science, hands-on research, research-led training and formal instruction, maximizing experience with the most advanced research techniques available opportunities for young scientists and meeting a critical need for and the critical analysis skills fostered by experimental science. human investment in a technical area of international signi"cance. The AIN, is uniquely positioned to provide these skills through These design elements and the successes of the School to date research-enhanced teaching in nanoscience. will allow the University to lead the development of this discipline Finally, the AIN will directly bene"t the higher-education sector in for decades to come. Australia. It will provide a new pre-eminence for the University of Sydney as the top educational destination in the region, increasing TECHNOLOGY POWERING DEVELOPMENT recruitment of domestic and international students focused on THE RESEARCH WORK CONDUCTED IN THE AIN WILL advanced science and technology. YIELD MAJOR SOCIETAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS. Investment in this facility will provide outcomes that touch real people; from new medical diagnostic treatments Image to advanced industrial products, a generation of scientists educated in a world-leading enterprise and new technologies foundational to Australia’s economy in the 21st century.

The technical capabilities provided by the AIN and the THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF RESEARCH international talent it will attract will yield revolutionary IN NANOSCIENCE HAS BEEN RECOGNISED BY outcomes in science and technology. The research conducted INDUSTRIES, GOVERNMENTS AND ACADEMIC has the promise to both advance basic research and enable the development of new high-tech industries in Australia. This INSTITUTIONS WORLDWIDE. includes technical outcomes such as the development of: optical The Australian Institute of Nanoscience at the and electronic devices exploiting advances in nanofabrication University of Sydney will be a hub for this discipline to yield unmatched performance in speed and energy e$ciency in decades to come, bolstering Australian social for communications and computation; new medical diagnostic and economic prosperity through the delivery and treatment capabilities leveraging techniques from quantum of ground-breaking research, vital scienti#c control, nanoparticle fabrication and advanced imaging education and commercial innovation. techniques; and sensors using quantum e!ects to provide unrivalled performance in applications from mining to stando!- FOR FURTHER INFORMATION detection for security. www.physics.usyd.edu.au/about/building.shtml Beyond speci"c scienti"c outcomes, however, the AIN will RESEARCH PROFILES

With this beautiful image, School of Physics researcher Dr Alexander Argyros won "rst place in the Optical Society of America (OSA) “After Image” photo competition. The picture comprises microscope images of a collection of microstructured polymer optical "bres, which are de"ned by an arrangement of holes running along the "bre length. These "bres are made with a high index coating inside each one of the holes, made of a di!erent polymer to the rest of the "bre. The thickness of this coating creates resonances at certain wavelengths which results in the strong colour. The collection shows "bres with di!erent coating thickness, and hence di!erent colour. RESEARCH PROFILES 25

DR ALEXANDER ARGYROS

CONTROLLING LIGHT WITH to a di!erent polymer altogether. The MICROSTRUCTURES addition of (-)-menthol methacrylate Room 443 (A28) Using wavelength-scale structures to to the polymerisation reaction results T +61 2 9114 0872 control and manipulate light has been in a chiral polymer and o!ered an F +61 2 9351 7726 a topic of great interest. A popular opportunity of making and studying E [email protected] platform for such investigations has circularly birefringent "bres. Fluorescent W sydney.edu.au/ipos/research/ been photonic crystal "bres (PCF), or material such as quantum dots were groups/mpof.shtml microstructured optical "bres (MOF), also added to the polymer, with the which consist of arrays of small holes "bres providing an ideal platform for that allow the light to be con"ned and studying the e!ects of changes in the guided. polymer on their photoluminescence. Finally, the PMMA can be combined The platform we developed for such with other polymers to make more work is microstructured polymer complex microstructures. optical "bres (mPOF) – using polymehtylmethacrylate (PMMA) as the In this particular study, a "bre was base material. The necessary expertise made in which all the holes were and equipment here at the School of coated with a layer of polycarbonate. Physics has allowed this platform to be Polycarbonate has a higher refractive used and its #exibility to be exploited index than PMMA, meaning that the to explore a variety of scenarios such "bre now had a low index core and as changing the details and dimensions would could not guide light by total of the microstructure or altering the internal re#ection. This "bre was used material from which it is made. to study two other mechanisms by which such "bres can still guide light: The simplest scenario for a the formation of photonic bandgaps, microstructured optical "bre is for and also the inhibited coupling the "bre to have an arrangement of mechanisms for which true bandgaps micron-sized holes running along the fail to form. length of the "bre (the microstructure), enclosing a solid region which forms The #exibility of mPOF is also being the core. Choosing the appropriate size utilised to explore other areas of and spacing between the holes allows interest. Larger versions of the "bres a single mode to propagate – allowing will shift their interesting properties us to make single-mode polymer to longer wavelengths, allowing "bres in the visible, which is otherwise experiments in the THz frequency band extremely di$cult. to be conducted, which is attracting much interest owing to potential Single-mode "bres are particularly security and imaging applications. As important as they allow gratings a fabrication platform, mPOF can be to be inscribed in the "bres which combined with metals to fabricate and give a high loss at a single, speci"c study metamaterials, which consist wavelength, but one which depends of sub-wavelength metal/dielectric on strain, temperature and humidity, structures. allowing applications in sensing to be explored. Polymer "bres are particularly interesting in such work owing to the high elasticity of polymers, and strains exceeding 20% were demonstrated. The use of polymer also allows the material to be modi"ed through the addition of dopants or by changing 26 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR CLIVE BALDOCK

Radiation dosimetry (with A/Prof Radiobiology (with A/Prof Zdenka Room 214 (A28) Zdenka Kuncic, Dr Stephen Bosi, Dr Kuncic, Dr Lois Holloway and Adjunct T +61 2 9351 2537 Tony Monger, Dr Lois Holloway and Dr Associate Professor Lyn Oliver) F +61 2 9351 7726 Brendan Healy) PhD student Gwi Cho has been PhD student Robin Hill’s work has been E [email protected] investigating the implications for in the area of kilovoltage therapeutic biologically guided treatment planning W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ dosimetry with a particular emphasis on with respect to radiosensitivity research/medphys/ the water equivalence of solid phantoms intravariance in clonogenic cell and their role in assessing radiation distributions. PhD student Regina dosimeter performance relative to Bromley has continued her work on established standards. predicting the clonogenic survival PhD student Tina Gorjiara has been of A549 cells after modulated x-ray using Monte Carlo techniques to model irradiation using the linear quadratic the radiological properties and water model. equivalence of radiation sensitive Motion tracking (with Prof Steve polymer gel dosimeters. PhD student Meikle and Adjunct Associate Justin Davies, based at ANSTO, has Professor Roger Fulton) been developing the genepin-based gel PhD student Andre Kyme has been dosimeter with a speci"c standards- optimising motion tracking for positron Radionuclide dosimetry (with Prof based approach. Work has included emission tomography studies of brain Dale Bailey) further investigation of the temperature function in awake rats. In conjunction with commercial partner dependence dose respaonse of the References Sirtex Medical, postdoctoral researcher Fricke–gelatin–xylenol orange gel Dr Kathy Willowson has been dosimeter. Baldock C, De Deene Y, Doran S, Ibbott G, Jirasek A, Lepage M, McAuley KB, investigating the physics of radionuclide MSc student Jonathan Hindmarsh Oldham M, Schreiner LJ, 2010. Polymer therapy using Y-90 microspheres for the has been developing algorithms to gel dosimetry. Phys. Med. Biol. 55 R1– treatment of liver cancer. In addition, reconstruct polymer gel dosimetry R63. work has been undertaken with regard data acquired using x-ray computed to in vivo validation of quantitative tomography. MSc student Frank Farvis Davies J, Baldock C, 2010. Temperature clinical SPECT imaging of the heart (Fig has been developing Mie-scattering dependence on the dose response 1) and quantifying lung shunting (Fig 2) theory to modelling the optical of the Fricke–gelatin–xylenol orange during planning for radio-embolization. properties of polymer gel dosimeters. gel dosimeter. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 79 660-662. Willowson K, Bailey DL, Bailey EA, Baldock C, Roach PJ, 2010. In vivo validation of quantitative SPECT in the heart. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 30 214-219. Hill RF, Tofts PS, Baldock C, 2010. The Bland-Altman analysis: Does it have a role in assessing radiation dosimeter performance relative to an established standard? Radiation Measurements 45 810-815. Hill R, Kuncic Z, Baldock C, 2010. The

Figure 1: A coronal slice from a reconstructed, fully Figure 2: Patient demonstrating high lung shunting as a water equivalence of solid phantoms quantitative gated heart blood pool SPECT study. result of the intra-arterial MAA injection. (A) Comparison for low energy photons beams. Med. The region corresponding to the blood pooled in the of static images of lungs pre- and post-additional left ventricle (LV) is visible, and the remainder of the calibrated MAA injection. (B) Comparison of pre-MAA Phys. 37 4355-4363. concentration of radioactivity can be seen distributed injection image with difference image (pre-MAA data evenly throughout the blood pool of the body. subtracted from post-MAA data). RESEARCH PROFILES 27

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR STEPHEN BARTLETT

QUANTUM COMPUTATIONAL MATTER gates. Our results appeared in the high- Room 351 (A28) Low-temperature phases of strongly- pro"le journal Nature Physics. interacting quantum many-body systems T +61 2 9351 3169 can exhibit a range of exotic quantum QUANTUM INFORMATION AND F +61 2 9351 7726 phenomena, from superconductivity to CONTROL E [email protected] fractionalized particles. One exciting Bell nonlocality without shared W sydney.edu.au/science/ prospect is that the ground or low- reference frames: Quantum mechanical physics/~bartlett temperature thermal state of an systems can be more strongly engineered quantum system can function correlated than is allowed by locality, as a quantum computer. Our theoretical and experiments have repeatedly research is advancing this concept of demonstrated that Nature really does ‘quantum computational matter’ in a behave in this nonlocal way. We have number of directions: proven theoretically that Bell nonlocality can be demonstrated even by parties who Robust antiferromagnetic spin chains: do not share a common reference frame. Antiferromagnetic spin chains are known Our results, led by postdoctoral fellow to possess the type of entanglement Yeong Cherng Liang, and in collaboration necessary for quantum computation. with colleagues at Imperial College We demonstrated that this property is London, were published in Physical robust throughout a gapped ordered Review Letters. phase, known as the Haldane phase, Experimental feedback control of and that perturbations in the system E"cient quantum tomography: A quantum systems: We are developing can be accommodated by ‘bu!ering’ our quantum state can be reconstructed methods for quantum technologies to measurements on the system in a way from measured data though a process function robustly in the presence of noise that is inspired by the renormalisation known as quantum state tomography — a research area known as ‘quantum group. This work, in collaboration with — the gold standard for veri"cation control’. Quantum systems possess Gavin Brennen (Macquarie), Akimasa and benchmarking of quantum devices. fundamental limitations on the information Miyake (Perimeter Institute, Canada) and Unfortunately, tomography is prohibitively that can be gained via measurement, and Joseph Renes (TU Darmstadt, Germany), ine$cient due to the large size of Hilbert the disturbance that they su!er in the was published in the premiere journal space. We have developed an e$cient measurement process. Together with the Physical Review Letters. scheme for quantum state tomography quantum optics laboratory of Andrew of one-dimensional systems that can White at the University of Queensland, Optical quantum computing with a be applied to a wide variety of systems we have shown experimentally that weak simulated valence-bond solid: One- of interest to quantum information measurements can be used to stabilise way quantum computation proceeds by processing. These results, as part of a a quantum system against dephasing. sequentially measuring individual spins large international collaboration, appear These results appeared in Physical Review in an entangled many-spin resource in the new research journal Nature Letters. state. It remains a challenge, however, to Communications. e$ciently produce such resource states. Our proposal, led by PhD student Andrew Darmawan (published in Physical Review A), suggests using a valence- bond-solid state, which appears as the unique, gapped ground state for a two-body Hamiltonian on a spin-1 chain. In collaboration with the experimental quantum optics group of Kevin Resch at the University of Waterloo, Canada, we experimentally generated a photonic valence-bond solid and used it to implement single-qubit quantum logic 28 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR TIM BEDDING

Benomar) and three PhD students tests of the theory of stellar evolution. Room 558 (A29) (Vello Tabur, Daniel Huber and Tim Results from the "rst 34 days of T +61 2 9351 2680 White), is playing a leading role in this science data from the Kepler Mission F +61 2 9351 7726 endeavour. for the open cluster NGC 6819 provided E [email protected] Oscillations in Red Giants Observed the "rst clear detections of solar-like W sydney.edu.au/science/ with Kepler (Bedding et al. 2010 and oscillations in the cluster red giants. physics/~bedding Huber et al. 2010) We were able to use the oscillation We used Kepler observations, obtained properties to test cluster membership with 30 minute sampling over four of the stars. These early results months, to detect oscillations in demonstrate the unique potential of about 800 red giant stars. A new asteroseismology of the stellar clusters technique to compare stars on a single observed by Kepler. diagram revealed well-de"ned ridges A PhD from Backyard astronomy corresponding to radial and non-radial (Tabur et al. 2010) oscillations. The oscillation properties Vello Tabur is completing a part-time are in qualitative agreement with a PhD based largely on observations simple stellar population model of of pulsating stars that he obtained the Kepler "eld, and provide the "rst from the observatory he built in his evidence for the so-called secondary own back yard. More than "ve years PROBING INSIDE STARS USING clump. This comprises stars that are of photometric measurements of ASTEROSEISMOLOGY more than twice as massive as the Sun, nearly 250 of the nearest red giant Asteroseismology involves using the which ignited helium gradually rather stars allowed detection of multimode oscillation frequencies of stars to than in a #ash. We also found evidence pulsations. A comparison of the measure their internal properties. for mixed modes in some stars, pulsation properties, including period- Measuring stellar oscillations is a con"rming theoretical predictions. amplitude and luminosity-amplitude beautiful physics experiment: a star is Oscillations of Stars in an Open relations, con"rms that these pulsation a gaseous sphere and will oscillate in Cluster with Kepler (Stello et al. 2010) properties are consistent and universal, many di!erent modes when suitably Asteroseismology of stars in a cluster indicating that the red giants are excited. The frequencies of these is valuable because these stars have suitable as high-precision distance oscillations depend on the sound speed a common age, distance, and initial indicators. inside the star, which in turn depends chemical composition, allowing strong on density, temperature, gas motion and Oscillations of Stars in an Open Cluster with Kepler other properties of the stellar interior. (Stello et al. 2010) This analysis yields information about density, age and internal rotation that cannot be obtained in any other way and is analogous to the seismological study of the interior of the Earth. Asteroseismology is developing rapidly, thanks mainly to observations from NASA’s Kepler spacecraft. Launched in 2009, Kepler comprises a 95-cm telescope that makes continuous observations of many thousands of stars. Although its primary goal is to search for transits due to extra-solar planets, Kepler is also revolutionizing asteroseismology. Our group, which currently includes two Research Fellows (Dr Dennis Stello and Dr Othman RESEARCH PROFILES 29

DR MICHAEL J BIERCUK

International funding successes: importance, rather than just the minimum Room 355 (A28) Despite the relative youth of Dr. detectable force, the work touched on an T +61 2 9036 5301 Biercuk’s research group he has found important area for industrial applications F +61 2 9351 7726 major successes with international — the speed with which a measurement E [email protected] funding agencies. This is part of an can be performed. W sydney.edu.au/science/ aggressive new initiative in competing for The discovery provides an opportunity physics/~mbiercuk international funding in collaboration with to address new challenges in materials Quantum Science colleagues Bartlett, science, nanotechnology and industrial Doherty, and Reilly. sensing. This research received wide The largest international funding stream attention in the popular and scienti"c awarded in 2010 was derived from the media, including feature stories in The US Army Research O$ce program Economist, Physics Today, Nature, “Development of Quantum Computing Science and others. It was published Technology.” The award supports in the top international journal Nature Dr. Biercuk’s research focus in the Nanotechnology. development of “Quantum Firmware” Unexpected quantum errors: Elastic, for the suppression of errors in quantum or Rayleigh, scattering has mostly been systems. Dr. Biercuk takes a leadership ignored as a source of qubit decoherence, role as primary investigator, heading-up or the loss of a quantum system’s QUANTUM SCIENCE an international team including colleagues “quantumness.” However, new research 2010 saw the establishment of the from both Dartmouth College and from Dr. Biercuk and colleagues at NIST Quantum Control Laboratory, led Harvard University. The award totalled has shown that in certain circumstances by Dr. Biercuk as a newly appointed US$1.6M over three years. it can actually form the dominant form of continuing academic in the School. This Dr. Biercuk also found signi"cant decoherence in atomic systems. is a new research group focused on successes in research support from on- the development of quantum-enabled The research included the development shore channels. He is a Chief Investigator of a new theoretical formalism as technologies using trapped atomic ions. in the new ARC Centre of Excellence for Dr. Biercuk arrived in March from NIST, well as a set of detailed experiments Engineered Quantum Systems, providing demonstrating how this new e!ect can the premier US government research over AUD$24.5M in ARC funding over organization for quantum physics. His lead to the decay of useful quantum seven years, and supporting diverse states. work at Sydney expands the School’s research in quantum science. Additionally, experimental research portfolio and he received over AUD$425k from the The work was published in the prestigious introduces the "rst atomic physics University’s Faculty of Science Major Physical Review Letters, and was experimental group to the University. Equipment Scheme, supporting his featured in the on-line forum, Physics, Dr Biercuk has established a new laboratory’s buildup. run by the American Physical Society. collaboration between the School of Yoctonewton force detection Physics and the National Measurement sensitivity: In collaboration with the Institute, part of the Department Ion Storage Group at NIST, Dr Biercuk of Innovation, Industry, Science and demonstrated it is possible to use Research. His new research laboratory trapped atomic ions as extremely will be housed in the NMI, enabling sensitive detectors of applied forces and exploitation of both the knowledge electromagnetic "elds. In so doing, the and capabilities provided by the NMI’s researchers were able to measure forces infrastructure in precision time-standards, with extraordinary sensitivity — down high-stability oscillators, and trapped-ion to the yoctonewton (yN) level, more atomic clocks. The research labs include than 1,000 times better than previous extraordinary vibrational, temperature, demonstrations. and electromagnetic stability, enabling precision metrology and quantum control By characterising the detector’s experiments of the highest standard. sensitivity, a term with technical 30 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR MARCELA BILEK

cathodic arcs revealed spot coupling, and does not rely on chemical linkers Room 407 (A28) prevalent early in the pulse, as a to achieve covalent attachment T +61 2 9351 6079 mechanism for the creation of elevated between them. The simplicity and cost- F +61 2 9351 7726 charge states. This knowledge is e!ectiveness of the strategy makes it E [email protected] now being applied to the use of such attractive for commercial application. W sydney.edu.au/science/ plasmas in the ion modi"cation of Applications in anti-body microarrays physics/~mmmb materials and the development of for early disease diagnosis, biosensing, space thrusters based on cathodic arc. continuous #ow enzymatic processing Bilek was invited to become a non-EU and implantable biomedical devices partner in a European Union COST are being developed with strategic action on the science of high powered partners. pulsed plasma processes. Stronger windows to a cleaner future Harnessing Nature’s Nanomachines (with Kocer, Ng, So, McKenzie and (with Kondyurin, Yin, Bax, Nosworthy, Mai) Waterhouse, Fisher, Weiss, dos Our group is the world leader in the Remedios, McKenzie) development of vacuum glazing As Eureka 2009 "nalists in the category technology. In partnership with the research by a multidisciplinary term, world’s largest glazing manufacturer, we were acknowledged for creating NSG/Pilkington, we have unraveled Plasma is a source of neutrals, ions a powerful new platform technology the complex processes that lead to and electrons that can be that can be for the immobilization of functional breakage of vacuum glazing structures manipulated by electric and magnetic biological molecules. In 2010, our team under the application of external "elds and used to modify or create moved on to reveal the mechanisms stresses. Observed breakage modes useful materials. Research in 2010 that underpin the new technology. were shown to be a result of the has achieved an understanding of Radicals trapped in an ion modi"ed superposition of internal stresses in the ion generation processes in cathodic layer beneath the immobilization component materials, stresses due to arcs; created a unique new way of surface were shown to be responsible atmospheric loading of the structure immobilizing functional biomolecules for the covalent coupling of biological and those imposed on the structure to surfaces and identi"ed strategies molecules directly from solution. This from outside. Lubrication of pillars used for strengthening highly insulating work has culminated in a patented to maintain the evacuated gap and the windows. method of immobilizing biomolecules use of tempered glass were identi"ed that is applicable to all materials, the Ions: Projectiles for sculpting as e!ective strategies for achieving materials vast majority of biological molecules stronger highly insulating windows.

(with Sangines de Castro, Abrasonis, Surface immobilization of protein molecules makes a fundamentally biocompatible Moeller) cardiovascular stent (in collaboration with Dr Ng of the RPA Hospital) By creating a cathodic arc system in which multiple cathode spots are ignited simultaneously at the centre of the cathode, we were able to correlate the generation of ions with the physical location of the spots on the cathode surface. As shown by fast framing photography, the spots move outwards in a ring as they repel each other, modulating the mean distance between them. Ion charge states, measured by recording time resolved optical emission spectra, were found to be correlated with the mean separation of the spots. Investigations of ion generation in RESEARCH PROFILES 31

PROFESSOR JOSS BLAND'HAWTHORN

ASTROPHYSICS AND universe for this gas to be stripped, ASTROPHOTONICS consistent with the presence of ancient Room 323 (A28) stars in all dwarf galaxies. T +61 2 9351 2621 Near #eld cosmology. Large-scale integral #eld surveys. F +61 2 9351 7726 There is growing recognition of the E [email protected] vast amount of fossil information in Another key interest is the use of large- W sydney.edu.au/science/ the form of ancient stars in the local scale nearby galaxy surveys (GAMA, physics/~jbh universe. These fossils provide clues to CALIFA) to learn about the long-term processes that took place in the early evolution of galaxies. Until now, surveys universe. The oldest stars in the local of more than 10,000 galaxies have universe provide detailed chemical used single-aperture slits or "bres. information (up to 66 elements) that Bland-Hawthorn has advocated a new cannot be obtained easily from the approach using hexabundles to allow high-redshift universe. Almost nothing integral "eld spectroscopy (spatial and is known about the "rst stars, their spectral data) of many galaxies at one chemical yields, and their possible time. The prototype instrument SAMI, black hole remnants, although detailed under development with Research numerical modelling has begun. Just Fellows Julia Bryant and Lisa Fogarty, how are we to unravel these signatures will start a major campaign in 2012 at into a sequence of events? This is an the Anglo-Australian Telescope. environment of large-scale structure extremely complex problem. A new science "eld under development, varies. However, there are frequent Bland-Hawthorn’s group (in made possible by SAMI, is to determine claims in the literature that the collaboration with Ken Freeman FRS the angular momentum distribution of observed orientations of galaxies do at ANU) has a strong international thousands of galaxies within a volume. show preferential alignment. This may pro"le in this "eld. He is a key member Their numerical simulations show that be telling us something about how the of the RAVE million star survey and dark matter haloes have spin properties all-pervasive gas in the early universe the ARGOS 30,000 star survey of the that do not vary dramatically as the settled into galaxies. Galactic Bulge, both based at Siding Spring Observatory. With Research An ancient star cluster with more than 10,000 stars almost twice the age of the Solar System. The Sun was born into a cluster of about this size 4.57 Gyr ago. A goal of galactic archaeology is to find other members of the Solar Family Fellow Sanjib Sharma, he is building a that have now diffused out into the Galaxy. The extent to which these stars have spread across the Galaxy will tell detailed model of the Galaxy known us a great deal about how to interpret what we see today in other disk galaxies. as Galaxia which is being re"ned using the data from the RAVE and ARGOS surveys. Bland-Hawthorn’s group is involved in theoretical modelling of dwarf galaxy evolution as they orbit and merge with the Galaxy over cosmic time. The models consider star formation history, dust production and gas loss, in order to derive unique chemical signatures that may betray the impact of the "rst stars. These models are able to explain the recent discovery of gas depletion within 270 kpc of the centre of Andromeda and the Milky Way. It is not su$cient to strip the dwarf’s cold gas with the high-pressure hot atmospheres in both galaxies. The dwarf gas must be pu!ed up by intense star formation in the early 32 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR IVER CAIRNS

The progress made in 2010 includes the the solar wind using these data. Room 383 (A29) following. Theories for type II and III solar radio T +61 2 9351 3961 Radio Emission from Localized bursts F +61 2 9351 7726 Eigenmodes Ongoing development of simulation- E [email protected] In 2008 we discovered with colleagues at based theories developed by our group W sydney.edu.au/science/ the University of Colorado, Boulder in the show that the dynamic spectra of type physics/~cairns USA that many localised wavepackets II and III bursts are signi"cantly modi"ed of electrostatic waves in the solar wind when the associated shock waves and are actually eigenmodes of parabolic electron beams cross medium-scale density depletions. In 2010 we showed structures in the electron and ion that these #uctuating electric "elds drive temperatures and density. E!orts are su$ciently large currents to act as an ongoing to test the theories against “antenna” in the plasma and nonlinearly observational data and to include generate radio waves at twice the additional e!ects. Preliminary indications electron plasma frequency (proportional are promising. to the square root of the electron number density). Work is ongoing to BELOW: Frequency-time profile of a type III with determine the importance of this intensity colour-coded. Horizontal lines are interference. fundamentally new mechanism SPACE PHYSICS AND PLASMA and how often such eigenmodes PHYSICS are produced. Space physics studies the Sun, the Space weather, solar radio dynamic interactions of the Sun’s bursts, and density pro#les in out#owing plasma (the solar wind) the corona. with the rest of the solar system (the Objectively identifying solar heliosphere) and the local interstellar radio bursts from frequency-time medium, the properties of the “dynamic spectra” is di$cult, yet magnetospheres, ionospheres, and such bursts are associated with atmospheres of planets, moons, asteroids shock waves and coronal mass etc., and the e!ects of the resulting ejections (CMEs) reaching Earth ``space weather’’ on human technology and producing space weather. and society. Plasma physics is the We developed an Automated primary physical discipline, addressing Radio Burst Identi"cation the heating and acceleration of the System (ARBIS) and showed that it BELOW: Comparison of the observed times of maximum intensity with predictions for density profiles r-a plasma electrons, ions, and dust particles could correctly identify over 85% of (coloured lines). The best fit (green) has a = 0.6 in embedded electric and magnetic type II and III solar radio bursts, the most [Lobzen et al., ApJ, 2010] "elds, and the growth and propagation energetic and important solar of plasma waves, radio emissions, and radio bursts. In addition we X-rays due to nonthermal particle showed how the density pro"le distributions. of the inner corona can be Our primary interests are in the theory, strongly constrained by "tting simulation, and observation of plasma the type III radio spectra in a waves, radio emissions, shocks, and new way. Analyses show that associated space weather in the the density pro"les are typically -2 solar corona, inner solar wind, Earth’s much #atter than the r pro"le magnetosphere, and the distant expected from conservation heliosphere. The goals are to discover of electron number (see and elucidate the basic plasma physics "gure). Analyses are ongoing and to analyse and interpret important to constrain the origin of the space and astrophysical phenomena. plasma and the acceleration of RESEARCH PROFILES 33

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SCOTT CROOM

This is in large part due to the complex and the 5-year long observing program Room 561a (A29) and non-linear physics that occur will "nish in early 2011. T +61 2 9036 5311 including various negative and positive Measuring the mass of super-massive F +61 2 9351 7726 feedback processes. It now seems that black holes E [email protected] the super-massive black holes at the A fundamental observable required to W sydney.edu.au/science/ centres of galaxies play a crucial role in understand the formation of galaxies physics/~scroom/ regulating galaxy growth in a number of is the mass of the black hole at their di!erent ways and at di!erent points in centres. One approach is using quasars, a galaxy’s life. where the black hole is accreting In 2010 we continued major projects highly e$ciently, and radiation from an focused on both these areas. accretion disk excites emission from gas orbiting the black hole. The dynamics The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey of this gas can be used to infer black The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey is a hole masses. Building on our previous survey of 240000 emission-line galaxies work focussing on the ultra-violet Mg in the distant Universe, measured with II emission line, in 2010 we performed the AAOmega spectrograph on the an extensive analysis of the C IV line at Anglo-Australian Telescope. The primary 154.9 nm. The most striking outcome aim of the survey is to investigate the of this work, led by USyd PhD student properties of dark energy, by measuring OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY AND Stephen Fine, was the remarkably small the expansion history of the Universe at EXTRA'GALACTIC ASTROPHYSICS scatter in broad line widths. The line- look-back times of 4-8 billion years. We The Universe is much stranger than width distribution is so narrow that it are doing this by measuring the physical we might have expected. Cosmological challenges current approaches to black scale of baryon acoustic oscillations observations over the last decade have hole mass estimates, and may force a (BAOs), which is imprinted onto the given us a picture of a Universe that is complete rethink of the methodology distribution of galaxies. In 2010 the "rst dominated by a mysterious dark energy. applied in the literature to date. papers from this project were published This dark energy accounts for 73% of the energy density of the Universe and drives the expansion of our Universe Night-time photo of the Anglo-Australian Telescope during observations for the WiggleZ project. During this 10-minute exposure one of the team spelled out the survey name with a torch, while walking along the telescope to accelerate. Most of the rest of the catwalk. In the background we can see dust and star clouds of the Milky Way galaxy (upper right) and our neighbor energy in the Universe is made up of galaxy, the Small Magellanic Cloud (upper left). dark matter (22%), leaving the baryons that make the stars, planets and us contributing only 5%. Understanding the physics of dark energy is one of the key questions in science today. Observations to date seem to suggest that it acts like Einstein’s famous cosmological constant, and is e!ectively a vacuum energy density. However, we don’t know this for certain, and dark energy could be a more complex evolving scalar "eld, or due to failures of General Relativity on cosmological scales. Coupled with this puzzle over the constituents of our Universe is the still large uncertainty regarding how the structure in our Universe formed. In particular, how did galaxies form? 34 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR MARTIJN DE STERKE

Room 307 (A28) T +61 2 9351 2906 F +61 2 9351 7726 E [email protected] W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ cudos/people/desterke.shtml

other. The novelty in our work occurred in conventional geometries. Photonic when the intensities we used were crystals usually consist of a thin slab of higher than ever before. In work carried silicon with a periodic array of holes in a out with visiting German student Falk hexagonal pattern. The waveguide modes Eilenberger and colleague Ben Eggleton, have unusual properties, as illustrated in we found that changing the frequency the dispersion curves below, pertaining to of the light (“detuning” in the "gures two di!erent waveguide spacings. In the above) at "xed intensity, the transmission green shaded region the dispersion curves through the structure changes in steps, braid: they cross several times, but are rather than continuously (see "gure otherwise separate. This leads to strong The manipulation of light on the above, with experimental results on frequency-dependent behavior, which micrometer scale often involves periodic left and numerical results on right). means that the device can be made even media, media in which the refractive index This unexpected “quantization” occurs more compact. In a collaboration between varies periodically with position. Such because the structure can only transmit the University of Sydney (students media exhibit a wide variety of e!ects, an integer number of solitons. When Scott Brownless, Felix Lawrence, Sahand such as slow light, light propagating at a the frequency of the light changes, the Mahmoodian and I) and UTS (colleagues fraction of the speed of light in vacuum, number of solitons remains the same until Kokou Dossou and Lindsay Botten) this and strong, frequency-dependent some threshold is reached where it jumps was traced back to the properties of the re#ection. These media can be periodic up or down by one, causing a jump in electric "eld, which is unique to these in one dimension forming a grating, or in the transmission. (F. Eilenberger, C.M. de photonic crystals. Conventionally the two or more dimensions, in which case Sterke and B.J. Eggleton, Optics Express "eld decays exponentially when moving they are called photonic crystals. The 18, 12708 (2010). away from a waveguide, but here it is the key property of periodic media is Bragg Directional couplers in hexagonal superposition of two such "elds. These re#ection, the strong re#ection which photonic crystals: the directional coupler "elds beat which each other, an e!ect results when the light re#ecting o! is a standard photonic device. It consist which leads to the braiding: when one of periodically arranged scatterers adds up of two parallel waveguides which are so the waveguides coincides with a node in phase. Below I give two examples of close that the light couples between them of the "eld then the dispersion relations recent work involving periodic media. while it propagates. Photonic crystals cross, otherwise they do not. (J.S. Optical quantization: We observed are well suited for directional couplers Brownless, S. Mahmoodian, K.B. Dossou, optical quantization at high light since they can be made very compact F.J. Lawrence, L.C. Botten, and C.M. de intensities in a grating in an optical "bre. (a few micrometers), much smaller than Sterke, Optics Express 18, 25346 (2010). The intensity is so high that the electronic states of the glass are modi"ed, leading to a small increase in the refractive index, proportional to the light intensity. This intensity-dependent refractive index, in combination with the dispersion of the medium, leads to solitons: pulses which do not broaden upon propagation because the intensity-dependent e!ect and the e!ect of the dispersion balance each RESEARCH PROFILES 35

DR CHRIS DEY

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATED Carbon risk in organisations Room 409 (A28) SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS %ISA& The proposed carbon tax, an Australian T +61 2 9351 5979 An important motivation for the price on greenhouse gas emissions, is ISA research group is for our work a current sustainability topic of major F +61 2 9351 7726 to be relevant now for households, interest to organisations. Whether large E [email protected] governments, business and decision- or small, there is range of implications for W www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/ makers in general. Applications of ISA organisations. Most organisations have models, frameworks and results range a reasonably good understanding of the from tools for organisations to report direct consequences of the carbon tax for on their greenhouse gas emissions, to their business as they generally have data publishing ecological footprint pro"les of on their direct energy use and greenhouse populations in di!erent local government emissions. However, most organisations areas. These interactions with external do not have a good knowledge of the bodies spur new research questions and “carbon risk” from their supply chain: the stimulate clarity on the meaning and potential impacts from their suppliers practicality of ISA’s research. passing on their increased costs. The need for sustainability metrics Input-output analysis (IOA), the Most public and private organisations, if methodology underpinning ISA’s research, is an ideal approach to revealing complex not all, are struggling to come to terms for sourcing water and also to examine its supply chain linkages in economies. with what more sustainable development own greenhouse emissions. ISA has been Applied to an organisation, the ISA means for them. [We’ll leave aside the commissioned by the peak water supply approach reveals the complexities of the vexed question of what sustainable body to develop tailored sustainability full carbon footprint of an organisation. ultimately means.] Tensions between indicators and analysis tools. One speci"c These results enable risk analysis and short and long term viewpoints, between application of this work is for examining strategic planning to be undertaken by the di!erent management considerations the full greenhouse emissions for new organisation to help minimise emissions (such as direct employment compared capital projects, both in terms of impacts reduction costs. with greenhouse gas emissions) and embodied in their construction, and in between the responsibilities of the various Australian water supply industry their long term operation. There are actors for these, are real. At present most The water supply industry has been interesting "nancial and environmental organisations are “muddling through” with engaging with the issue of climate trade-o!s between impacts from energy fairly basic metrics supporting relatively change seriously for longer than most use, chemical manufacture, and operating crude decision making. ISA’s work Australian industries. Faced with recent regime (for example how water storages aims to develop data and tools to help drought events and clearly changing are used). The typical ISA output below organisations to: water resources patterns, the industry shows the total emissions from the annual has been forced to consider wider options ç Measure the full supply chain impacts capital expenditure of a major water utility. of their activities, not just their direct GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (T CO2-E) PERSONAL SERVICES impacts; 250,000 BUSINESS SERVICES

TRANSPORT & ç Measure di!erent aspects of their COMMUNICATION TRADE 200,000 activities in the same way, enabling CONSTRUCTION meaningful comparisons between UTILITIES EQUIPMENT metrics; 150,000 METALS ç Understand their most signi"cant MINERALS CHEMICALS issues to allow for prioritisation of 100,000 FUELS

action; and WOOD & PAPER

TEXTILES 50,000 ç Report on their performance, FOOD

both for tracking changes and for MINING

FISHING informing the various stakeholders. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 FORESTRY SUPPLIER LAYER AGRICULTURE 36 RESEARCH PROFILES

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ANDREW DOHERTY

QUANTUM CONTROL AND make it possible to design arti"cial INFORMATION THEORY atoms, known as superconducting Room 354 (A28) Recent years have seen very active qubits, with properties that may be T +61 2 9351 7645 research into the prospects for precise tuned by appropriate electrical controls. F +61 2 9351 7726 manipulation of individual quantum In 2010 we initiated a new project E [email protected] mechanical systems — the polarisation with an experimental group at CEA- W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ state of a single photon, the valence Saclay and theoretical collaborators research/quantum/ electron of just one atom or the at the University of Sherbrooke to magnetic moment of an electron. One understand the dynamics of one of motivation for this research is the hope these qubits coupled to a nonlinear of future technological applications, microwave transmission line. The quantum computers for example, transmission line is su$ciently non- that would function as a result of the linear that it demonstrates bistability many counterintuitive properties of and this system provides for the "rst quantum physics, such as superposition time the opportunity to investigate the states, or entanglement. Perhaps more quantum physics of bistable systems importantly these experiments allow in well-controlled devices. Moreover unprecedented tests of our central such transmission lines can be used to physical theory (quantum mechanics) measure the state of a qubit and our in ways that may to shed light on the work is also aimed at understanding also provide productive substrates for decades long e!ort to understand how the physical limits on such quantum storing and manipulating qubits. The the quantum world of photons, atoms measurements. Our "rst experimental holy grail of research in this area is to and electrons relates to the physics of and theoretical results were published determine if there is a way of storing our everyday experience, the world of in Physical Review Letters early in 2011. quantum information analogous to the cricket balls and oscilloscopes. Do all Quantum logic gates in semiconductor ferromagnetic hard-drive, where the su$ciently large quantum mechanical devices: Also in 2010 we began work physics of the material used to build systems really behave classically? What with the experimental group of Dr the memory device makes it intrinsically is the meaning of the wave-function David Reilly and in collaboration with unlikely to su!er errors. In 2010 in collapse that occurs in the quantum A/Prof Stephen Bartlett, both at collaboration with A/Prof Stephen description of a measurement? Sydney, and collaborators at Harvard Bartlett, his student Courtney Brell and The goal of our theoretical research and elsewhere, to design and build Dr Steven Flammia at the California in this area is to identify experimental prototype quantum logic gates using Institute of Technology, we worked systems that demonstrate the widest quantum dots in semiconductor out how realise a much studied set of possible range of uniquely quantum hetero-structures. These experiments models for quantum memories in many- mechanical phenomena on as large manipulate the magnetic moments body systems as the ground state of a scale as possible. In the context of of individual electrons to perform a semi-realistic interacting spin model future quantum technologies we are quantum logic. Speci"cally we have with only two-body interactions. This also pursuing the development of been investigating an approach to work was published early in 2011 in the engineering approaches to quantum performing quantum gates that uses New Journal of Physics. systems analogous to the disciplines of the electrically controllable control and information theory. exchange interaction between neighbouring dots to perform Research Highlights in 2010 two-qubit operations. Nonlinear superconducting devices: Quantum information Superconducting Josephson junction in many-body quantum devices are one of the best systems systems: In recent years it for investigating quantum phenomena. has been realised that many These experiments manipulate the body systems involving the quantum state of electrons #owing in a interaction of many electrons, superconducting circuit and essentially for example, can in principal RESEARCH PROFILES 37

DR PETER DOMACHUK

SILK PROTEIN BIOPHOTONICS Silk Fibroin Photonics Room 314 (A28) Silk, the "ber of antiquity that drove In order to realize silk biophotonic chips, ancient trade across Eurasia, has the underlying photonic components T +61 2 9351 3953 found a new application as a photonic must "rst be designed, fabricated and F +61 2 9351 7726 material. The structural protein in proved in the material. It has been E [email protected] natural moth cocoon silk, a "broin, shown that silk "broin can be imprinted W sydney.edu.au/ipos/ possesses an intriguing combination of at room temperature with features as optical, biochemical, and mechanical small as 20 nm with surface roughness properties that make it suitable for of less than 0.5 nm. In collaboration biomedical applications. Speci"cally the with the silicon nanofabrication facilities high optical clarity of silk "broin makes provided by the Bandwidth Foundry and it appealing for biophotonic devices ANFF at UNSW, we fabricate negative such as medical diagnostic chips or relief molds of waveguides and ring patches. resonators. Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy con"rm waveguides with Our group aims to explore the 1 μm external dimensions and spacing use of silk "broin as a biophotonic between the waveguide and the material. Through the integration of resonator of 200 nm and under ensuring photonic structures, micro#uidics, and good optical coupling. New methods biochemistry in a silk "broin platform, in waveguide end-face in biopolymers we will explore the light-matter organic #uorescent dyes to name a have been pursued, given the di$culty interaction within biological and medical few. This straightforward material of traditional methods achieving smooth settings. functionalization combined with the end-face pro"les enhancing optical above photonic fabrication means that Silk Fibroin Material Properties coupling and lowering loss. doped photonic structures are within We established the "rst silk processing Silk Functionalization easy reach and promising for close facility in Australia. Though the silk Another property of silk is that interaction with biological materials. "broin extraction process is water- functionalization of the material We have observed the optical plasmon based, environmentally friendly, is quite straightforward. Simply resonance from gold nanoparticles and relatively straightforward, it is Softmixing Lithography species as diverse as metallic in silk and, in collaboration with the fundamentally based on naturally nanoparticles, quantum dots, nano- University of Melbourne single photon occurring "bers. The composition of Fabricated ring resonator Cross section comparison: diamonds, enzymes, proteins, and emission from nano-diamonds in silk. Talk Title presentedsaid "bers by are Presenter strongly in #Nameuenced by the species, lineage, food, and conditions of the animals that produce Scanning electronTalk micrographs Title of presenteda silk fibroin waveguide3um by cross-section Presenter (left) Name the silk thread. As such, the and a silk fibroin ring resonator top view (right). puri"cation process must be tested and optimized at all stages while the resulting "broin needs to be tested Lowest Concentration Detection for uniformity in material and optical properties. We have found our re"ned silk "broin 1um to be on-par with the current Surface plasmon resonance Whispering gallery mode world gold-standard of optical and mechanical properties. Silk waveguide SEM image Further we have characterized the optical properties of silk over unprecedented bandwidth con"rming that silk "broin has very low optical loss from the 15um blue to the near-infrared. S. Parker, et. al. Adv. Mat., 21,23 (2009) 38 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR BEN EGGLETON

integrated circuit based on a leading- Room 313 (A28) edge materials such as silicon and T +61 2 9351 3604 chalcogenide and breakthroughs in F +61 2 9351 7726 nanophotonics, particularly photonic E [email protected] crystals. This project spans fundamental science of controlling light in photonic The schematic W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ of the monolithic cudos integrated circuits (e.g. photonic chip based optical performance monitoring crystals) and tailoring complex device, incorporating nonlinearities to applied science, nonlinear waveguide, spectrometer and detectors. focussed on implementing advanced all-optical signal processing at extremely instrumentation market for pulse high speeds. In recent years we have waveform characterization; we hope focussed on photonic crystals for slow then to tackle the telecom market in the light propagation and have established context of performance monitoring. a new sub-"eld of slow light enhanced nonlinear optics. In 2010 this project made We demonstrated the world’s "rst substantial progress, achieving major photonic chip-based optical phase milestones and generating media attention conjugation for dispersion free — some highlights of this research follow: transmission of phase encoded signals As well as being Director of CUDOS, and established the feasibility of photonic the ARC Centre of Excellence in My group demonstrated world-record chip based optical signal distortion Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical photonic chip based optical processing compensation and the potential for Systems, I have a focussed research at Terabaud rates (1000 Gigabits) in a compensating optical nonlinearity and activity, funded through my Federation collaborative experiment with the CUDOS approaching the Shannon limit. Fellowship, entitled “Ultrafast photonic ANU group and DTU-Fotonik. This project integrated circuits: Unlocking the was part of an EU program that aimed to In more fundamental areas, we extended bandwidth, FF0776056 (2008–12)”. My create new building blocks for Terabit per our investigations of the nonlinear research group is also supported through second Ethernet communications. This properties of periodic structures by the CUDOS ARC Centre of Excellence demonstration establishes the feasibility demonstrating all-optical switching and program, a Discovery grant, an ARC of photonic chip based optical switching bi-stable operation in a phase shifted Linkage grant with Finisar, the US Air and monitoring at these super fast bit- Bragg grating and in highly nonlinear Force Research O$ce and other sources. rates. The results were presented at the bismuth oxide "bres. In related work prestigious OFC Postdeadline session we convincingly demonstrated that My ARC Federation Fellowship project in San Diego and generated signi"cant slow light can dramatically enhance aims to develop fundamentally new media attention. optical nonlinearity in a photonic crystal ultrafast all-optical signal processing waveguide; this was exploited to create an technologies to replace the copper-based We demonstrated a photonic chip based ultracompact optical switching device — electronic switching in next-generation all-optical (no electronics) waveform the world smallest >100Ghz switch. ultrahigh-bandwidth communications analyser with unprecedented bandwidth networks. We are achieving this and resolution; we have demonstrated In 2010, I was Guest Editor for a Special by building an ultrafast photonic operation at >640Gb/s and characterized Issue in Optics Express on Chalcogenide 100 femtosecond pulses. Our Photonics, I chaired a Nonlinear Optics approach has been patented and conference in Brussels as part of the initial discussions are underway SPIE Europe conference, I published with industry partners regarding a about 35 journal papers, presented 10 joint venture for commercialisation; invited papers and 3 plenary papers at importantly we have shown that international conferences. My group this photonic chip all-optical signal reported 5 Postdeadline publications. processing device can be made in In 2010 my group secured a LIEF grant silicon so is easily manufactured. (400k from ARC) for a next generation The initial commercial opportunity optical communications testbed. The working principle of the CUDOS Photonic chip all-optical RF spectrum analysis, relying on cross-phase modulation. for this technology is the global RESEARCH PROFILES 39

PROFESSOR SIMON FLEMING

PHOTONIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES Room 311 (A28) My research interests and activities T +61 2 9114 0851 are in photonics. They span the range F +61 2 9351 7726 from materials for photonics through E simon.#[email protected] to applications of photonic materials W sydney.edu.au/science/ and devices. They are primarily physics/~#eming experimental. During 2010, the materials and devices research has focussed on two topics: poling and metamaterials. The applications research has had a strong biophotonics theme, but has included sensors and sources. SH micrograph of cross-section of Poling (An, Min) UV-depleted twin-hole fibre This technique for inducing nonlinearity in optical materials such as glass involves applying a huge electric "eld to the glass and heating it up. The structure changes to provide a second order nonlinearity that can be used Biophotonics (Wang, McKenzie & Sensors (Michie, Canagasabey, Wang) for modulation or second harmonic Naseri) In certain circumstances photonic generation (SHG). The photonic technologies we have sensors can o!er performance that developed over the last decade greatly exceeds other technologies. An important new direction this year primarily for telecommunications have In collaboration with ABB, we has been to make periodically poled many potential biomedical applications. demonstrated a poled "bre based devices for SHG. We have approached Over the last year I have explored voltage sensor system for the power this by making uniform devices and two such areas: in dentistry and in industry. This built on our poling then periodically erasing them through dosimetry for radiotherapy. research results and a demonstrator exposure to UV light. We pioneered the system was shown to provide excellent use of SH microscopy in understanding The dental project applied photonics results. poling and in this project we have to the early detection of tooth decay successfully applied it to understanding (precarious lesions) permitting In a separate project in collaboration the mechanisms involved in UV treatment by remineralisation before with Thales, we have applied "bre depoling. surgery becomes necessary. distributed feedback lasers to realise hydrophone arrays. Speci"c Metamaterials (Kuhlmey, Tuniz & Lwin) The technique involved separately innovations have been in improving the This is one of the most exciting optically stimulating and detecting an interferometric detection systems. research areas in optics and photonics. acoustic wave in the surface of the These micro- and nano-structured tooth. Analysis of the dispersion of Sources (An, Min, Jackson, Goto) periodic composites of metals and the wave provided information on the The advances in UV erasure of poling dielectrics o!er optical properties material properties and hence whether open the way to optimising poled not available from naturally occurring decay had started. "bre devices for use as tunable visible materials. However they are very The technique was also demonstrated sources and sources of entangled di$cult to fabricate. to provide information on the e$cacy photons. Work has commenced on making these devices. We have pioneered the application of remineralisation treatments. of the "bre drawing technique to The dosimetry work focused on the Hybrid "bres, with regular and photonic the fabrication of metamaterials. use of hollow core waveguides to guide crystal regions, have been used to We showed plasmonic responses in scintillation signals out of the radiation demonstrate "bre lasers with novel the terahertz spectral region from beam to avoid Cerenkov radiation. functionality and operating in otherwise metamaterials drawn from PMMA and inaccessible wavelength regions. indium. 40 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR BRYAN GAENSLER

Room 556 (A29) T +61 2 9351 6053 F +61 2 9036 7843 E [email protected] W sydney.edu.au/science/ physics/~bmg

X'RAY'EMITTING MASSIVE STARS emission is likely produced by collision magnetic "eld directed away from us IN THE MILKY WAY of each star’s powerful wind with that on one side and toward us on the other. X-ray emission in the Milky Way traces of a binary companion. There are many We demonstrated that this pattern a variety of exotic populations. The other as yet unidenti"ed X-ray sources must be due to the imprint of an brightest X-ray sources are well-known in our Galaxy, with properties similar to azimuthal magnetic "eld in the stellar objects, but the much larger number those of the objects studied here. This wind of the red supergiant progenitor of fainter X-ray sources are largely may indicate a substantial population star. By applying this technique to unidenti"ed. To determine the identities, of these “colliding wind binaries” additional objects, we now hope to birth-rates, lifetimes and distributions throughout the Milky Way. gain a deeper understanding about the of these populations, we have been mass-loss histories of progenitor stars GALACTIC MAGNETISM combining new X-ray observations of prior to their supernova events, and to unidenti"ed Galactic X-ray sources with Planets, stars, clouds of gas, and study the physical origin of magnetic archival analyses and multi-wavelength. even the overall Milky Way, are all "elds swept up in supernova explosions. magnetised. A fundamental unsolved Ultimately we aim to complete the In a separate project, PhD student Sui demography of Galactic X-ray sources, problem in astrophysics is how these magnetic "elds originated, and then Ann Mao carried out a comprehensive from Scorpius X-1 down to the faintest study of the vertical magnetic "eld sources known. how they have been sustained and organised over billions of years. Our of the Milky Way, determined from In the "rst major paper from this team studies these magnetic "elds observations of Faraday rotation work, PhD student Gemma Anderson using an e!ect called Faraday rotation, toward more than 1000 polarised presented a detailed study of four in which the angle of radio polarisation extragalactic radio sources at high previously unidenti"ed Galactic X-ray from a background object is rotated by Galactic latitudes. Contrary to previous sources. We used short observations passage through intervening clouds of claims, these results showed that there with NASA’s Chandra X-ray magnetised gas. is no coherent vertical magnetic "eld Observatory to localise each source, in the Milky Way at the Sun’s position. and then identi"ed bright infrared Using this approach, postdoctoral This lack of symmetry across the disk counterparts to all four objects (see researcher Lisa Harvey-Smith rules out pure dipole or quadrupole Figure above). We then used infrared performed a spectropolarimetric geometries for the Galactic magnetic and optical spectroscopy of these analysis of radio emission from the "eld, but can be explained if disk and counterparts to demonstrate that supernova remnant G296.5+10.0. This halo dynamos of di!erent parities are all four X-ray sources are extremely revealed a strikingly ordered magnetic simultaneously at work in the Galaxy. rare and massive stars, whose X-ray structure for this object, with the RESEARCH PROFILES 41

DR PULIN GONG

of brain activity. Dynamical systems explore the following interesting Room 374 (A29) theory has introduced the concept questions: What are the information T +61 2 9036 9368 of stable states (or attractors) to processing e$ciency described in the F +61 2 9351 7726 describe the homeostasis of brain distributed dynamical computation E [email protected] activity; computational theory has theory? How can dynamical wave W sydney.edu.au/science/physics// provided discrete symbol processing to patterns be modulated by biologically brain-dynamics describe the function of brain activity. realistic mechanics to achieve learning The distributed dynamic computation and memory? framework recently proposed by us Some theoretical predictions from our bridges the gap between dynamic dynamical computation theory were and computation views of brain tested in 2010 by analyzing traveling function and, importantly, captures waves in the alpha and theta range in the complexity of brain activity both prestimulus and poststimulus EEG patterns. Information is encoded and activity. Our results show that there communicated by propagating wave are signi"cant changes of prestimulus packets, and information is processed spontaneous waves in the presence of when they collide or interact with each an external stimulus. Furthermore, the other. functional relevance of these waves However, to date the formation of is examined by studying how they One of the main challenges for science these dynamical patterns has not been are correlated with reaction times on in the 21st century is to understand well understood, the major obstacle a single trial basis; prestimulus alpha how the brain works. We know that being the complexity of existing models. waves traveling in the frontal-to- the brain processes information with To explain their emergence in neural occipital direction are found to be most extraordinary e$ciency; the visual systems and other complex systems in correlated to reaction speeds. These system, for instance, e!ortlessly general, in 2011 we developed a spatially "ndings suggest that propagating recognises objects from among extended three-state model, which is waves of brain oscillations are involved thousands of possibilities within a able to generate localized propagating in mediating long-range interactions fraction of a second and, to accomplish patterns with a rich variety of between widely distributed parts of this remarkable feat, various brain interesting collective dynamics (Fig.1). human cortex. Based on these results, regions need to work in parallel. This We found that symmetry breaking is the we are now beginning to study the parallel processing of information leads underlying mechanism for the formation interactions between waves in di!erent to spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing of these dynamical patterns. Due to its frequency ranges to understand how activity right across the brain— analytical and numerical tractability, the they can be related to perceptual and patterns that reveal a great complexity, simple model enables us systemically cognitive functions and typically have ever changing, transient dynamic features. Fig.1: Snapshots of emergent localized The goal of our research is to patterns in our three-state network investigate the physics principles model. Red dots indicate the positions of the elements that are activated at of the formation of these dynamic that time, black dots for those in the refractory state, and green dots for patterns, and to establish a novel brain ones in the resting state. information processing framework— distributed dynamic computation, to understand one of the most fundamental problems of the brain: how it computes. Neural activity is currently described using concepts from dynamical systems and from computational theory. Each of these captures di!erent aspects 42 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR ANNE GREEN

Room 564 (A29) T +61 2 9351 2727 F +61 2 9351 7726 E [email protected] W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ sifa/Main/SKAMP

The Molonglo Radio Telescope

THE SKA MOLONGLO PROTOTYPE (z~0.7) via a blind survey of neutral are more than three decades old. A full %SKAMP& atomic hydrogen (HI) absorption multi-wavelength analysis is needed The Square Kilometre Array Molonglo against strong background radio to understand how such a region Prototype (SKAMP) Project will be a sources. This will give information on developed. We have begun a campaign new low frequency spectroscopy and the kinematics and mass of neutral to map this complex region at several polarisation capability in the southern gas in the galaxies along the line-of- radio frequencies with the Australia hemisphere. We are undertaking a sight. Telescope Compact Array and the complete signal pathway renewal of ç Study the transient and variable Parkes telescope, including polarisation the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis radio sky as blind surveys commensal measurements to study the magnetic Telescope (MOST), owned and with the HI project and through "eld structure in the nebula. operated by the University of Sydney targeted observations of known Searching for Giant Radio Galaxies and located 30km east of Canberra. objects. This phase space is not The MOST telescope has produced The existing telescope has two co- well characterised at present and in a complete survey of the southern linear cylindrical paraboloid antennas, addition to discovering new kinds sky at 843 MHz, called SUMSS 1.6 km long with a physical collecting of variable sources, we will develop (Sydney University Molonglo Sky 2 area of 18,000 m , equivalent to a new algorithms for source detection, Survey). Several projects are using this parabolic dish of diameter much larger analysis and triggering for multi- important resource. We are searching than the Parkes 64m radio telescope. observational follow-up. the image to look for Giant Radio The project is currently nearing Exploring the Carina Nebula Galaxies (GRGs), arguably the largest completion with high speed digital The Carina Nebula is a nursery of coherent objects in the Universe. signal processing using programmable the largest number of the massive, Studying these galaxies, de"ned to logic chips to produce large data hot young starts outside the Galactic have a physical size larger than about streams of more than 1 TB per 12 hour Centre region. It is also nearby and is 750 Mpc, gives information on the observation. We will be making images a wonderful laboratory to study the lifecycle of active galactic nuclei and 2 with a 4 deg "eld-of-view, sub-arcmin evolution and formation triggers of the supermassive black holes which resolution (45”) and 120 microJy massive stars, which generate most power the radio lobes we observe. sensitivity at the centre frequency of of the energy and element enrichment These GRGs are also probes of 843 MHz. Two main science goals are of a galaxy. Beautiful and spectacular the intergalactic medium and give being planned at present: images have been recently published information on galaxy evolution. ç Understand the gas and galaxy in optical, infrared and X-ray bands. evolution in the distant Universe Corresponding images in the radio band RESEARCH PROFILES 43

DR CHRISTIAN GRILLET

2010 indeed was a proli"c year with Slow-light enhanced Four-wave seven papers published, a keynote mixing in Si photonic crystal Room 303b (A28) speech and several invited and post- waveguides: The silicon-on-insulator T +61 2 9036 9430 deadline conferences. 2010 marked (SOI) con"guration is currently the F +61 2 9351 7726 also the end of my ARC APD fellowship most promising platform for creating E [email protected] focused on resonant structures in PICs in the near-infrared region. In W sydney.edu.au/science/ photonic crystal made in a highly CUDOS, at Dr. Monat’s instigation, physics/cudos nonlinear chalcogenide glass. Photonic we developed an original approach, crystal (PhC) is recognized as a based on the exploitation of slow- promising platform for the control of light integrated structures in SOI to light at the wavelength scale. PhC create extremely compact devices devices have the potential of becoming on a chip. After having discovered the key building blocks of future and published in nature photonics in photonic integrated circuit (PIC or 2009, the emission of green light out ‘photonic chip’). All around the world, of integrated silicon devices through enormous resources have been put nonlinear third-harmonic generation, into developing a PIC in the telecom we pursued our groundwork on the band (around 1.55 µm) for applications opportunities o!ered by the integrated as diverse as all-optical processing slow-light silicon platform. In 2010, for telecom applications, optical with CUDOS collaborators, we used they are important phytoplankton interconnects for CMOS electronics, it to induce novel methods in the "eld and contribute a large portion of biosensing through the lab-on-a-chip of optical performance monitoring, photosynthesis in oceans, thorough approach. My work, in line with CUDOS and we reported the demonstration studies of the optical properties of strategy, "ts into this vision. Some of frequency conversion via enhanced frustules are of great value. Dr Shih- highlights in 2010 include: four-wave mixing in short (80 μm) Hsin Hsu joined the School of physics in Photosensitive and thermal dispersion engineered slow light silicon November 2010 to start on this exciting nonlinear e!ects in chalcogenide photonic crystal waveguides [iii]. new project. photonic crystal cavities: We took Biomimetics of diatoms: 2010 marked advantage of an innovative approach, also the kick-o! of a new cutting- [i] M. Lee, C. Grillet et al, “Photosensitive based on an evanescent coupling edge multidisciplinary research aimed and thermal nonlinear e!ects in chalcogenide photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. architecture (established in the CUDOS at exploring a new form of optical Express 18, 26695-26703 (2010). nanophotonics lab), that allows the technology engineered by nature. [ii] C. Grillet, C. Monat, et al,” Invited review probing of photonic devices micrometer It has a tremendous potential for article Laser & Photonics reviews 4, 192-204, only in size to inject light into our chemical, biomedical and physical DOI 10.1002/lPOR.200810072 (2010). photonic crystal structures. Our work sensor applications. Diatoms are [iii] C. Monat, M. Ebnali-Heidari, C. led to the "rst demonstration of post marine organisms that posses a silica Grillet, et al, “Four-wave mixing in slow processed high Q cavity writing using skeleton with regular arrays of micro- to light engineered silicon photonic crystal light rather than ebeam writing. nanometer pores, mimicking a photonic waveguides,” Opt. Express 18, 22915-22927 (2010) A highlight in 2010 was the crystal (see "gure below). Because demonstration of photoinduced cavities and the studies of photosensitive and thermo-optic nonlinear properties of chalcogenide glass photonic crystal cavities [i]. Our achievements in this project are the basis for major new directions within the centre including opto#uidics, slow light, and more recently mid-infrared photonics [ii]. 44 RESEARCH PROFILES

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR REZA HASHEMI'NEZHAD

The neutrons produced are studied using Radiation dosimetry: The radiation "elds Room 209 (A28) neutron induced reactions in samples of and spectra in a variety of workplaces T +61 2 9351 5964 Uranium, Thorium, Bismuth, Lead, Gold, are generally well documented but an F +61 2 9351 7726 Lanthanum, Aluminium and Boron. accurate understanding of radiation E [email protected] Transmutation of Nuclear Waste: The dose to people in these environments has not been possible with the simplistic W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ neutrons produced in ADS can also be calculation models available to date. research/nucsci used to transmute long-lived radioactive waste isotopes into shorter lived, or even State of the art, anatomically realistic, stable, isotopes. We study the capability voxel models, based on ICRP ‘Reference Persons’ have been developed for of ADS to transmute 238Pu, 239Pu, 237Np, use in Monte Carlo codes to compare 241Am and 129I, using both EpT and with dose measurements made in the KAVINTA assemblies. "eld. Applications of interest include Molten Salt Reactors (MSR): The underground mines, radon dosimetry, MSR reactor design is one investigated reactor and accelerator environments, historically and is also proposed by the crew members of commercial #ights and Generation IV forum. MSR fuel typically astronauts in space. consists of molten #uoride salts of fuel Nuclear Simulations: Experimental isotopes as well as zirconium, lithium investigations of spallation reactions, ADS, and beryllium. The fuel may be obtained transmutation, MSR, particle detectors APPLIED NUCLEAR SCIENCE from either natural uranium or bred from and radiation dosimetry are all critically Our research is focused on applications of thorium. Our research into this area compared with the results of Monte Carlo nuclear science in real life. These include explores the dynamics of MSR operation simulations. The codes MCNP, MCNPX, safe means of nuclear energy production; and the neutron transport properties of Geant4 and FLUKA are all used with a radiation dosimetry in working and these systems. We are also investigating view to benchmarking and validating them residential environments; and radiation the possibilities o!ered by MSR for for use in the applications outlined above. detection systems. power and heat generation alongside the Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS): ADS transmutation of existing nuclear waste. Thermal Hydraulics of Molten metal is a sub-critical nuclear reactor in which The synergy between ADS, MSR and the coolants and Molten Salt Reactors the "ssion chain reaction is sustained by thorium fuel cycle is also considered as (MSR) : The ADS core will be surrounded spallation neutrons. Spallation neutrons part of this research. with molten lead or lead bismuth eutectic and MSR has liquid fuel. In both of these are produced through the interaction of Detector physics: The interaction of generation IV reactors temperature will high energy light ions with heavy targets ionising radiation with detector materials be much more than that in conventional such as lead. The fuel for future ADS can is an important area of research a!ecting reactors. In collaboration with the Faculty be bred from natural thorium; a feature all aspects of nuclear measurement. In of Mechanical Engineering, University of signi"cant to Australia, which has the particular, the interactions in photon Sydney, we study the thermal hydraulics world’s largest known reserves of thorium detection for gamma spectrometry of liquid materials in these systems, which (489,000 tonnes). and the electron interactions in is essential for power generation and liquid scintillation materials are under Our group forms part of an international design of these reactors. collaboration, making use of the investigation. The scintillation process exhibits a strong non-linearity in NUCLOTRON high-energy accelerator, Energy plus Transmutation (EpT) Subcritical Nuclear Assembly and the EpT and KAVINTA experimental response to the energy deposited sub-critical assemblies at the Joint by photons and electrons. This Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, non-linearity can a!ect the Russia. Each of these assemblies consists accuracy of measurements. of a spallation target surrounded by a Characterisation of this energy blanket of natural uranium. EpT uses deposition is underway using a a lead target, whilst KAVINTA has a liquid scintillation – triple-double uranium target. The targets of these coincidence counting system assemblies are irradiated with protons (LS-TDCR) using experimental and and deuterons of energy 0.4 – 4 GeV. Monte Carlo methods. RESEARCH PROFILES 45

PROFESSOR RICHARD HUNSTEAD

MAGNETIC FIELDS AND GALAXY MRC B1221-423 is undergoing a tidal COLLISIONS interaction with a companion galaxy. Room 567 (A29) My research covers several diverse The gas-rich companion is in orbit T +61 2 9351 3871 "elds of astrophysics, and in 2010 around the more massive radio galaxy F +61 2 9351 7726 it focused on highly polarised radio which is gradually tearing it apart E [email protected] sources and a very interesting galaxy- and spreading debris throughout the W sydney.edu.au/science/ galaxy interaction. region. Optical spectra show that star physics/sifa formation is taking place across the Ultra-high polarisation (Shi, Liang, whole system. Broad emission lines in Han): Radio sources often show the nucleus show evidence of out#ow, linear polarisation of a few percent while neutral hydrogen absorption arising from synchrotron emission but against the nucleus show in#ow of cold rarely show polarisation of more than gas at a velocity of 250 km/s. 10%. Observations of 11 sources with nominal linear polarisation >30% at The ages of the stellar populations higher angular resolution with radio are comparable with the estimated telescopes in Australia and the USA orbital period of the companion (~109 con"rmed their extreme polarisation. yr) while the active nucleus is much Their other radio properties were younger, suggesting a time delay of a unremarkable and typical of low power few hundred Myr between the tidal active elliptical galaxies. Examination of event that triggered star formation and circuit boards to CSIRO, and was their optical environments showed they the onset of radio emission. Analysis of followed by an o$cial handover on 10 were indistinguishable from their low- integral "eld unit spectroscopy of this September by the CSIRO SKA Director, polarisation counterparts. system was done as an honours project Prof Brian Boyle. The heart of this by Craig Anderson and will be included new system is based on programmable Our interpretation was that the in the 2011 report. logic chip technology. By December extraordinarily high polarisation the correlator "rmware had met major must arise from highly ordered Molonglo Observatory news: In milestones, con"rming the ambitious source magnetic "elds on scales of August 2010 the Square Kilometre design approach taken by the SKAMP >100 kiloparsecs, possibly oriented Array (SKA) science and engineering team. preferentially in the plane of the sky. committee designated SKAMP (SKA Molonglo Prototype) as an approved Galaxies in collision (Johnston, SKA path"nder. This coincided with Broderick, Cotter, Morganti): The the delivery of the main SKAMP digital young (~105 yr) powerful radio galaxy

SKAMP digital system handover showing Prof Anne Green (Project leader), True colour image of MRC B1221-423 Duncan Campbell-Wilson (Site manager) and Prof Brian Boyle, CSIRO. 46 RESEARCH PROFILES

DR STUART JACKSON

FIBRE LASERS time-resolved spectroscopy of rare Room 322 (A28) My research expertise is in the areas of earth ion doped #uoride glasses. T +61 2 9114 0772 lasers and spectroscopy although now In 2010, we carried out with the help of I am moving into the area of integrated the Center for Lasers and Applications F +61 2 9351 7726 nonlinear optics. I am interested in in Brazil the "rst spectroscopic E [email protected] creating highly e$cient laser sources investigation of Dy3+-doped #uoride W sydney.edu.au/ipos that produce long wavelength photons. glass. We discovered that Dy3+ do I am doing this using the optical "bre as not have strong energy transfer the gain medium because it allows good parameters which means that future thermal management and high power optical "bres can be doped to quite to be obtained. In 2010 my main e!orts high concentrations. We measured all were focussed on developing "bre of the relevant laser parameters for this lasers with long wavelength emission system allowing for detailed numerical using #uoride glasses as the host modelling and hence optimisation to be material for the optical "bres. carried out. With the assistance of French intern The high power "bre laser group at Alexander Guhur, a high power diode- the School of Physics has had a long 3+ pumped Tm -doped silicate glass "bre collaboration with Australia’s Defence 3+ laser was used to excite Ho ions Science and Technology Organisation Finally, former PhD student Ryuichiro very e$ciently which created high (DSTO) who are interested in the Goto designed and helped fabricate a power emission at 2.1 µm. The pump development of robust, highly e$cient novel hybrid highly birefringent optical wavelength was very close to the 2 µm "bre lasers using silicate glass "bre that incorporated total internal laser wavelength so the e$ciency of optical "bres. Our group assisted DSTO re#ection, photonic bandgap guidance the system was remarkably high. Now, in the creation of a broadly tuneable 3+ and stress-induced birefringence because we doped the Ho -doped Tm 3+, Ho3+-doped aluminosilicate glass using additional stress-applying rods. #uoride glass "bre with large amounts "bre laser which produced the widest 3+ The resultant optical "bre is highly of Ho ions they we able to interact tuning range of any "bre laser. In a multifunctional combining suppression strongly. When rare earth ions are very separate project that also involved of ampli"ed spontaneous emission with close they can exchange energy and collaboration with the University of propagation of a single polarisation. This we showed that when we pumped Adelaide, the "rst gain switched Ho3+- "bre will be used to create new visible the "bre at 2 µm, we could observe doped silicate glass "bre laser was wavelengths from a "bre laser source. blue photon emission. This could only created. occur if a Ho3+ ion received energy from three nearby Ho3+ ions that were excited from absorbing pump photons. Thus we showed the largest energy di!erence between a pump photon and the upconverted photons creating #uorescence emission. One of the strong areas of my research is my network of international collaborators. We are interested in how rare earth ions that have long wavelength emission properties interact with each other. Energy transfer between rare earth ions can be bene"cial or detrimental to the performance of "bre lasers so we have an active program involving international partners studying the RESEARCH PROFILES 47

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR JOE KHACHAN

Our work on fusion energy and electric repulsion, simply turn around and are propulsion of spacecraft continued to refocused. The main drawback of this Room 219b (A28) expand both with increasing numbers approach has been collisions with the T +61 2 9351 2713 of postgraduate students taking up metal grid, which produced a large F +61 2 9351 7726 these projects and our understanding energy loss. We have removed the E [email protected] of the physics. Fusion is the process metal grid as the ion focusing element W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ of coalescing atomic nuclei, which while maintaining the attraction towards research/fusion/index.shtml produces more energy than that a central point. The two approaches we required to form the coalescence. have taken are known as The Polywell Electric propulsion of spacecraft is a and Periodically Oscillating Plasma method where the ions are ejected Spheres (POPS). These methods aim electrostatically at high speeds in to trap a very dense electron cloud at order to control or propel spacecraft a central point, which in turn acts to such as satellites or those used for accelerating and focus ions. interplanetary travel. The postgraduate The Polywell, shown in Figure 2, uses students that worked in these two magnetic "eld coils to trap injected areas during 2010 were: Matthew Carr, electrons in a central space. First David Gummersall, Scott Cornish, Adam experiments showed that a much Israel, Colin Tuft, and Rehan Bandara. larger electron current was required ejected ions by ejecting electrons with in order to achieve the accelerating INERTIAL ELECTROSTATIC them to avoid the charge build-up on CONFINEMENT FUSION potential required for nuclear fusion. a spacecraft, which has the e!ect Inertial Electrostatic Con"nement Moreover, a greater understanding of of stopping any further ion ejection. Fusion (IECF) is an approach to the relationship between con"nement Our innovation, called the Charge nuclear fusion of light elements (such time and size of magnetic "elds was Exchange Thruster (CXT), produces as deuterium) for the purpose of required, which is currently underway. ions, accelerates them, and then producing a small scale energy source. The POPS concept looks similar to that neutralizes them in one step using a The abundance of light elements shown in Figure 1; however electrons small amount of power and with a size makes IECF energy attractive because (rather than ions) are trapped in side that is no larger than a pen. Our "rst it is non-polluting and sustainable. the central grid. Results showed that results indicated substantial force can In the past, IECF was produced by ions were being traps by the trapped be achieved with the possibility that accelerating and focusing ions of light electrons because they underwent the CXT can be used in the burgeoning elements to the centre of a spherically oscillations within that space. area of small satellites (1kg) known as symmetric metal grid, shown in Figure nano-satellites. 1, where fusion of the nuclei ions SPACECRAFT PROPULSION takes place. Any ions that scatter o! One of the main issues for spacecraft each other, due to their electrostatic propulsion is neutralization of the

Figure 1 Figure 2 48 RESEARCH PROFILES

DR BORIS KUHLMEY

coupling rather than anti-resonant propagation and generation of wide Room 317 (A28) or bandgap e!ects. Because such wavelength ranges in such a liquid core T +61 2 9351 2544 "bres combine wide bandwidth with "bre. F +61 2 9351 7726 very strongly adjustable dispersion Metamaterial #bres E [email protected] properties, they are promising with A Tuniz, S Fleming, M Large, A W sydney.edu.au/ipos candidates for all-"bre based tuneable Wang, P Chen, R Lwin;in collaboration laser sources over a very wide range of with J Anthony, R Leonhardt (Univ. of wavelengths, with potential applications Auckland) in remote environmental sensing. Metal/glass composite "bres are Biosensing and nonlinearities in a new avenue for mass-producing photonic crystal #bres metamaterials – materials with with KJ Lee, R Pan , A Judge, D Wu, properties emerging from their B Eggleton, E Mägi, CM de Sterke; structure rather than from their in collaboration with H Giessen, S constituents. Such "bres behave Pricking, T Gissibl, M Vieweg, (Univ. of as homogenous material, but with Stuttgart) electromagnetic properties arising from The holes in photonic crystal "bres sub-wavelength metal structures with can be "lled with #uids, strongly electric and magnetic resonances, that a!ecting the guidance properties of can be tuned by design. In particular PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBRES AND the "bres. Such "bres have applications the e!ective refractive index of such METAMATERIALS in biomedical sensing and also for "bres can be positive, negative or even Our work concentrates on novel types nonlinear optics. By creating resonant one (making the "bre invisible in air), of optical "bres with a wide range of structures such directional coupler or highly anisotropic behaving as a applications from biophotonic sensing within these "bres, minute changes of metal in one direction and a dielectric to hyper-resolving lenses and invisible the refractive index within the holes in another. The latter con"guration materials. can be detected, with detection limits in particular enables sub-di!raction Uncovering new ways of guiding light similar to those of state-of-the art limited imaging. In 2010, we published in photonic crystal #bres surface plasmon sensors and paving the "rst experimental demonstration of with A Argyros, CM de Sterke, T Grujic, the way for ultrasensitive disposable the "rst ever metamaterial "bre, which V Pureur, in collaboration with S Coen biochemical sensors. Alternatively, the we demonstrated to have e!ective (univ. of Auckland), JC Knight (Univ. holes can be "lled with #uids that have plasmonic response at terahertz of Bath) strong optical nonlinear properties, frequencies; we also demonstrated Photonic crystal "bres (PCFs) e!ectively providing liquid core "bres. numerically that similar "bres could be are optical "bres with a complex In collaboration with Harald Giessen’s made that are indeed invisible at optical microstructure running along their group at the University of Stuttgart, wavelengths. length, guiding light by coherent Germany, we have demonstrated soliton scattering or anti-resonant e!ects rather than by total internal re#ection. Simulated electric field of a light wave diffracted on a silver fibre (left), a glass fibre (centre) Such "bres have peculiar optical and a glass/silver composite invisible fibre of same size. properties that strongly depend on their structure. Most PCFs are made out of two materials, for example an array of holes or doped glass rods in a glass background. One of our main discoveries published in 2010 was that including a third material, for example using high-index coated holes, can dramatically change the guidance properties, providing wide bandwidth guidance of light relying on inhibited RESEARCH PROFILES 49

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ZDENKA KUNCIC

Zdenka’s research program focuses its second year of NHMRC Project on theoretical and computational Grant funding and PhD student Room 415 (A28) modelling, primarily for medical Sam Blake commenced developing T +61 2 9351 3162 and biological physics applications. simulations to optimise detector F +61 2 9351 7726 During 2010, Zdenka’s research properties. E [email protected] group welcomed three new PhD Nanodosimetry W sydney.edu.au/science/ students, Sam Blake, Jin Aun Ng and The number of people exposed to physics/~kuncic Josephine Youkhana, as well as a new low dose radiation during medical Honours student, David Prabhakar. procedures is increasing dramatically, Funding commenced for two new yet the biological e!ects resulting ARC Discovery Projects and a Cancer from low dose radiation exposure are Council NSW Project Grant. Two new poorly understood. Contrary to high Research Equipment Grants were doses, where the radiation has a high awarded by the Cancer Institute NSW: probability of hitting the cell nucleus 1. The Advanced Computing Facility for and causing cell death, at low doses Cancer Research (www.physics.usyd. the e!ects are far less deterministic. edu.au/acf); and We are modelling the stochastic 2. New detector technology for the next energy deposition events that occur in generation in radiotherapy treatment extranuclear sites in cells. PhD student veri"cation systems. Hilary Byrne has studied di!erent exploiting the quantised spin states Zdenka was a Visiting Scholar at the theoretical models for calculating of photons. Results published in Centre for the Physics of Medicine, radiation interaction probabilities with 2010 by Zdenka and collaborators at University of Cambridge, while on the condensed matter at very low energies, University College London and ANSTO Special Studies Program in the second relevant for energy deposition on demonstrate that photon polarisation half of 2010. Whilst in the UK, she micro/nano-scales. can improve coincidence counting in presented invited talks at the Cavendish positron emission tomography (PET). Physics Laboratory (Cambridge), These results also suggest the potential the Institute of Physics Biomedical for developing a broader range of Modelling Symposium (Nottingham) radiopharmaceuticals for use with this and at the Royal Marsden Hospital NHS technique, providing the capability Trust (Surrey). She also presented at of in vivo imaging of organs not the Imaging2010 international workshop currently accessible with existing PET (Stockholm). technology. Next-Generation Medical Detectors Polarised gamma rays in a simulated PET detector system. We are developing novel medical radiation detectors than can simultaneously image a patient whilst undergoing radiotherapy. This will Simulated low energy electron track in 100 nm water. enable the capability for patient Probing Living Matter with Quanta monitoring during treatment in real Living matter constitutes sets of time. During 2010, the project entered complex inter-related systems. We seek to improve our understanding of Scintillating gamma-ray imager. how macroscopic, observable physical properties are determined by processes operating on micro/nano-scales and how novel biomedical techniques may be developed to utilise this knowledge. One of our approaches is to improve molecular imaging techniques by 50 RESEARCH PROFILES

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SERDAR KUYUCAK

"elds have not yielded satisfactory in traditional drug development could be Room 351 (A28) results because experimental data alone much enhanced by studying the binding T +61 2 9036 5306 is not su$cient to constrain the model of ligands to ion channels in simulations, F +61 2 9351 7726 parameters, and guidance from ab initio which provides a molecular level E [email protected] calculations is required. We have initiated understanding of the binding process. W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ a program investigating the polarization More e!ective ligands can be obtained ~serdar/serdar.html e!ects in ion channels and bulk water. In from the native toxins by performing the "rst instance, we have studied the point mutations, which increase the polarization e!ects in the hydration shells binding free energy. of ions and constructed the "rst ab initio Molecular dynamics simulations of potential of mean force for dissociation glutamate transporters (Bastug, of Na-Cl. There are no experimental data Heinzelmann): to determine the ion-ion potentials so the Glutamate is the dominant excitatory ab initio potentials will be very useful for neurotransmitter in the brain. Its this purpose. This is followed by studies extracellular concentration is kept at the of polarization in the gramicidin and nanomolar level by glutamate transporters potassium channels. In both channels, — membrane proteins that continuously there are problems with the description pump glutamate back to the neurons of ion permeation using classical force using the existing ionic gradients. Because COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS "elds, and the ab initio results clearly small changes in glutamate concentration indicate that they arise from the neglect Molecular biology is going through a a!ect signaling in the brain, these of polarization. paradigm shift - qualitative pictures transporters are targets for treatment of that were used in the past to describe Modeling of ligand binding and ion neurological diseases. Using the recently biomolecular processes are being replaced permeation in potassium channels determined bacterial transporter structure with quantitative descriptions that can (Bastug, Chen, Rashid) in MD simulations, we have delineated match experimental observations. Atomic We have made substantial progress on the basic steps involved in glutamate detail simulations of biomolecules require modeling of toxin binding to the voltage- transport and provided a structural basis massive computational power, and until a gated potassium channel Kv1.2 ("gure 1 for the transport mechanism. We have decade ago, they were considered to be shows the channel-toxin complex). Initial con"rmed the binding sites suggested too expensive to perform on specialised problems arising from the #exibility of the by the experimental structure and found supercomputers. Development of toxin is dealt with using restraints. The the site for the third Na ion that was not cheaper parallel computers with large absolute binding free energy obtained observed in the di!raction studies. From storage capabilities and fast processors from the potential of mean force is in the binding free energies for Na ions and has rapidly changed this situation by good agreement with the observed value. aspartate, we have determined the order bringing the supercomputing power The toxins we study o!er promising of binding. An interesting "nding is the to masses and triggering the present leads for development of drugs targeting indirect coupling between one of the Na revolution in computational biology. Our diseases caused by dysfunction of ion ions and aspartate via a hydrogen-bond group has been actively involved in this channels. The trial and error process used network as depicted in "gure 2. rapid progress in computational biology, Figure 1 Figure 2 contributing to modeling of ion channels and transporters. Ab initio investigation of polarization e!ects in ion channels and bulk water (De Castro, Timko) Our comprehensive tests of the classical force "elds in the gramicidin A channel have exposed their inadequacy and called for incorporation of the polarization interaction in these force "elds. Previous attempts to construct polarizable force RESEARCH PROFILES 51

PROFESSOR MANFRED LENZEN

GHG emissions, water usage, and between polluters and the consumers Room 602 (A28) Ecological Footprint, and even social who actually bene"t. By better describing T +61 2 9351 5985 indicators such as embodied labour the connections between emitters and F +61 2 9351 7726 hours. The Eora MRIO is unmatched for consumers our work contributes to fairer E [email protected] scope and detail. Just as earth science pollution control regimes. took a major leap forward with the W www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/ Con(ict Minerals: Darian McBain, a launch of the "rst observation satellites PhD student, is mapping the global and the planet could be observed as an #ows of coltan. Coltan ore contains the ecological whole, we hope that data-rich rare earth metals niobium and tantalum observation instruments like Eora will help which are prized for producing high sustainability planners view the global e$ciency consumer electronics. One of economy from a higher vantage point. the world’s richest coltan deposits lies in Embodied CO2 in Trade: China is a major the Democratic Republic of Congo. The CO2 emitter. But much of that pollution backyard coltan mining industry there is emitted in order to produce goods has been subject to human rights abuses for export. The actual carbon footprint and likely funds military corruption. By of Chinese citizens is far smaller. The following the Congolese coltan, Darian Chinese government has stated they hopes to discover which middlemen and will not negotiate CO2 reduction targets consumers use these con#ict minerals. ACCURATE CARBON FOOTPRINTS based on emissions from production, but Threatened species: In collaboration The ISA team’s current research aims only on trade-adjusted emissions. The US, with the University of Bari in Italy, our to illuminate how environmental harms on the other hand, is a major importer of team is currently tracing environmental #ow through supply chains. In today’s embodied GHG emissions. Determining pressure from centres of consumption globalized world complex supply chains accurate carbon footprints and trade to biodiversity hot-spots. Linking the obscure the connection between balances is crucial for international GHG threatened species ‘Red’ list of the consumers and environmental impacts. negotiations. International Union for the Conservation Tracing out these connections helps Shared Responsibility: Corporations of Nature (IUCN) to the Eora MRIO, we businesses and governments make fairer and governments want to move beyond will be able to quantify the contribution of and more e$cient policies for reducing a simplistic ‘polluter pays’ principle just about everything we purchase to the pollution, including Greenhouse Gasses for regulating emissions. The cost for threat of animals and plants anywhere in (GHG). reducing pollution should be shared the world. The Eora Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO): The Eora MRIO is a high Flow map of embodied CO2 exports from Brazil. Lighter paths represent larger virtual flux and darker lines represent resolution mathematical representation smaller flows. Brazil exports much embodied CO2 in imports from Mexico and the Middle East. Flow maps such as of the entire world economy. My team this help us discover which goods and trade networks are the most GHG intensive has gathered together nearly all of the world’s available databases on production, consumption, pollution, and trade. Combined, these data cover >99% of global GDP. We use high performance computing facilities within the School and in Australia’s National Computing Infrastructure to reconcile and unite these data and form an ultrahigh resolution schematic of all #ows in the world economy. The computer evaluates over 5 billion supply chains. For each of these supply chains we can calculate a #ux for a number of environmental metrics such as embodied 52 RESEARCH PROFILES

DR SERGIO G LEON'SAVAL

PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR some cases, these highly demanding DEVICE APPLICATIONS applications have driven remarkable Room 443 (A28) My research is focused on the developments in optics, as the case of T +61 2 9114 1162 development and implementation of an in-"bre multimode to single-mode F +61 2 9351 7726 new concepts and uses of photonic converter, the Photonic Lantern. Even E [email protected] devices for new technological thought, experimentally developed W sydney.edu.au/ipos/l applications in the area of optical "bers few years ago it has not been until this and astronomical instrumentation. year that these devices have been fully Optical #ber technologies implemented and understood. A recent Optical "bres are an extraordinary study showed how these devices platform for light-matter interactions in transform multimode "ber propagation the visible and the near infrared domain. into a bundle of single-mode near The ability to con"ne and manipulate di!raction limited waveguides and vice the light at scales comparable to the versa (Fig 2). wavelength makes then a desirable To implement state of the art photonic and versatile tool for linear and non- technologies into space, such as linear interactions. Quantum dot doped photonic "lters, "bre-based di!raction polymer "bers were fabricated and limited sprectometers and photonic their emission properties studied as a sensors, e!ort and research has to be feasibility experiment for the realization put into reducing cost and sizes. Some (Herriot Watt University, Scotland). of optically pumped quantum dot "bre of the new developments in photonic (Fig. 3b). This compact device will allow lasers (Fig. 1a). Another interesting "ber instrumentation for ground astronomy the interface of the photonic lantern platform developed for the study of and space science during 2010 include multicore "bers to di!raction-limited light interaction with nanostructured the "rst demonstration of a "bre Bragg microspectrometers. materials was aerogel-"lled hollow grating (FBG) printed into a multicore Fig.3 (a) Multicore FBG filters for fiber integrated OH core photonic crystal "bers (Fig 1b). "bre (Fig. 3a). sky suppression. (b) 3D fan out device, hexagonal array Aerogel (a highly porous silica material) to a one dimensional array of cores. This photonic lantern multicore "bre was fabricated inside the 10µm core approach reduces signi"cantly the of a photonic bandgap "ber to study footprint of this technology. This the linear and nonlinear propagation work was carried out with T. Birks properties. (University of Bath). Furthermore,.a Astrophotonics and Space Photonics multicore waveguide (hexagonal array Over the last few years astronomical of cores) to a one dimensional array and space instrumentation have been fan out device in a glass substrate was adopting and transforming more developed by Ultrafast Laser Inscription advanced photonic technologies. In (ULI) in collaboration with R. Thomson

Fig.1. (a) CdSe Quantum dot doped polymer fibers with red and yellow emission properties (b). Aerogel-filled hollow core photonic crystal fiber. Fig.2. Modal evolution of a fibre multimode to single-mode converter. RESEARCH PROFILES 53

PROFESSOR GERAINT LEWIS

ideas of gravity. In a series of papers, For the latter half of 2010, Geraint Room 560 (A29) Geraint was able to show that the was on sabbatical at the University of T +61 2 9351 5184 motions of stars in these clusters simply Cambridge’s Institute of Astronomy. F +61 2 9351 7726 followed Newton’s law of gravity, and There he strengthened his collaboration E g#@physics.usyd.edu.au hence ruling out some ideas of modi"ed links with leading international W sydney.edu.au/science/ gravity which have been proposed to researchers, including Mike Irwin, physics/~g# account for the apparent action of dark Vasily Belokurov and Jorge Penarrubia, matter. expanding new studies of gravitational Geraint continued his computational lensing and the Sagittarius Dwarf program, working with PhD student, Galaxy, the closest galaxy to our own. Hugh Garsden, to develop a new Both projects yielded new publications, supercomputer code for studying including the presentation of a new the defelction of light by stellar mass approach to reconstructing the objects. This approach has proved unseen dark matter distribution in very successful, allowing new studies gravitational lens systems, as well as of this gravitational microlensing, and new observations of the heart of the its in#uence on how we observe the Sagittarius Dwarf, showing it to be not distance universe. This has resulted in rotating. This result is important as it a series of publications, examining how rules out many suggest models for the GRAVITATIONAL ASTROPHYSICS gravitational microlensing can reveal complex orbit of this system. Throughout 2010, Geraint maintained the detailed structure at the heart of In 2010, two students, Richard Lane and his broad spectrum of astrophysical quasars, including scattering regions Madhura Killedar, completed their PhD research. The key focus was the near the central black holes of these research with Geraint. Richard. who continuation of the Pan-Andromeda superluminous sources, and water studied globular clusters and galactic Archaeological Survey (PAndAS), the masers orbiting at larger distances. structure, now holds a postdoctoral largest survey of our nearest cosmic Through this research, Geraint was able position at Universidad de Concepcion companions, the Andromeda and to develop new observational programs in Chile, while Madhura, whose research Triangulum galaxies. Using the 3.6m and showed that by using gravitational focus is computational gravitational Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in microlensing we can reveal the most lensing, is a researcher at the University Hawaii, this survey has provided a intricate details in these distant of Trieste. unique view of galaxy formation in systems. action, revealing a wealth of streams A gravitational lensing magnification map. Similar to the pattern of light formed on the bottom of a swimming pool, and shreds within the galactic halos, this map is formed as light streams past a large number of stars and planets. As this pattern scans across a source, it causes the source brightness to fluctuate. the tidal debris of cannibalised systems that strayed too close. As well as the stellar debris, this survey has uncovered a wealth of other structure, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, each providing a new set of clues to the formation and growth of our own Milky Way galaxy. Closer to home, Geraint’s observational work continued by measuring the velocities of stars in globular clusters which orbit the Milky Way. These balls of stars are thought to contain none of the enigmatic dark matter which appears to dominate the majority of the Universe, and so provide an ideal environment to test our very basic 54 RESEARCH PROFILES

DR GREG MADSEN

PHYSICS OF THE IONISED southern sky. These observations will INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM form the basis of numerous projects for Room 559a (A29) Galaxies are complex systems in which years to come. T +61 2 9036 5106 billions of stars interact with their A principal focus our research is to F +61 2 9351 7726 environment. Interstellar space is "lled understood how ionising radiation, E [email protected] with vast reservoirs of magnetised originating from widely separated W sydney.edu.au/science/ plasma that was previously processed hot stars in the midplane, is able physics/~madsen inside stars at temperatures of many to penetrate the ubiquitous neutral millions of degrees. As stars evolve, hydrogen to produce widespread they emit ionising radiation and eject ionised gas in the Galactic disk and material that strongly in#uences the halo. It is thought that the di!use interstellar medium (ISM) around them; plasma may be ionised due to large this a!ects where and how future cavities that extend far above the generations of stars are formed. The midplane, but there is little direct continuous cycle of stellar birth and observational evidence of such cavities. death governs the evolution of galaxies. In 2010, we developed photoionisation The goal of our research is to models of a supernova-driven, turbulent understand role of interstellar matter ISM to show that there are enough in this cycle: how its properties are low-density paths and voids to allow for density. We also quanti"ed the in#uenced by dying stars, and how it ionising photons from hot stars to reach orientation of the large-scale magnetic moderates the birth of new stars. and ionise gas many kiloparsecs above "eld of the Galaxy. Both of these Surveying the Sky the midplane. results are key ingredients to theoretical A key component of this work is to Interstellar Magnets models of the ISM. map out the distribution and kinematics This di!use plasma is threaded by We extended this technique and of di!use ionised gas in our Galaxy, weak (micro-Gauss) magnetic "elds discovered the "rst evidence of a through high resolution observations that in#uence a number of physical magnetic "eld in a high-velocity cloud of optical recombination and nebular processes in the ISM. However, (HVC). HVCs are thought to be material emission lines. measuring these "elds is di$cult and that is accreting onto our Galaxy for We have designed a custom built fraught with systematic uncertainties. the "rst time, providing fuel for ongoing survey telescope (WHAM) speci"cally We have developed a technique star formation. However, they are for this purpose. Over the past decade, to reduce this uncertainty and moving quickly through the halo of our my colleagues and I have created the make in situ measurements of the Galaxy and require some stabilisation "rst maps of di!use ionised gas in the interstellar magnetic "eld in a range mechanism if they are to survive long northern sky and demonstrated that of environments. We applied this enough to reach the Galactic disk. We this gas pervades the Galaxy. technique to a number of nearby found evidence of a coherent magnetic In 2010, we completed this all-sky HII regions and found no correlation "eld that is strong enough to stabilise survey through observations of the between "eld strength and electron the cloud against dissipation.

Electron density Greg and the WHAM (greyscale) and telescope at Kitt Peak Faraday rotation National Observatory measure (coloured circles) toward a nearby HII region Sh 2-27 RESEARCH PROFILES 55

DR DANE MCCAMEY

SPIN PHYSICS IN manipulation of spins can be used to SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES store information. One of the main Room 361a (A28) Quantum mechanics is often considered aims of our group is to utilize both T +61 2 9036 6008 to be an esoteric "eld of research, the electronic and nuclear spins of F +61 2 9351 7726 related to the nature of particles and phosphorus donors in silicon for storing E [email protected] systems which have little impact on classical and quantum information. In W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/~ our daily lives. Investigating the spin collaboration with researchers form danem of an electron or nucleus may seem the National High Magnetic Field to fall in this category. However, the Laboratory (USA), the University of fundamental processes which govern Utah (USA) and the London Centre the operation of many electronic for Nanotechnology (UK), we recently devices in daily use are often directly demonstrated that classical information controlled by these properties. The could be stored in the nuclear spin for conversion between electricity and light over "ve minutes, and subsequently is one such process which is important read out electronically [3]. Showing that as it underlies the operation of solar this is possible in silicon is interesting cells and light emitting devices. given its widespread use in computer chips. We are currently working to The goal of our research is to store quantum information in donor develop novel ways to probe spin nuclei, with initial results demonstrating properties of materials which are used [1] D. R. McCamey et al., “Hyper"ne- lifetimes exceeding two milliseconds in electronic devices. Examples of "eld-mediated spin beating in with electrical readout [4]. these materials include silicon, which electrostatically-bound charge carrier is the material most often used to We are also turning our focus toward pairs” Physical Review Letters 104, make microprocessors, and organic investigating spins in electronic devices 017601 (2010) semiconductors, which o!er the ability under ambient operating conditions. [2] D. R. McCamey et al., “Spin- to make cheap solar cells. Spins are usually investigated at low dependent dynamics of polaron pairs temperatures and high magnetic "elds. Our research utilizes a technique in organic semiconductors” Physical We are building a room temperature, called electron spin resonance. This Review B 82, 125206 (2010) low magnetic "eld electron spin technique allows us to coherently [3] D. R. McCamey et al., “Electronic resonance system which will allow us manipulate the spins of charge carriers spin storage in an electrically readable to undertake our work on electronic in device architectures. Because of nuclear spin memory with a lifetime > devices under the same conditions as their small size, the conventional 100 seconds” Science 330, 1652 (2010) those they are used in every day. methods for detecting this manipulation [4] D. R McCamey et al., “ Electrically cannot be used — instead, we This work was supported by the detected spin echoes of donor nuclei in observe the changes in the current Australian Research Council. silicon”, arXiv:1109.1326 (2011) through the device that results from manipulating the spins. The detailed form of the current variation following spin manipulation allow us to gain a substantial amount of information regarding the environment in which the spins reside [1], as well as the By coherently manipulating the spin of donor electrons electronic transitions they participate (Blue) and nuclei (red) in [2]. These insights inform the design in silicon, we can store information in the nuclei for of more e!ective materials and device times in excess of 5 minutes. This information can then be structures. read out by monitoring the change in the current through In addition to probing the material the silicon device. Such a properties of semiconductor device may be compatible with conventional silicon based electronic devices, coherent based microprocessors. Photo Credit: G. W. Morley. 56 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR DAVID MCKENZIE

functionalizing biointerfaces for biomedical landscape explains the way annealing Room 441 (A28) implants and the continuous production of and mechanical deformation a!ect the T +61 2 9351 3290 ethanol from cellulosic biomass. structure. F +61 2 9351 7726 Direct bonding of Polymer Surfaces Fibre Optic Dosimetry (with E [email protected] with Plasmas (with James, Awaja and Suchowerska, Fleming, Naseri and Liu): W sydney.edu.au/science/ Amanat):. We have shown that plasma We have developed arrays of scintillation physics/~mckenzie treated surfaces can be bonded without dosimeters based on hollow optical adhesive to form strong bonds. The waveguides for signal transport. We have immediate application is to the polymer shown that hollow waveguides can carry encapsulation of active medical devices information through intense radiation such as cochlea replacement devices, "elds without interference from the but there are many others, including the Cerenkov light that a!ects conventional formation of micro#uidic devices. optical "bres. Protein attachment and its optical Radiation Biophysics (with detection (with Bilek , Morrow and Suchowerska): We have found that Yin): We have developed the theoretical toxic and proliferative bystander tools for controlling and detecting the e!ects occur at di!erent times after attachment of molecules at interfaces. exposure of human cancer cells to The "rst dynamic model for predicting radiation beams. These e!ects hold the My research in condensed matter science the time dependent formation of double promise of improved cancer control by has the vision of creating a better world layers in saline solution and in pure utilising the response of cells that did through an improved knowledge of the water has been developed, building on not receive direct radiation but were in physical universe. During 2010 I have the classic work of Helmholtz, Gouy communication with exposed cells. studied the formation and modi"cation of and Chapman. The strong e!ect of materials using energetic processes; the birefringence in Kretschmann mode detection of biomolecules at interfaces and ellipsometry of solutions and interfaces medical applications of materials physics. has been discovered. Covalent Immobilisation of Proteins Quantum Computation (with and enzymes (with Bilek, Yin, Warschkow, Bennett): The control of Kondyurin, Bax, Wise, Weiss, dos phosphorus atom on a silicon surface Remedios and Waterhouse ): We is fundamental nanotechnology for have shown that unpaired electrons constructing the computational elements (radicals) created in polymers by the or qubits of a solid state quantum action of ion bombardment can take computer. We have carried out a study part in useful reactions such as the of the thermal desorption mechanisms binding of biomolecules on surfaces. for the loss of phosphorus from a silicon Covalently immobilized antibody spot for disease detection The role of radicals was demonstrated surface during qubit fabrication. This Carbon landscape by the correlation between the unpaired study complements our previous work electrons measured by ESR and the in which we mapped out the complete covalent binding and by the observation catalogue of the structures formed using XPS that sulphur atoms in amino when phosphorus atoms are adsorbed acids take part in a binding reaction onto a silicon surface and eventually on our treated surfaces. We have incorporated into the bulk. demonstrated a stable protein monolayer Amorphous Carbon Energy Landscape of functional bound protein and the (with Marks and McCulloch): The reduction of thrombosis on the surfaces energetics of non crystalline carbon has of stents by plasma treatment followed been studied using an energy landscape by tropoelastin functionalisation. Our to present in a schematic way the energy discovery of a mechanism for covalent per atom of non crystalline carbon. The binding has supported our work on RESEARCH PROFILES 57

PROFESSOR ROSS MCPHEDRAN

Steel from Macquarie University have into propagating orders to carry the Room 309 (A28) been working on the development information to a distant observer. T +61 2 9351 3872 of such a system, using di!raction The speci"c approach used was to F +61 2 9351 7726 gratings designed in a novel way. model a dielectric surface, having E [email protected] One of the basic problems in designing a coarse primary grating cut into it. W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ di!raction gratings is called “blazing”, As well as the primary grating, three cudos/people/mcphedran.shtml which means controlling the light or four gratings with much "ner di!racted by them, so that as much periods were also cut into the surface. as possible is concentrated in a A sophisticated design procedure particular order which is used for, say, optimized the parameters of the spectroscopy. This order has previously composite grating, to enable light to be always been chosen among the small e!ectively pushed into far-evanescent set of propagating orders created by orders using the interactions among gratings. the multiple gratings. In this way, a spot However, the Sydney team realised that width of the wavelength on 20 was if the light could be concentrated in a demonstrated to be possible, an order non-propagating or evanescent order, of magnitude better than the Rayleigh far from any of the propagating orders, limit. then that light e!ectively “forgot” The "gure below illustrates the principle SUPER'RESOLUTION USING about the wavelength, and thus was GRATINGS BLAZED IN of the design. At top left, we see the immune to the limit imposed by Lord EVANESCENT ORDERS primary grating, and at top right the Rayleigh of roughly half the wavelength. subsidiary gratings cut into its surface. Ross McPhedran has been awarded Thus, the idea was to design a system The graphs give the intensity of orders a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the of di!raction gratings which channelled as a function of their wavenumbers, Universite Paul Cezanne. The Doctorate light into a highly evanescent order, and show how the combined gratings was presented during a ceremony in Aix used that to sense objects smaller generate very sharp and very strong en Provence, France on June 7, 2010. than permitted by the Rayleigh limit, far-evanescent orders, suitable for Ross has been actively collaborating and then re-di!racted the light back achieving super-resolution. with researchers from this University, and its sister institution, the Universite de Provence, since 1973. He was acknowledged for his work on di!raction gratings, photonic crystals and microstructured optical "bres. In the last area, a highly successful method was developed between Sydney and Marseille for the calculation of the optical properties of this new class of "bre. One of the great challenges of optical physics is to devise systems such as microscopes which can deliver image resolution beyond what is allowed by the Rayleigh limit. A team of researchers comprising Casey Handmer, Martijn de Sterke and Ross from the University of Sydney, Lindsay Botten and Adel Rahmani from the University of Technology, Sydney and Michael 58 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR DON MELROSE

QUANTUM PLASMA DYNAMICS in su$ciently dense plasmas, with Room 455 (A29) Quantum plasma dynamics (QPD) the early Universe being one possible is a theory, developed over several application. How the waves can be T 61 2 9351 4234 decades, by synthesising quantum generated and what role they might F +61 2 9351 7726 electrodynamics (QED) and the kinetic play is still unclear. E [email protected] theory of plasmas. I am writing a Plasma astrophysics W sydney.edu.au/science/ two-volume book that expounds this The main emphasis of research in the physics/~melrose theory; the "rst volume, which applies general "eld of plasma astrophysics has to plasmas without a magnetic "eld, been in two areas: the electrodynamics was published in 2008. Substantial of pulsars and magnetars, and the progress on the second volume, which physics of solar #ares. There are is for plasmas with a magnetic "eld, similarities between these two "elds. was made during 2010. An important In both cases, there is an enormous application of the magnetised version and rapidly increasing amount of highly of QPD is to processes in pulsars and detailed observational data This has led magnetars, which are neutron stars to an increasing emphasis on detailed with extremely strong magnetic "elds, models for speci"c phenomena. near and in excess of the critical However, in both cases, the underlying magnetic "eld, B =4.4x1014T. The c theory has fundamental de"ciencies, physics of processes in a magnetic the interstellar medium, the orientation particular in relation to the global "eld as we know it applies only to of the magnetic "eld changes, and electrodynamics. In particular, the lowest order in B/B and magnetars the angle between it and the ray can c models should involve an explicitly and pulsars are potential laboratories pass through ninety degrees. Near time-dependent magnetic "eld, and for exploring physics in superstrong such points the wave modes are hence an electric "eld with a nonzero magnetic "elds when this parameter is nearly linearly (rather than circularly) curl. Progress was made on several not small. polarised. The problem discussed is projects that involve including the the e!ect that such regions have on We (collaboration with Mushtaq time-dependent electric and magnetic the polarisation of the radiation. A new Ahmed) considered the e!ect of "elds in pulsar electrodynamics and in a e!ect was identi"ed: linearly polarised degeneracy on dispersion in an electron model for solar #ares. . We described the e!ect by de"ning radiation incident on such a region A speci"c problem addressed during and exploring the properties of a can emerge with a nonzero degree 2010 concerns Faraday rotation, which plasma dispersion function for a Fermi- of circular polarisation. This e!ect is the rotation of the plane of linear Dirac distribution of electrons. This provides a possible explanation for the polarisation as radiation propagates plasma dispersion function provides small, but signi"cant, degree of ciruclar in a magnetised plasma in which the a link between two well-known limits: polarisation found in my extragalactic natural wave modes are circularly the non- degenerate limit, where the radio sources. polarised. Along the ray path, through plasma dispersion function is de"ned for a Maxwellian distribution, and the completely degenerate electron gas, well-known in the context of solid-state physics, where the plasma dispersion is described in terms of logarithm functions. A speci"c problem addressed in a paper published in 2010 concerns pair modes. These are wave modes, with photon energies of order one MeV, whose existence depends on dispersion associated with one-photon pair creation. These waves should exist RESEARCH PROFILES 59

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DAVID MOSS

many others. I am researching Room 226c (A28) all-optical devices in several T +61 2 9351 3979 material platforms including F +61 2 9351 7726 silicon, high index silica glass, SiN E [email protected] and chalcogenide glasses. These W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ devices all exploit di!erent cudos/people/dmoss.shtml facets of the 3rd order nonlinear coe$cient (3). Silicon : Silicon nanophotonics Figure 2 has captured the worlds imagination for over 10 years — so-called “nanowires” High Index Doped Silica Glass: provide extremely tight mode While this platform does not o!er the con"nement on the order of 100’s of extremely high nonlinearities that silicon nanometers, thus yielding the highest or chalcogenide glass do, its combination optical nonlinearities ever realized, as of extremely low linear and nonlinear well as the ability to engineer the linear loss is extremely attractive for all-optical dispersion to enhance the nonlinear signal processing, and the fact that the e$ciencies. I have been pioneering this platform is compatible with electronic "eld, leading a collaboration with the circuit (CMOS) fabrication processes INTEGRATED NANOPHOTONIC National Research Council of Canada is critically important for eventual DEVICES FOR ALL'OPTICAL together with other researchers from adoption by the commercial world. I PROCESSING CUDOS . The "rst "gure shows an have led a collaboration with In"nera All-optical signal processing on a chip has experiment demonstrating all-optical in the USA along with the Institut many applications including addressing demultiplexing at 160Gb/s using national de la recherche scienti"que the bandwidth bottleneck for future four-wave-mixing (FWM) in a silicon (INRS) in Montreal that has produced ultra-high speed optical networks as they nanowire (Optics Express 18, 3905 signi"cant breakthroughs in nonlinear evolve beyond to 160 Gb/s and ultimately (2010)). This work also involves a optics in this platform. The "gure shows to 1 Tb/s and beyond. New advanced collaboration with the University of St. an integrated optical hyper-parametric modulation formats that exploit the Andrews in Scotland, exploiting slow oscillator based on a high Q-factor coherence of light are now being adopted light in photonic crystal waveguides. ring resonator (Nature Photonics 4 into "breoptic networks. All-optical devices The second "gure shows a slow light 41-44 (2010)) that produces multiple such as phase regenerators will be needed silicon photonic crystal waveguide wavelengths for use in a wide range to enhance e$ciencies for deployment in where the light is slowed down up to of applications from optical frequency the network. The result will be a critical 1/30 the speed of light, which was then comb generation to multiple wavelength demand for high performance, cost used to generate optical third harmonic sources for on-chip communications. e!ective, ultra high-speed, integrated all- generation (THG), in turn used to This collaboration has continued to yield optical signal processing devices. achieve residual dispersion monitoring many fundamental breakthroughs, with At the same time there are many other at the unprecedented high bit rate of the latest being the demonstration of applications for all-optical processing such 640Gb/s (“Optical signal processing on on-chip ultrafast phase-sensitive optical as on-chip multiple wavelength sources, a silicon chip at 640Gb/s using slow- pulse characterization on a chip (Nature frequency combs, broadband sources and light”, Optics Express 18, 7770 (2010)). Photonics 5 (9) 618 (2011)).

Figure 1 Figure 3 60 RESEARCH PROFILES

DR TARA MURPHY

Compact Array. We are collaborating sources that have not been detected Room 565 (A29) with colleagues in the School of in previous low frequency surveys. T +61 2 9351 3041 Information Technologies to develop We also demonstrated the use of high F +61 2 9351 7726 intelligent algorithms for data mining frequency radio surveys for "nding E [email protected] the resulting lightcurves. ultra-compact HII regions, which are W sydney.edu.au/science/ Molonglo Transients tracers of star formation in our Galaxy. physics/~tara In 2010 we completed a comprehensive search for radio transients using the 20+ year archive from the Molonglo telescope. This work, led by PhD student Keith Bannister, was interesting both from a scienti"c point of view‚ turning up several candidates which we are now following up with optical, X-ray and radio telescopes‚ and also from a technical point of view in terms of developing algorithms for automatic transient detection. An ASKAP Survey for Variables and RADIO TRANSIENTS Slow Transients We often think of the radio sky as VAST is a blind survey for radio relatively unchanging. However, this is transients and variables that has largely due to the technical limitations been selected to run on the ASKAP of carrying out massive, wide"eld telescope. Our group at Sydney One of the new radio transients radio surveys with many repeated is leading this large international discovered in the Molonglo archive. epochs. With the advent of next collaboration, with partners in the US, generation radio telescopes, being Europe and India. Our focus in 2010 built as path"nders for the Square was developing a transient detection Kilometre Array, we will be able to pipeline and investigating improved repeatedly scan the entire sky every techniques for source "nding in radio night. This will allow us to look for images, led by Super Science Fellow astronomical objects with extremely Paul Hancock. variable behaviour such as Gamma-ray bursts, supernovae explosions and tidal THE HIGH FREQUENCY RADIO disruption events when a star interacts UNIVERSE with a supermassive black hole. We have recently published the results Our growing radio transients group of the "rst large scale high frequency aims to study the many #avours radio survey with high sensitivity, of astronomical transients using the AT20G. This survey covers the telescopes currently under construction whole southern sky at 20 GHz, and or commissioning such as the was carried out by a Sydney-CSIRO Murchison Wide"eld Array (MWA) and team including Elaine Sadler, Tara the Australian SKA Path"nder (being Murphy and students Paul Hancock built in Western Australia) and our own and Elizabeth Mahony. The aim of this SKAMP telescope. We are currently work was to characterise the radio addressing the technical challenges source population at high frequencies. of searching for transients in massive In 2010 we released our full catalogue, datasets in real-time, and conducting and several associated papers. We experiments with existing instruments discovered what is potentially a new such as the Australia Telescope population of “Ultra-inverted spectrum” RESEARCH PROFILES 61

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR JOHN O’BYRNE

Room 568 (A29) T +61 2 9351 3184 F +61 2 9351 7726 E [email protected] W sydney.edu.au/science/ physics/~obyrne

ASTROPHOTONICS mode inputs are necessary for the — multicore "bres that split into My research work in 2010 centred operation of the "bre Bragg gratings. single core output "bres to be fed on the work of the Astrophotonics The properties of the photonic lanterns to a spectrograph. The investigation group. The main activity was the were investigated by Honours student of hexabundles with a variety of development of the GNOSIS instrument Christie Nelan under my supervision, parameters was led by Julia Bryant for deployment on the Anglo- along with Julia Bryant and Sergio with a view to deciding the properties Australian Telescope. This was funded Leon-Saval. necessary for practical device in an by a $760,000 LIEF grant involving Another honours student, Chris astronomical instrument. representatives of seven institutions Betters, investigated the operation of Much of this work and the exciting from across Australia, led by Joss a di!erent astrophotonic device, the prospects for astrophotonics was Bland-Hawthorn from the University of integrated photonic spectrograph. reported in conference proceedings, in Sydney. These o!er the possibility of vastly particular the regular SPIE conference GNOSIS is a "bre system that reduced spectrograph size for on technologies for space and ground- incorporates many narrow-band notch astronomical applications. His project based telescopes and instrumentation. "lters based on Bragg gratings encoded primarily involved looking at the optical into the "bre and designed to eliminate dispersion necessary on the bright spectral lines from OH emission output of these devices. in the Earth’s atmosphere. The "bres Other astrophotonics work feed light from the telescope focal in the laboratories involved plane to the IRIS 2 spectrograph with understanding the properties the objective of dramatically darkening of "bre ‘hexabundles’ the near infrared sky for spectroscopic imaging. Development of the A ‘near field’ image of the instrument design proceeded through multimode output face of a 1x7 the year, culminating in commissioning hexabundle, taken by Honours student Christie Nelan. In this observations in 2011. image, only one of the 7 single mode fibres (labelled 1) was illuminated One component of the GNOSIS with light at a wavelength of 450 nm. The distinct dark spots in the instrument are Photonic Lanterns — other fibre cores indicate that no "bre devices that split multimode "bres light was coupling to these other cores at this wavelength. Coupling into single-mode "bres. These single- spreads across the multimode output at longer wavelengths. 62 RESEARCH PROFILES

DR DAVID REILLY

QUANTUM NANOSCIENCE Systems. In 2010, three new research LABORATORY projects were established, underpinned Room 357 (A28) Controlling the quantum world at the by two ARC Discovery Projects T +61 2 9351 8167 nanoscale promises to advance our and a signi"cant grant from the US F +61 2 9351 7726 understanding of Nature at its most Government. E [email protected] basic level and ultimately establish Coherent operations with multiple W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ revolutionary technologies that span spin qubits: We are developing qubits research/quantum the range from powerful computing, to (the building blocks of quantum enhanced bio-sensing. computers) based on single electron In the "rst half of the 20th Century, spins in semiconductor quantum dots. the birth of quantum mechanics led The vision is to scale-up the number of to a revolution in our understanding qubits and investigate the new science of light and matter. As the theory that emerges in multi-qubit devices. was formulated, pioneers like Bohr Making use of national user facilities via and Einstein, Schrodinger and Dirac, ANFF, we have nanofabricated quantum would sip co!ee and discuss thought devices. Experiments near absolute experiments –hypothetical scenarios zero, carried out in our laboratory at designed to tease out the essence of Sydney, have led to the development of an idea- like the position of a single a new method of creating microwave atom or the measurement result of magnetic "elds in nanostructures. a cryogenic polarization system to a single electron spin. Today we are A major focus of our research is enable bio-functionalized particles of performing these experiments in the new instrumentation and technical nanoscale diamond to “light-up” in an Laboratory, putting quantum mechanics advances. Doctoral student James MRI scanner by hyperpolarizing the to test in regimes that used to be the Colless has designed and constructed nuclear spins at low temperatures. sole domain of the sketch-pad in the a cryogenic platform for measuring In 2010, this program engaged co!ee shop. multi-qubit devices. This platform will cross-disciplinary collaborations with be shared and distributed to other the Faculty of Medicine, School of The Quantum Nanoscience Laboratory members of our spin qubit team at Chemistry, and School of Molecular and (Led by David Reilly) is part of the Harvard, Tokyo and Delft. Microbial Bioscience. In the context of Quantum Science Group in the a Selby Foundation award in 2010, and Quantum nanoparticles for School of Physics. Our aim is "rstly with the commencement of our new biomedicine: With the award of a one of basic science, to understand CoE, we are broadening this program NSW Cancer Innovation grant in 2009 how to create and control nanoscale to develop means of non-invasively and a second ARC Discovery Project systems that exhibit uniquely quantum detecting electric "elds in living tissue in 2010, we have established a new mechanical properties. Exploiting using MRI. quantum behavior in the pursuit of new cross-disciplinary program to develop technologies is a broad theme of our nanoparticles as bioagents for magnetic Superconducting quantum Laboratory and our new ARC Centre resonance imaging (MRI). Doctoral technology: In strong collaboration of Excellence for Engineered Quantum student, Ewa Rej is constructing with CSIRO, our Group is developing niobium superconducting resonators for new quantum science applications. In 2010, Ph.D student John Hornibrook conducted a series of experiments to better understand how high-Q resonators interact and lose energy with their environment. We are hoping to build on these developments in 2011 and create hybrid superconductor- semiconductor devices for new quantum science applications. RESEARCH PROFILES 63

DR GORDON ROBERTSON

SYDNEY UNIVERSITY STELLAR Davis, the founder of the SUSI group INTERFEROMETER %SUSI& and an active contributor long after his Room 562 (A29) The stars in the night sky are extremely retirement. It is with sadness we record T +61 2 9351 2825 small compared to their distance that John died in January 2010. F +61 2 9351 7726 from us, so the angle covered by the Cepheid variables are pulsating E [email protected] disc of a star is tiny. Yet this angular stars that are used to estimate W sydney.edu.au/science/ size is important: when combined distances within our Galaxy and to physics/sifa with the star’s brightness it gives the other neighbouring galaxies. SUSI temperature. Very small angles on can improve the accuracy of the the sky are also encountered in the relationship between their pulsation orbital motion of closely spaced double period and intrinsic luminosity by stars – which gives the masses of directly measuring the angular size of a the stars, another parameter critical Cepheid as it pulsates. We have already to understanding the structure and published results for the brightest such evolution of stars. star, and in 2010 study continued of The angles that have to be measured two further stars ( Dor and Aql). are so small (in the range of milli- The major techncial development arcseconds) that a technique known as during 2010 was the installation and interferometry is used. The School of preliminary testing of the MUSCA beam a telescope delivers images of many Physics operates such an instrument combiner. Working in combination with objects in an extended "eld, and over a (SUSI) located near Narrabri, NSW. the existing PAVO combiner, it aims to large range of wavelengths. It is up to SUSI combines light from small monitor the separations of binary stars instrument designers to make the best telescopes (called siderostats) spaced to exquisite precision: through small use of this huge data stream. tens or hundreds of metres apart, perturbations of the stellar orbit, a enabling it to see details as "ne as planet circling one of the stars could be The School of Physics is pushing those visible to a hypothetical giant detected. the latest technology to develop telescope with a diameter of up to more instruments for present and future than 100 metres. ASTROPHOTONICS large telescopes, making use of the 2010 saw the completion of work on Large astronomical telescopes for vast capabilities of optical "bres and the angular diameter of Sirius A – the the optical and near-infrared bands waveguides. Projects pursued in 2010, brightest star in the night sky and an are so expensive and are used to both in collaboration with groups important reference standard. SUSI’s examine such faint objects that the outside the University, included: light gathered must be analysed ability to make measurements with a ç ‘Hexabundles’ are bundles of with instruments of the highest wide range of siderostat separations "bres spaced very close together, e$ciency. Unlike laboratory physicists, (‘baselines’) resulted in a precision to receive the light of an object astronomers cannot simply turn up the substantially better than 1%. This work and direct it to a spectrograph intensity of their light source. Moreover, was led by Emeritus Professor John for analysis. For extended objects such as galaxies they give far The Sydney University Stellar Interferometer more accurate data than the single optical "bres used to date. ç Array waveguide spectrometers were developed for the telecomms industry but can be adapted to give remarkably compact high-resolution astronomical spectrometers. The challenge for astronomical use is to maximise the number of "bres that can be accommodated in one device. 64 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR PETER ROBINSON

ca!eine and drug responses, and in a hemodynamic waves, which were Room 384 (A29) major paper that explains a wide range also con"rmed experimentally. This T +61 2 9351 3779 of sleep patterns across 17 mammalian is expected to lead to new methods F +61 2 9351 7726 species, ranging from mice to elephants of functional imaging and improved E [email protected] (see "gure). analysis of existing data. W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ Relationships between dynamics and New methods of estimating and complex-systems structure of complex brain networks tracking brain states have been have been extensively explored and developed, with a patent currently in shown to be closely linked to geometry preparation, and others likely. and dimensionality. These point the way Plasma Theory to new analyses and interpretations Robinson’s stochastic growth theory of brain structure and function (SGT) plasma wave growth has data, for example in the Human During his second Federation been further tested and generalized Connectome Project. There are also Fellowship, Robinson is involved in theoretically, and applied to improve wider implications for the whole "eld of research initiatives in multiple "elds, understanding of wave statistics in complex network dynamics, especially including brain dynamics, plasma theory, #uctuating systems. New methods where time delays and spatial e!ects space plasma physics, computational have been developed for rapid plasma are important. neuroscience, imaging, and biological simulations, including one that permits physics. His core research focus is Brain Analysis and Imaging the "rst large-scale 3D simulations of on interdisciplinary research with an New noninvasive methods of electromagnetic turbulence, which are emphasis on translation of results into determining brain physiology, including ongoing. Analysis of nonlinear plasma real-world applications. This involves abnormalities, were published in a series properties has continued in parallel, wide theoretical, computational, and of papers that combined biophysical to provide the basis for theoretical experimental collaborations, with wide modeling and signal analysis, and used predictions and simulations. academic and industry interactions, large data sets from our consortium Plasma Applications including with the spino! Brain BRAINnet in their veri"cation. This Plasma theory and signal analysis Resource Ltd., hospitals, and research method successfully uncovered methods have been applied to develop institutes and universities around the and quanti"ed aging related trends, techniques for automatic detection world. Some 2010 research highlights individual di!erences, and abnormalities. and classi"cation of various types of are listed below, encompassing work The "rst physiologically based solar radio bursts. These tools and with many collaborators. spatiotemporal theory of cortical other simulations have been used Brain Dynamics hemodynamics has been developed, to probe the properties of solar and Development of the "rst calibrated, enabling neural activity to be interplanetary plasmas. physiologically based model of the quantitatively linked to "ne spatial Joint students have been carrying out sleep wake switch resulted in a series structure of functional MRI for the a range of plasma nanoscience projects of applications to predicting and "rst time, and predicting traveling at CSIRO. quantifying fatigue, early and late rising,

Mapping mammalian sleep RESEARCH PROFILES 65

PROFESSOR ELAINE SADLER

it from cooling and forming new A new view of the gamma-ray sky: Room 555 (A29) stars. Scott Croom and I, with Helen The recent release of data from NASA’s T +61 2 9351 2622 Johnston and PhD student John Ching, Fermi satellite provides our "rst detailed F +61 2 9351 7726 have begun a large observational study view of the gamma-ray sky. In work E [email protected] (ARC DP1093086) which will test the led by PhD student Elizabeth Mahony, W sydney.edu.au/science/ feedback models by measuring the we have shown (2010 Ap J 718, 587) physics/~ems/pmwiki/pmwiki.php ages and luminosities of radio sources that the brightest extragalactic radio in massive galaxies over the past eight sources seen at 20 GHz are also among billion years of cosmic time. This will the brightest gamma-ray sources allow us to make direct tests of the seen by Fermi, suggesting a common extent to which radio jets can ‘switch physical origin for the radio and o!’ star formation in galaxies, both now gamma-ray emission. and in the past. Neutral hydrogen and galaxy The search for young radio galaxies: evolution: Neutral hydrogen gas is Observations at high radio frequencies the raw material from which new (above 10-15 GHz) probe the most stars are formed in galaxies, but our recent emission from radio galaxies and present lack of knowledge about the quasars. Tara Murphy, Paul Hancock, amount and distribution of this gas in Elizabeth Mahony and I, with a team of distant galaxies is a major gap in our BLACK HOLES AND GALAXY colleagues from CSIRO and overseas, understanding of galaxy evolution. The EVOLUTION recently completed the "rst large study FLASH (First Large Absorption Survey As astronomers look out into the of the high-frequency radio sky, the in HI) project, which I lead, will use the Universe, we are also looking back in Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Australian SKA Path"nder telescope time. My research aims to understand survey (2010 MNRAS 402, 2403; currently under construction in Western how galaxies form and change over 2011 MNRAS 412, 318). This work has Australia to study neutral hydrogen gas the past 5-8 billion years of cosmic allowed us to identify a sample of young in distant galaxies through observations time, and I’m particularly interested in and recently-restarted radio galaxies in of the 21cm hydrogen line seen in learning more about the remarkable the local universe (2010 MNRAS 408, absorption against bright background feedback mechanisms which link the 1187), which provide new constraints on radio sources. This will provide new energy output of a galaxy’s central the typical duration of the radio-galaxy insights into the relationship between black hole to global properties like its phase. gas and star formation in galaxies over star-formation history. the past eight billion years of cosmic time. Much of my work uses data from large- Australia Telescope Compact Array, Narrabri area optical and radio surveys of the sky, and I’m a Chief Investigator in the new ARC Centre of Excellence in All- Sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO). Gas accretion and feedback in radio galaxies: Powerful radio galaxies are triggered when a supermassive black hole is fed by infalling gas, and represent a spectacular but transient event in the life of a galaxy. The energy carried by the relativistic radio jets can profoundly a!ect the physical conditions in the surrounding galaxy, and in current ‘radio-mode feedback’ models this energy heats the interstellar gas within the galaxy and prevents 66 RESEARCH PROFILES

DR ALEX SAMARIAN

rates, to establish the main physical spectroscopy. The intensities of the Room 387 (A29) characteristics of the dust such as emission lines in plasma are determined T +61 2 9351 3167 size, composition, shape, and charge, by the immediate plasma environment, F +61 2 9351 7726 and to analyze the in#uence of dust so the same atom can produce very E [email protected] on the plasma processes, con"nement, di!erent spectra depending on the W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ stability, and heating. discharge parameters. Analysis of research/complex/plasma The experiments in capacitevly coupled the plasma’s emission spectrum can RF discharge with a magnetic coil therefore provide information about gas have been performed to conduct discharge plasmas namely about the investigation on dust particle dynamic number density of electrons and the in edge magnetized plasmas. It was EEDF. found that dust inside the magnetized To investigate the e!ect of dust plasma sheath moves under the growth on the discharge conditions, in#uence of the electron and ion drag we measured and analyzed the force and the sheath electrostatic "eld. evolution of the emission spectrum It is shown that the charge on the of complex plasma. Experiments were dust determines its trajectory and dust performed in a capacitively-coupled performs the spiraling motion inside RF sputtering discharge in argon. The the sheath. The location of the turning emission spectra is shown in Figs. 1. COMPLEX PLASMAS spiral is determined by the number of This graph clearly shows an increase Dusty (or “complex”) plasmas are negative charge on the dust, which in in all spectral line intensities .The low temperature plasmas in which turn is a function of the dust radius. increasing intensities imply that there nanometer or micrometer sized The presence of dust can drastically are more exciting collisions between particles, known as dust particles, change the discharge parameters, of electrons and neutrals per unit time as are suspended. Dusty plasmas are which the electron energy distribution the dust particles grow. However, as ubiquitous in nature; they occur function (EEDF) is supremely the dust particles grow, more electrons in various astrophysical systems important; it in#uences the major and ions are depleted from the plasma including planetary rings, cometary elementary processes, particle and due to increased collection on the tails, and interstellar clouds, as well power balance in the discharge and particles’ surfaces, leading to a lower as in laboratory discharges. Dust it determines the global stability and total electron number density. Thus, the was discovered to be a source of operational properties of the plasma. increasing intensities of spectral lines contamination in the manufacturing must be explained by an energization of microelectronic devices, and thus Thus, it is crucial to monitor and of the plasma electrons. This change posed a serious problem. Dust has also control the EEDF. One of the standard in the EEDF opposes the decrease in been known for a long time to exist in diagnostic tools used to monitor the ionization rate resulting from the loss of fusion devices, and the consequences discharge conditions is plasma emission electrons to the dust. of this have recently become a topic Fig.1. Evolution of spectral lines during dust particle of interest. In contrast with their growth in argon plasma destructive capabilities, the controlled use of dust particles is an essential tool in applications such as sintering, manufacturing of composite materials and in fabricating ultra-hard coatings. The primary objectives of complex plasma lab in 2010 are to investigate the edge dust dynamics, transport to the core, and interactions between the dust, plasma and walls, to identify the mechanisms of dust formation and quantify the formation RESEARCH PROFILES 67

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MANJULA SHARMA

Room 226E (A28) T +61 2 9351 2051 F +61 2 9351 7726 E [email protected] W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ research/super/

At the IISME launch in the University’s MacLaurin Hall, from left to right: Michael Jacobson (Deputy director IISME), Frank Howarth (Director of the Australian Museum) and Manju Sharma (Director IISME)

SYDNEY UNIVERSITY PHYSICS picture issues facing humanity, University. In this manner the SUPER EDUCATION RESEARCH %SUPER& from climate change to medical group is providing professional learning The year 2010 witnessed several diagnosis. Simon Crook has started across the School: the Interactive milestones for the SUPER group. a Masters degree exploring the Lecture Demonstrations are an integral The "rst is in terms of the students impact of laptops in schools under part of the Fundamentals course undertaking research projects with the the Digital Education Revolution. and have now expanded into thermal SUPER group. ç Nigel Kuan completed a Honours physics as well. ç Christine Lindstrom completed project looking at integrating The SUPER group has actively her PhD and obtained the Best Link Maps with multimedia, and participated in the Advancing PhD Thesis Award for her stellar deployed this study across several Science by Enhancing Learning in the work. He leaves a legacy in that high schools. Michael West Laboratory (ASELL) project, during her creation, the Map Meetings, studied scienti"c literacy amongst the Adelaide ASELL workshop. ASELL are now a standard part of First university physics students. in 2010 expanded into all Sciences Year Physics — she has in#uenced The range of projects under the brand and A/Prof. Sharma leads the physics the way in which teaching and of SUPER are not only interesting, arm of ASELL. The ASELL project has learning occurs. Her work is now they are also of critical importance to evaluated experiments from across the being pursued at other institutions science and physics in society, and nation and developed a mechanism for across Australia. Dr Lindstrom address societal concerns. improving laboratory experiments and has returned to her home country programs for particular contexts. Within the School of Physics, 2010 also of Norway with a postdoctoral 2010 also saw the launch of the Fellowship at the Oslo University saw the completion of a systematic study of an innovative way of teaching Institute for Innovation in Science and College in conjunction with the Mathematics Education (IISME), under Norwegian Centre for Science large lecture classes: Interactive Lecture Demonstrations (ILDs). The study was the direction of A/Prof. Sharma. IISME Education at the University of ran a series of seminars, and extended Oslo. started in 1995 by Associate Professor Ian Johnston and later continued by Dr the primary school program MyScience ç Helen Georgiou, PhD student, Chris Stewart. Since then the project into the University’s B.Ed. program, continues her study of has involved sta! from across the thereby in#uencing a cohort of pre- thermal physics and its under- School — Sharma, Johnston, Varvell, service teachers at once. MyScience representation in school curricula Robertson, Hopkins, Cooper — as was established with the support of the given its central role in current big well as Prof Ron Thornton from Tufts Science Foundation for Physics. 68 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR CATHERINE STAMPFL

THEORETICAL COMPUTATIONAL We studied the microscopic mechanism %HARD& CONDENSED MATTER of TMR in Cr-doped GaN/AlN/GaN Room 439 (A28) PHYSICS (0001) trilayer junctions and propose T +61 2 9036 5901 Studying complex surfaces and materials -Cr-layer doping in GaN, close to the F +61 2 9351 7726 from #rst-principles quantum mechanical GaN/AlN interfaces will lead to enhanced E stamp#@physics.usyd.edu.au calculations. performance . Depending on the doping W sydney.edu.au/science/ Our group’s focus is on ab initio concentration, Cr dopants produce local physics/~stamp#/ investigations of materials and surface metallic (1 ML) or half-metallic ( ½ and science phenomena. Our goal is to acquire a ¼ and ML) states surrounded by the detailed understanding of the fundamental host semiconductor materials (see Figure science to enable the engineering and 1). These results help explain existing design of complex materials; for example, experimental results and will be of value for heterogeneous catalysts with greater the practical fabrication of improved pure selectivity and e$ciency, and new materials semiconductor spintronic devices. for electronic/spintronic devices. Gallium-Nitride nanostructures as Heterogeneous oxidation catalysis: building-blocks for new devices (Stamp$ oxidation of ethylene (S. Piccinin, et al. and Carter, Book Chapter, Gallium Physical Review Letters 104, 035503 Nitride Nanowires, In the Handbook of (2010)) Nanophysics. Volume 4, Nanotubes and Nanowires, CRC Press 2010) quantum con"nement in semiconductors Ethylene oxide (C H O) is a valuable 2 4 is the nanostructure size dependence of Semiconductor nanostructures have chemical intermediate and is typically the band gap. Since the band gap is of attracted huge interest from the scienti"c produced over supported silver catalysts. fundamental importance for the properties community due to the unique quantum Recently, the addition of Cu was shown to of a solid, and most of a material’s behavior con"nement e!ects that become important result in a signi"cantly improved selectivity. depends on it (e.g. conductivity, optical on this scale, and the resulting potential for Combining "rst-principles calculations transitions, and electronic transitions), any size-tunable nanodevices. Gallium nitride and in situ photoelectron spectroscopy, change in the band gap may signi"cantly (GaN) is a widely used III-V semiconductor we have shown how the composition alter the material’s physics and chemistry. in micro- and optoelectronic devices, such and structure of the surface of an alloy We have recently studied the properties as blue light-emitting diodes and lasers. catalyst is a!ected by the temperature of GaN nanodots and wires, including GaN quantum structures have received and pressure of the reagents, in particular, vacancies, as a function of size, shape and particular attention for potential new our studies identi"ed the formation of thin saturation, where amongst other "ndings a applications and have been synthesized Cu-O surface oxide structures which are signi"cant tunability of the band gap with experimentally by various methods. key to the improved catalytic behavior, and nanostructure size is demonstrated. likely dynamically evolve under reaction One of the most identi"able aspects of conditions. Tunnel magnetoresistance in trilayer junctions (X. Y. Cui, et al. J. Magnetism Magnetic Materials 322, 395 2010) The electrical resistance of a magnetic tunnel junction device, which is composed of two conducting electrodes separated by a thin insulating barrier, depends on the relative orientation, parallel (P) and antiparallel (AP), of the magnetization of the electrodes. This spin-dependent e!ect, tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR), holds promise for future spintronic applications Figure 1: Cr-atom projected band structures of the GaN/AlN/GaN(0001) trilayer junction for such as non-volatile magnetic random concentrations of (a) 1 ML (metallic) and (b) 1/4 ML (half-metallic). Darker (black) lines denote access memory and magnetic sensors. majority bands and lighter (light blue) bands indicate minority RESEARCH PROFILES 69

DR DENNIS STELLO

has been a long-sought goal because the Finally we found qualitative agreement with Room 506A (A29) assumption of a common age, distance, and a simple stellar population model of the T +61 2 9036 5108 initial chemical composition allows strong Kepler "eld, including the "rst evidence for F +61 2 9351 7726 tests of the theory of stellar evolution. We a secondary clump population. reported results from the "rst 34 days of E [email protected] Solar-like oscillations in low luminosity science data from the Kepler Mission for W sydney.edu.au/science/ red giants (Bedding et al.): We measured the open cluster NGC 6819. We obtained physics/~stello/astronomy.html solar-like oscillations in a large sample of G the "rst clear detections of solar-like and K giants, extending in luminosity from oscillations in the cluster red giants and the red clump down to the bottom of the were able to measure characteristic giant branch. These are H-shell-burning frequency patterns, which allowed us stars, whose oscillations should be valuable to test cluster membership of the stars. for testing models of stellar evolution and The research also provided a new way of for constraining the star formation rate in testing previous ad hoc scaling relations the local disk. We used a new technique for the expected oscillation amplitudes to compare stars on a single echelle demonstrating the unique potential of diagram by scaling their frequencies and asteroseismology of the stellar clusters. "nd well-de"ned ridges corresponding to First results for solar-type stars radial and non-radial oscillations, including ASTEROSEISMOLOGY (Chaplin et al.): We presented preliminary clear evidence for modes with angular asteroseismic results from Kepler on three degree l = 3. Our research is focused on astero- G-type stars. The observations revealed Oscillating red giant in eclipsing binary seismology — the probing of the interior high signal-to-noise solar-like oscillation system (Hekker et al.): Oscillating stars of stars through the analysis of their spectra in all three stars. We use the in binary systems are among the most oscillation modes. Our aim is to understand frequencies and frequency separations to interesting stellar laboratories, as these the fundamental physics that governs provide "rst results on the radii, masses, can provide information on the stellar stellar evolution. and ages of the stars, and commented in parameters and stellar internal structures. the light of these results on prospects for The Kepler asteroseismic program We presented a red giant with solar-like inference on other solar-type stars that (Gilliland et al.): Asteroseismology oscillations in an eclipsing binary observed Kepler will observe. involves probing the interiors of stars and with the NASA Kepler satellite. We quantifying their global properties, such Ensemble seismology on 800 red giants compute stellar parameters of the red as radius and age, through observations (Huber et al.): We studied solar-like giant and although only one eclipse has of normal modes of oscillation. The oscillations in 800 red giant stars using been observed so far, we can already technical requirements for conducting Kepler photometry. The sample includes determine that the secondary star is a asteroseismology include ultrahigh stars ranging in evolution from the lower main-sequence F star in an eccentric orbit precision measured in photometry in parts part of the red giant branch to the helium with a period longer than 75 days. per million, as well as nearly continuous main sequence. The time series over weeks to years. We data show agreement reported on results from the "rst 43 days with models predicting of observations, in which the unique more e$cient mode capabilities of Kepler in providing a trapping in stars with revolutionary advance in asteroseismology higher luminosity. are already well in evidence. The Kepler We investigated the asteroseismology program holds intrinsic o!set epsilon in the importance in supporting the core planetary asymptotic relation and search program through greatly enhanced "nd a clear correlation knowledge of host star properties, with the large and extends well beyond this to rich frequency separation, applications in stellar astrophysics. demonstrating that it is Oscillations in open cluster stars (Stello related to fundamental et al.): Asteroseismology of stars in clusters stellar parameters. 70 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR PETER TUTHILL

for stars whose envelopes are cast o! hand the polarimetry aspect of the Room 566 (A29) into the galaxy, eventually to form new experiment allows us to distinguish T +61 2 9351 3679 generations of stars and planets. It is no subtle signals betraying faint scattering F +61 2 9351 7726 understatement to say that we owe our from dust grains despite the immediate E [email protected] very existence to these dying stars, for proximity to some of the brightest stars W sydney.edu.au/science/ they seed the galaxy with all elements in our galaxy. physics/~gekko heavier than helium, a host of which In a shock "nding, our images revealed are essential for our biosphere such as a dusty halo at less than two stellar radii Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen . With the from the luminous host star, and further exception of Hydrogen, the elements in place tight constraints on the radius our everyday world all have their origins of dust grains to be around 300 nm. in dying stars. However this story has This is the "rst observational evidence a critical outstanding missing link in the in support of a novel wind-driving cycle of matter: until now astronomers model — based on acceleration of dust have had no good explanation for how grains by the scattering (rather than these stars power the wind that strips absorption) of starlight — that stands to them of most of their mass. resolve this long-standing mystery. In particular, the heaviest contributors to New observations presented here have the chemical enrichment of our galaxy revealed an unexpected halo of glassy GOING OUT IN STYLE: are Oxygen-rich stars belonging to a dust grains surrounding the star which Discovery of an enigmatic halo of class named after Mira, its prototype. we propose may help push o! the glassy dust surrounding dying stars To date, no observationally-supported outermost layers in a scattering-driven The star Mira gained its moniker as the physical model exists to explain how wind. A mechanism to form such a “miracle star” after its truly remarkable these stars elevate and disperse their wind is reassuring: without it, we would regular vanishing and reappearing envelopes into interstellar space. In not have a rocky planet from which to act on a timescale of about one year. 2010 my research group pioneered a contemplate the problem. Little did its discoverers realise in the novel observational technique which This work was done in collaboration early 1600’s that they were witnessing synthesises interferometric imaging with with several members of Prof Tuthill’s the death throes of a star, and that high precision di!erential polarimetry. research team, and in particular Barnaby moreover an identical fate awaits our The interferometry allows us to zoom Norris has written this work into his own sun as it swells into a bloated red in with unprecedented magni"cation so Honours dissertataion which won the giant in four billion years. Death can be that we can probe the Mira circumstellar Charlene Heisler Prize for best thesis in thought of as a part of nature’s grand shell on scales comparable with the Astronomy for 2010. recycling scheme, and this is no less true stellar diameter itself. On the other

LEFT: A halo of dust (blue) around a star (white circle) as it would appear if the light were simply being emitted by the shell with no particular polarization properties. RIGHT: A polarized light analysis of the same system, as revealed by our work. Here we find that the starlight being scattered by the shell is highly polarized and creates a non-circular pattern when viewed in polarized light. RESEARCH PROFILES 71

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR KEVIN VARVELL

Room 344 (A28) T +61 2 9351 2539 F +61 2 9351 7726 E [email protected] W sydney.edu.au/science/ physics/~kev

EXPERIMENTAL PARTICLE PHYSICS number of particles, including extra by substantial contributions from the The ATLAS Experiment: The Large Higgs bosons, and theories which participating Universities. Not only Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near postulate extra dimensions. will the Centre support Australia’s Geneva is the state-of-the-art facility After an initial short data-taking period involvement in the ATLAS experiment for the study of the fundamental at the end of 2009, in 2010 the LHC going forward, but it will enable particle particles that make up our Universe saw its "rst year of extended running. theorists and experimentalists to work and the forces between them. Our The ATLAS experiment at the LHC together to e!ectively exploit and understanding of matter at this basic is one of several dedicated particle interpret the data coming from the level is encapsulated in the Standard detectors studying the proton-proton LHC. Model of Particle Physics, which collisions, and the experiment with The Belle and Belle II Experiments: provides us with a description of the which Australia, and our group in After more than 10 years of operation quarks and leptons of which matter is Sydney, has had a long involvement. the Belle experiment at the KEK composed, and three of the forces via Along with taking shifts on the ATLAS laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan shut which they interact: electromagnetism, detector and helping to monitor down in 2010, having recorded over the weak force and the strong force. the quality of the "rst data from 700 million electron-positron collisions One particle predicted by the Standard the experiment, we were involved producing pairs of particles known Model is missing, the Higgs boson throughout the year with searches for as B mesons. The highly successful which is believed to be responsible for supersymmetric particles decaying to experiment, which has formed our giving mass to the other particles. The tau leptons, including charged Higgs group’s other focus to ATLAS during LHC is searching for the Higgs boson. bosons. that time, demonstrated that the Whilst the Standard Model is incredibly Particle Physics in Australia received fundamental symmetry CP is violated in successful, there are a number a huge shot in the arm in 2010, with decays of B mesons, and has published of reasons why we believe that it the successful bid for the ARC Centre over 300 papers to the end of 2010. cannot be the whole story, and one of Excellence for Particle Physics The accelerator and detector are now of the other major goals of the LHC at the Terascale by the Universities being upgraded to allow data to be is to search for physics beyond the of Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and collected at a rate some 50 times that Standard Model, hopefully pointing Monash, in collaboration with six of the original experiment. We remain the way towards a deeper theory. overseas institutes. The Centre will involved in the analysis of the large data Postulated extensions of the Standard run for seven years from 2011, with set from the Belle experiment and in Model include Supersymmetry, which $25.2M from the ARC supplemented the upgrade to the Belle II detector. essentially predicts a doubling of the 72 RESEARCH PROFILES

PROFESSOR SERGEY VLADIMIROV

COLLECTIVE PROCESSES IN processes concerns charged particles COMPLEX QUANTUM PLASMAS and plasma interactions. For moving Room 382 (A29) Quantum mechanics is the basis for particles, these include the formation of T +61 2 9351 5770 description of matter particles such plasma wakes. A possibility of Cooper- F +61 2 9351 7726 as electrons and atoms. The dramatic pair-like electron attraction in the wakes E [email protected] progress in our understanding of can lead to plasma superconductivity. W sydney.edu.au/science/physics/ condensed matter properties is due In 2010, we have studied the shielding research/complex/plasma/ to quantum physics. However, the of a moving classical test charge in behaviour and properties of gasses of a fully degenerate fermion plasma. In charged quantum particles – quantum the semiclassical case for v ≤ vF (here, plasma – are still less understood, vF is the electron Fermi velocity) the especially at the fundamental kinetic potential goes asymptotically as level. At the same time, quantum 1/r3, and is repulsive in front of the plasmas, such as electron gases, test charge and attractive behind the are ubiquitous: they are important test charge and perpendicular to the components of not only metals and motion; for v close to vF the attraction semiconductors but also those of novel is especially pronounced perpendicular materials (such as semimetals) related to the motion. For v > vF the test to key technological advances expected charge excites plasma oscillations and a in the coming decades. Moreover, strong oscillatory wake is formed inside undamped plasma oscillations larger comprehending properties of quantum the Mach cone. than the Fermi velocity. These "ndings plasmas is necessary to understand the The inclusion of quantum recoil leads can be applied, for instance, to the physics of the next generation intense to new e!ects entirely absent from investigation of bound electron states in laser-solid density plasma interaction the semiclassical case. The Friedel the wake "elds of ions in solids. experiments and quantum x-ray free- oscillations related to the Kohn We are now beginning to expand the electron lasers, and properties of dense singularity and already present in scope of this and other studies to astrophysical objects such as interiors the screening of a static charge, are particle and plasma interactions in of giant planets and white dwarf stars. increased in strength behind a moving bounded plasma systems when surface

The goal of our research is to charge, and for v > vF/2 the asymptotic plasma waves can propagate along the investigate the fundamental physics behaviour of their amplitude behind plasma boundaries. This is of particular 3 2.5 and kinetics of quantum plasmas – the charge changes from 1/r to 1/r . interest for surface plasmonics, complex gaseous systems including Furthermore, the inclusion of quantum metamaterials, and new schemes of quantum charged particles (such as recoil makes the threshold velocity nano-lasers such as spasers. electrons). The new quantum kinetics is for excitation of an oscillatory wake of associated with the quantum statistical e!ects as well as with the quantum The plasma wake (quantity r2) as particle tunnelling (quantum recoil) and a function of position, with the test charge located at the origin and moving angular momentum (spin). Quantum to the right at the Fermi velocity vF. plasmas provide possibility for a variety of collective phenomena, for example, propagation of very high-frequency electrostatic and electromagnetic plasma waves as well as e!ective wave and particle interactions. An example of plasma collective e!ects is the wake formation. Wakes in quantum plasmas (Else, Kompaneets, Vladimirov): A fundamental question that is important for the understanding of plasma RESEARCH PROFILES 73

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MIKE WHEATLAND

Room 463 (A29) T +61 2 9351 5965 F +61 2 9351 7726 E [email protected] W sydney.edu.au/science/ physics/~wheat

MODELING THE MAGNETIC FIELDS satellite observations. The technique the 1950s from radio data. However, we BEHIND SOLAR FLARES provides state-of-the-art models, and know that it must break down for very Solar #ares are magnetic explosions in 2011 the results were published in large sizes: the strict rule implies a "nite in the Sun’s atmosphere, the solar the leading US astrophysics journal, the probability of a #are of arbitrary size, corona, around sunspots. The most Astrophysical Journal (Wheatland and capable of wiping out life on Earth! energetic (largest) solar #ares are Leka 2011). Sunspot region 11029 appeared to among the most energetic phenomena The Reverend Bayes and solar (ares produce too many small #ares, or too in the solar system. They can produce Bayesian probability is a general few large #ares, by comparison with the hazardous conditions in our local space approach to scienti"c inference and power law. Using Bayesian probability I environment (“space weather”), with data analysis originating in an essay by showed that the data provides strong the potential for damaging electronics the Reverend Thomas Bayes, published evidence for departure from the power- on communication satellites, and posthumously in 1764. Bayesian law size distribution. If true, this is the endangering humans in space. There methods are increasingly used across "rst time this e!ect has been identi"ed is a pressing need to understand the science, and I am a fan of the Bayesian directly. I published my results in a physical conditions which lead to #are approach. paper in the Astrophysical Journal in occurrence. In 2010 I examined solar #are data for 2010. I argued that the observed e!ect In collaboration with international a small sunspot region (region 11029), could be due to the small size of the researchers, I have developed new which emerged on the Sun’s disk in region and its unusually high rate of methods for modeling the magnetic October 2009. The region initially #aring: the region might be revealing "elds responsible for #ares. In 2010 I seemed unremarkable, but it proved to an upper limit to its stored magnetic visited K.D. Leka in Boulder, Colorado be prodigiously #are-productive. The energy, and hence to the size of the (Northwest Research Associates) to region also appeared to break a basic largest #are it could produce. work on “nonlinear force-free” modeling rule describing how #ares are produced. of a sunspot region. The computational model solves a di$cult set of equations There are always more small #ares than which assume the magnetic "eld in the big #ares, and the number of events corona is twisted such that electric as a function of size follows a simple currents in the atmosphere follow rule: a “power-law distribution.” This the magnetic "eld. The "eld solution rule is closely observed by #aring active is matched to values of the "eld at regions, and few deviations from it have the Sun’s surface, obtained from the been reported since it was identi"ed in 74 PUBLICATIONS

DR BRUCE YABSLEY

EXPERIMENTAL PARTICLE 112002 (2010).) Each of these decays PHYSICS: MATTER, ANTIMATTER, can proceed via two paths, and like Room 366 (A28) AND MESONS photons in a double-slit experiment, T +61 2 9351 5970 both paths contribute to any given F +61 2 9351 7726 One of the goals of particle physics is decay, with interference between to understand the di!erences between E [email protected] the two paths giving rise to complex matter and antimatter. In our current W belle.kek.jp/~yabsley/ features. It’s these interference e!ects understanding a particle (say, a proton) that allow the CP-violating signal to be and its antiparticle (an anti-proton) extracted (see "gure 1). must have the same mass, but some more subtle properties may di!er. This Belle and the rival experiment BaBar failure of complete symmetry between (at the Stanford Linear Accelerator matter and antimatter — called CP Center) have established a co-operative violation, since the abstract “CP” project to produce a de"nitive book symmetry almost holds, but not quite on the results and methods of the — is one of the necessary conditions two experiments over the last decade. for producing a matter-dominated world Called “The Physics of the B-Factories”, from even-handed conditions after the this large (800-page) reference work Big Bang. will be published in 2012 as a special issue of European Physical Journal C, Together with Associate Professor and then in book form by Springer. can also be studied at the Large Hadron Kevin Varvell, and University of Sydney Together with four colleagues I have Collider, and I have a grant from the students, I’ve been working for many the privilege of being a general editor Australian Research Council to establish years at the Belle experiment, at the of the project, coordinating the work a research e!ort into new meson states KEK laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. The of dozens of expert contributors. Two at the ATLAS experiment. This work principal goal of Belle is to improve our face-to-face meetings of contributors received two great boosts this year: understanding of CP violation through were held this year, at KEK in May (see from the successful start-up running of the study of pairs of B-mesons. We "gure 2), and in Mainz in October. the LHC, and from the announcement recently reached a new milestone of the Centre of Excellence for Particle with the publication of a di$cult An unexpected bonus from Belle has Physics at the Terascale (2011-2017), measurement using decays of charged been the discovery of unexpected which will provide both the resources B-mesons, establishing a statistically types of mesons — still imperfectly and the structure for Australian signi"cant signal for CP violation in the understood — whose structure is physicists to exploit the new data relevant mode (A.Poluektov, A.Bondar, di!erent to the quark-antiquark pairing emerging from Geneva. 7 B.D.Yabsley et al., Physical Review D 81, presented in textbooks. These particles r y 0.4 y 0.4 0 – – 350 B DK B[D ]D*K 0 0.35 B[D]D*K with =180 300 (a) (b) 0.2 0.2 0.3 250 B+D*K+

(a) (b) (degrees) 0.25

200 0 0 0.2 150 0.15 100 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 B+DK+ – * – 50 B D K 0.05 -0.4 -0.4 0 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 x x 3 (degrees) 3 (degrees) Figure 2: Tossing a coin to decide a question of scientific notation for Figure 1: From a measurement of CP-violating parameters — quantifying differences in the the book “The Physics of the B-Factories”, due for publication in 2012. + behaviour of matter and antimatter — in Physical Review D 81, 112002 (2010). If B mesons and Standing with350 me are three of my fellow editors: from left to right,r Prof. - FIG.their antiparticles 4: Results (B mesons) of signal behaved in fits the same with way, free the measured parameters points wouldx coincide;= r cos θ Bostjan Golob (University of Ljubljana), Prof. Soeren Prell (Iowa0.35 State instead, a significant difference is seen (1, 2, and 3-standard-deviation contours are shown). The (c) (d) + + + ∗ + University), and300 Dr Adrian Bevan (Queen Mary, University of London). andanalysisy =was rbasedsin onθ speciallyfor B sensitive→ decaysDK selected(a), from and a sampleB of 657→ millionD B-mesonK (b) From a workshop held at KEK (Tsukuba, Japan) 17-18th May, 2010.0.3 Prof. pairs collected by the Belle experiment. The− B-mesons provide+ an ideal laboratory for the study Thomas Mannel,250 a theorist at the University of Siegen, is the fifth of the samples,of CP-violating separately effects. for B and B data. Contours indicate editors of the book. ± ± (degrees) 0.25 one, two and three (for B → DK )andonestandardde- 200 ± ∗ ± 0.2 viation regions (for B → D K )obtainedinthemaximum 150 ± ∗ ± ∗ 0.15 likelihood fit. For the B → D K , D → Dγ mode, the sign 100 0.1 of x± and y± is swapped to account for the relative strong 50 phase difference of 180◦ with respect to the B± → D∗K±, 0.05 ∗ 0 D → Dπ0 sample. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 3 (degrees) 3 (degrees) statistical fluctuation. FIG. 5: Projections of confidence regions for the B+ → DK+ + − + ∗ + The results of the separate B and B data fits are (a,b) and B → D K (c,d) mode onto the (r, φ3)and(φ3, δ) shown in Fig. 4. The values of the fit parameters x± and planes. Contours indicate projections of one, two and three standard deviation regions. y± are listed in Table II. As expected, the values of x± ∗ ∗ 0 and y± for the D → Dγ and D → Dπ modes from B± → D∗K± agree within the statistical errors after reversing the signs in one of the modes. the δ values are distinct. Note that our statistical procedure gives three- dimensional confidence level regions. The coverage for V. EVALUATION OF THE STATISTICAL the set of three parameters (r, φ3, δ) is exact. One- ERRORS dimensional intervals are obtained by projecting the three-dimensional regions onto each of the parameter We use a frequentist technique to evaluate the statis- axes: exact coverage for this procedure is ensured only tical significance of the measurements. The procedure in the case of Gaussian errors. In our case, Gaussian is identical to that in our previous analysis [12]. This behavior of the errors is reached when σ(r) " r,and method requires knowledge of the probability density undercoverage (effectively, underestimation of statistical function (PDF) of the reconstructed parameters x and errors) occurs if σ(r) ∼ r.Theamountofundercoverage y as a function of the true parametersx ¯ andy ¯.Toob- depends on the true value,r ¯: errors are underestimated tain this PDF, we use a simplified MC simulation of the by a factor ranging from 1.4 forr ¯ = 0, to 1.03 forr ¯ equal experiment which incorporates a maximum likelihood fit to the measured value. with the same efficiencies, resolution and backgrounds as used in the fit to the experimental data. Figure 5 shows the projections of the three-dimensional VI. ESTIMATION OF SYSTEMATIC ERROR confidence regions onto the (r, φ3)and(φ3, δ) planes for the B± → DK± and B± → D∗K± modes. In the results Experimental systematic errors come from uncertainty for the B± → D∗K± mode, we combine both D∗ → Dπ0 in the knowledge of the distributions used in the fit and D∗ → Dγ final states, taking into account the rel- (i.e. Dalitz plot distributions of the background com- ◦ ative strong phase of 180 between them by swapping ponents, and the (Mbc, ∆E)and(cosθthr, F) distribu- the sign of the x, y parameters for the D∗ → Dγ mode. tions of the backgrounds and signal), fractions of differ- We show the 20%, 74% and 97% confidence level regions, ent background components, and the distribution of the which correspond to one, two, and three standard devia- efficiency across the Dalitz plot. Uncertainties in back- tions for a three-dimensional Gaussian distribution. The ground shapes are estimated by using alternative dis- values of the parameters r, φ3 and δ obtained for the tributions in the fit (extracted from experimental data B± → DK± and B± → D∗K± modes separately are where possible). Uncertainties in the background frac- given in Table III. The values of φ3 in these modes agree tions are obtained by varying each fraction within its within the statistical errors. In general, r and δ may dif- error. Possible correlations in the distributions for back- fer: our results for r are similar for the two modes, while ground components that are not described by the formula PUBLICATIONS 75

PUBLICATIONS 2010 76 PUBLICATIONS

BOOKS AND CHAPTERS

1. Michie, A M, Bassett, I M, Canning, J, Haywood, J H 2010, Optical "bre sensing and interferometry: Including optical "bre voltage sensing using thermally poled silica "bres, LAP — LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken, Germany 2. Domachuk, P, Steinvurzel, P E, Kuhlmey, B T, Eggleton, B J 2010, Opto#uidic Photonic Crystal Fibers: Properties and Applications, Opto#uidics Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications, McGraw Hill, USA, 133-176 3. Duchesne, D, Ferrera, M, Razzari, L, Morandotti, R, Little, B, Chu, S, Moss, D J 2010, Nonlinear Optics in Doped Silica Glass Integrated Waveguide Structures, Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics, InTech Open Access Publishers (peer reviewed), Croatia, 269-294 4. Melrose, D B, McOrist, J 2010, Pair Modes in Relativistic Quantum Plasmas, In Celebration of K C Hines, World Scienti"c Publishing, 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224, 149-164 5. Stamp#, C, Carter, D J 2010, Gallium Nitride Nanowires, Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanotubes and Nanowires, CRC Press, Florida, USA, 18-1-18-17 6. Wheatland, M S 2010, Bayesian Data Analysis, Complex Physical, Biophysical and Econophysical Systems: Proceedings of the 22nd Canberra International Physics Summer School, World Scienti"c Publishing, Singapore, 121-142 PUBLICATIONS 77

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18. Fleming, S C, An, H, Michie, A M 2010, New Prospects for Poled Optics (CLEO) and the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Fiber Technology in Frequency Doubling and Sensing, 2010 Conference (QELS) 2010, IEEE, Washington DC, USA Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)/Collocated 28. Leon-Saval, SG, Argyros, A, Bland-Hawthorn, J 2010, Mode National Fiber Optic Engineers (NFOEC), IEEE Publishing, 345 Evolution in Photonic Lanterns, Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA Science XXVI Conference, The Optical Society of America, 19. Fleming, S C, An, H, Michie, A M, Min, S 2010, Frequency Washington DC , 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, Doubling and Sensing Using Poled Fiber, 19th Australian Institute D.C. 20036-1012 USA, 1-2 of Physics (AIP) Congress incorporating the 35th Australian 29. 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Moss, D J, Corcoran, B P, Monat, C B, Pelusi, M D, Grillet, C E, Ellis, S, Haynes, R, Horton, A, Jovanovica, N, Leon-Saval, SG, White, T, O’Faolain, L, Eggleton, B J, Krauss, T 2010, Slow-Light Robertson, J G 2010, Development of an array-waveguide based Optical Signal Processing at 640Gb/s, IEEE Photonics grating astronomical spectrograph, Frontiers in Optics 2010/ Society 23rd Annual Meeting (2010), IEEE, USA, 490-491 Laser Science XXVI Conference, The Optical Society of 37. Moss, D J, Pasquazi, A, Peccianti, M, Razzari, L, Duchesne, America, Washington DC , 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. D, Ferrera, M, Chu, S, Little, B, Morandotti, R 2010, CMOS Washington, D.C. 20036-1012 USA, 1-2 Compatible All-Optical Chips, Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser 27. Lee, M W, Grillet, C E, Tomljenovic-Hanic, S, Moss, D J, Science XXVI Conference, The Optical Society of America, Eggleton, B J, Gai, X, Madden, S, Choi, D, Bulla, D, Luther- Washington DC , 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. 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38. Moss, D J, Pasquazi, A, Peccianti, M, Razzari, L, Duchesne, D, 48. Pelusi, M D, Luan, F, Madden, S, Choi, D, Bulla, D, Luther-Davies, Ferrera, M, Chu, S, Little, B, Morandotti, R 2010, CMOS Compatible B, Eggleton, B J 2010, Dispersion Compensation of 100 GHz All-Optical Waveguides, 19th Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) Spaced WDM 40 Gb/s Signals by Phase Conjugation in As2S3 Congress incorporating the 35th Australian Conference on Optical Glass, 19th Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) Congress Fiber Technology (ACOFT), ACOFTAOS, Australia, 1-3 incorporating the 35th Australian Conference on Optical Fiber 39. Naseri, P, Fleming, S C, Suchowerska, N O, McKenzie, D R Technology (ACOFT), ACOFTAOS, Australia 2010, Air Core Metallic Light Guides for Scintillation Dosimetery 49. Pelusi, M D, Luan, F, Madden, S, Choi, D, Bulla, D, Luther- in Radiotherapy, 19th Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) Davies, B, Eggleton, B J 2010, Optical Phase Conjugation in Congress incorporating the 35th Australian Conference on Chalcogenide Planar Waveguides for Compensating Signal Optical Fiber Technology (ACOFT), ACOFTAOS, Australia Transmission E!ects, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber 40. Pant, R, Xiong, C, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B, Eggleton, B J Communication (OFC)/Collocated National Fiber Optic 2010, All-optical quantization using a chalcogenide waveguide: Engineers (NFOEC), IEEE Publishing, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW Towards on-chip ultrahigh-bandwidth analog-to-digital YORK, NY 10017 USA , 1-3 conversion, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) 50. Pelusi, M D, Vo, T, Eggleton, B J 2010, Terahertz bandwidth and the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference Waveform Spectrum Analysis, 2010 IEEE International Topical (QELS) 2010, IEEE, Washington DC, USA, 1-2 Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP 2010), IEEE, USA 41. Pasquazi, A, Park, Y, Azana, J, Legare, F, Little, B, Chu, S, 51. Provo, R, Le Cren, E, Murdoch, S, Harvey, J, Lwin, R, Large, Morandotti, R, Moss, D J 2010, Net parametric gain in a high M C 2010, Error Free Transmission at 5Gb/s over 37m of index doped silica waveguide, Conference on Lasers and Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibre, 2010 Conference on Electro-Optics (CLEO) and the Quantum Electronics and Laser Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)/Collocated National Fiber Science Conference (QELS) 2010, IEEE, Washington DC, USA Optic Engineers (NFOEC), IEEE Publishing, 345 E 47TH ST, 42. Pasquazi, A, Park, Y, Azana, J, Legare, F, Morandotti, R, Little, B, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA , 1-3 Chu, S, Moss, D J 2010, Time lens for Sub-picosecond Optical 52. Provo, R, Murdoch, S, Harvey, J, Lwin, R, Large, M C 2010, Pulse Measurement on a Chip, 2010 Conference on Optical 10Gb/s error free transmission through micro-structured Fiber Communication (OFC)/Collocated National Fiber Optic multimode polymer optical "bers, Conference on Lasers & Engineers (NFOEC), IEEE Publishing, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW Electro-Optics (CLEO) and the Quantum Electronics & Laser YORK, NY 10017 USA , 1-3 Science Conference (QELS) 2010, IEEE, Washington DC, 1-2 43. Pasquazi, A, Park, Y, Azana, J, Legare, F, Morandotti, R, Little, B, 53. Razzari, L, Duchesne, D, Ferrera, M, Morandotti, R, Chu, S, Chu, S, Moss, D J 2010, Time-lens for Sub-picosecond Optical Little, B, Moss, D J 2010, Optical Parametric Oscillation in a Pulse Measurement on a Chip, Conference on Lasers and High-index Doped Silica Glass Micro-ring Resonator, Conference Electro-Optics (CLEO) and the Quantum Electronics and Laser on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) and the Quantum Science Conference (QELS) 2010, IEEE, Washington DC, USA Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS) 2010, IEEE, 44. Peccianti, M, Duchesne, D, Ferrera, M, Burgess, I, Razzari, Washington DC, USA L, Morandotti, R, Little, B, Chu, S, Moss, D J 2010, Nonlinear 54. Razzari, L, Duchesne, D, Ferrera, M, Morandotti, R, Chu, S, pulse processing in High-Index Glass Integrated devices: pulse Little, B, Moss, D J 2010, Optical Parametric Oscillation on a compression, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication Chip, Advanced Photonics and Renewable Energy: OSA Optics (OFC)/Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers (NFOEC), IEEE & Photonics Congress 2010, Optical Society of America (OSA), Publishing, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA , 1-3 Washington, DC USA, 1-2 45. Peccianti, M, Ferrera, M, Razzari, L, Little, B, Chu, S, 55. Schroeder, J B, Coen, S, Sylvestre, T, Eggleton, B J 2010, Pulse- Morandotti, R, Moss, D J 2010, Ultrafast Optical Pulse shape selection of an ultra-high repetition rate wavelength and Compression on a Chip, Conference on Lasers and Electro- repetition rate tunable mode-locked laser: From bright to dark Optics (CLEO) and the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science pulses, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) and Conference (QELS) 2010, IEEE, Washington DC, USA the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS) 46. Peccianti, M, Pasquazi, A, Park, Y, Little, B, Chu, S, Moss, D J, 2010, IEEE, Washington DC, USA, 1-2 Morandotti, R 2010, Subpicosecond Ultra High Speed Soliton Laser 56. Tang, T, Leon-Saval, SG, Large, M C, Argyros, A, Reece, P 2010, based on a C-MOS Compatible Integrated Microring Resonator, 3-D Optical Trapping Inside a Hollow-Core Microstructured Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser Science XXVI Conference, The Optical Fiber, Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser Science XXVI Optical Society of America, Washington DC , 2010 Massachusetts Conference, The Optical Society of America, Washington DC , Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036-1012 USA, 1-2 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036-1012 47. Peccianti, M, Pasquazi, A, Park, Y, Little, B, Chu, S, Moss, D USA, 1-2 J, Morandotti, R 2010, Sub-ps Laser Modelocked Dissipative 57. 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58. Vo, T, Corcoran, B P, Schroeder, J B, Pelusi, M D, Xu, D, Densmore, A, Ma, R, Janz, S, Moss, D J, Eggleton, B J 2010, Silicon Chip based Instantaneous Dispersion Monitoring for a 640 Gbit/s DPSK Signal, 19th Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) Congress incorporating the 35th Australian Conference on Optical Fiber Technology (ACOFT), ACOFTAOS, Australia, 1-3 59. Vo, T, Hu, H, Galili, M, Palushani, E, Xu, J, Oxenlowe, L, Madden, S, Choi, D, Bulla, D, et al 2010, All-Optical Demultiplexing of 1.28 Tb/s to 10 Gb/s Using a Chalcogenide Photonic Chip, Advanced Photonics and Renewable Energy: OSA Optics & Photonics Congress 2010, Optical Society of America (OSA), Washington, DC USA, 1-2 60. Vo, T, Pelusi, M D, Schroeder, J B, Luan, F, Madden, S, Choi, D, Bulla, D, Luther-Davies, B, Eggleton, B J 2010, All-optical multi- impairment performance monitoring of 640 Gb/s optical signals using a chalcogenide photonic chip, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)/Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers (NFOEC), IEEE Publishing, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA , 1-3 61. Wheatland, M S, Gilchrist, S, Regnier, S 2010, Modelling the coronal magnetic "eld using hinode (and future) data, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS) 2009, World Scienti"c Publ Co Pte Ltd, Singapore, 327-338 62. Wilson, A, Akerlind, G, Francis, P, Kirkup, L, McKenzie, J, Pearce, D, Sharma, M D 2010, Measurement Uncertainty As A Threshold Concept In Physics, 16th UniServe Science Annual Conference 2010, University of Sydney, Sydney, 98-103 63. Yu, T, Ugon, J, Burachik, R, Lenzen, M 2010, A Simple Parallel Projection Optimization Al-gorithm Estimating a Large-sized Input-Output Table for Environmental Impact Assessment, 2010 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM 2010), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), USA, 15-21 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 97

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 98 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2010

2010 2009 INCOME Grants excluding Research 4,069,755 4,995,268 Student Fees Commonwealth Supported Places 8,233,580 0 Full Fee Students 3,113,926 1,049,317 Research Grants 14,837,679 16,782,855 Scholarships, Donations and Bequests 282,759 221,121 Business, Consulting and Investment Income 722,528 490,813 Other Income-Funded positions, Fees, Sundry Income 655,426 1,912,264

Internal University Fund Transfers 1,638,867 1,494,286

TOTAL INCOME 33,554,520 26,945,924

EXPENDITURE

Academic Salaries 15,417,762 14,437,520 General Salaries 3,913,751 3,841,198

Annual Leave cost 31,447 0

SALARIES 19,362,960 18,278,718

Travel 1,809,533 1,538,998 Consumables 544,966 661,295 Equipment & repairs 1,183,035 1,010,005 Utilities 355,233 187,236 Consultants 139,014 42,228 Grants/payments to External Organisations 2,983,941 2,693,866 Insurance, Legal, Motor and Administration 144,889 219,976 Student, Printing and Library 1,608,921 1,024,843

Commercial Business Expenses 1,147 2,295

NON SALARY COSTS 8,770,679 7,380,742

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 28,133,639 25,659,460

DIRECTLY CONTROLLABLE MARGIN 5,420,881 1,286,464

Recovery of University Costs (NOTE) 6,283,349 0

Internal University Program Income -333,659 0

NET UEM COSTS 5,949,690 0

TOTAL DIRECT & INDIRECT COSTS 34,083,329 25,659,460

NET ANNUAL OPERATING SURPLUS / DEFICIT (-) -528,809 1,286,464

Capital 1,401,570 1,826,152

NET FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE -1,930,379 -539,688

NOTE: 2010 cost recoveries of $4.761m were based under the Operating Grant Model which is different to the current University Economic Model (UEM). FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 99 CONSOLIDATED INCOME & EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2010

2009 2010 GrantsExcludingResearch 4,995,268 4,069,755 StudentFees CwlthSupportedPlaces 0 8,233,580 FullFeeStudents 1,049,317 3,113,926 ResearchGrants 16,782,855 14,837,679 InvestmentIncome 348,243 560,004 DonationsandBequests 221,121 282,759 Consulting&ContractResearch 134,658 121,520 BusinessandCommercialIncome 7,912 41,004 OtherIncome FundedPositions 83,942 137,901 OtherFees&Charges 23,276 239,196 SundryIncome 1,805,046 278,329 InternalIncome InternalTradingIncome 1,085,408 138,839 InternalTransferIncome 408,877 1,500,028

TOTALDIRECTREVENUEBEFOREUEM 26,945,924 33,554,518

AcademicSalaryCosts 13,726,832 14,649,872 PartTimeTeachingCosts 710,688 767,890 GeneralSalaryCosts 3,387,497 3,342,531 CasualSalaryCosts 449,104 561,919 OvertimeCosts 4,597 9,301 AnnualLeave 0 31,447

TOTALEMPLOYEEBENEFITS 18,278,718 19,362,960

EmployeeRelatedCosts 1,538,998 1,809,533 Consumables 661,295 544,966 RepairsandMaintenance 157,409 157,867 EquipPurchases&Lease<$10,000 852,596 1,025,168 UtilitiesandCommunications 187,236 355,233 ConsultantsandContractors 42,228 139,014 GrantsContribExternalOrg 2,693,866 2,983,941 Insurance,Legal,Motor,Admin 219,976 144,889 Student,Printing,Library 1,024,843 1,608,921 CommercialBusinessExpenses 2,295 1,147

TOTALNONSALARYEXPENSES 7,380,743 8,770,679

TOTALDIRECTEXPENSESBEFOREUEM 25,659,461 28,133,639

DIRECTLYCONTROLLABLEMARGINBEFOREUEM 1,286,463 5,420,880

DirectlyControllableMarginbeforeUEM%DirectRevenue 4.8% 16.2% RecoveryProfServicesandUWC(7611) 0 4,761,029 RecoveryIntraFaculty(7615) 0 1,522,320

TOTALUEMINTERNALRECOVERIES 0 6,283,349

InternalProgramsFactoDVC(3381) 0 -2,228,493 InternalProgramsDVCtoFac(3391) 0 2,562,152

TOTALUEMINTERNALPROGRAMINCOME(NET) 0 333,659

OPERATINGMARGINBEFORETRANSITIONALADJUSTMENTS 1,286,463 -528,811

OpMarginbeforeTransitionalAdjustments%DirectRevenue 4.8% (1.6%) EliminationandExtraodItems 0 0 Elimination&ExtraordinaryInc(ELIM_&_EXTRAO_INC) 0 0 ProceedsSaleofCapitalAsset 0 0

NETOPERATINGMARGIN 1,286,463 -528,811

Capital 1,826,152 1,401,570

NETFINANCIALPERFORMANCE -539,689 -1,930,381

Accumulations CarryForward(PriorYear) 14,395,046 9,432,090

CLOSINGBALANCE 13,855,357 7,501,710

RESERVES 550,000 550,000 100 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

A linear accelerator that produces x-rays and electrons used in the treatment of cancer patients at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital’s Department of Radiation Oncology. The School of Physics has strong ties with many local hospitals and medical research groups, and the School’s research in the area is taking o! in brain dynamics, biophysics and in the Institute for Medical Physics, which also runs Graduate Diploma and Masters degrees to train the next generation of medical physicists.

Image: Jai McKenzie.

Faculty of Science T +61 2 9351 3021 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/science

School of Physics T +61 2 9351 2537 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/science/physics

International O!ce E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/internationalo!ce

SCHOOL OF PHYSICS

Produced by The School of Physics, the University of Sydney, October 2011. The University reserves the right to make alterations to any information contained within this publication without notice.

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