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1977 1 110 P. Stone AeNMCv FOR IWNTrATIONAL. oIVw.OPugNI FOR AID USE ONLY I WAINSINTOW. 0. C. joaes 9ISLIGRAPINC INPUT SHEET BATCH 53 I- SUBJECT A.PIAYTEMPORARY CLAW-. FICATI@ON ICNOU L TITLE AND SUBTITLE Industrial pollution control, executive summary AUTHOR($) (101) Stone, Ralph & Co., Los Angeles 4. DOCUMENT DATE S. NUMBER OF PAGES SARC NUMBER 1977 1 110 p. AMC 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND Stone ADDRESS 6. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponeoring Organisatlon# Publishers, Avallability) 9. ABSTRACT (Scionce & Technology--ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING R&D) Government leaders, industrialists, and concerned individuals with differing technical and national backgrounds are often called on to formulate policy governing the control of Industrial pollutants. This report facilitates that task. It focuses on the growing price of Industrial pollution and the way society pays -- either by paying to prevent pollution, or paying its price in contaminated fields and waters, corrosion, and increased human suffering -- and on strategies government and industry can use to control polluting discharges (these strategies are well documented with tables). Also described are the respective cost-benefits of industrial freedom to pollute, and mandatory pollution control. Information sources and a complete glossary are included in the summary. 10. CONTROL NUMBER II. PRICE OF DOCUMENT PN-AAD-070 12. DESCRIPTORS IS. PROJECT NUMBER 14. CONTRACT NUMBER AID/ta-C-1091 GTS IS.TYPE OF DOCUMENT AID 890-1 1474) INDUSTIAL POLLUTION CONTROL VOUME 1: EXECU1VE SUMMARY MR STOLE ANO COMPANY INC. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, USA INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, APRIL 1977 By R.PALPI STONE & CO., INC. 11954 SANTA MONICA BLVD. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .-­ Acknowledgments iv 1. INTRODUCTION: THE GROWING PRICE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 1 2. IT COSTS MORE THAN MONEY 8 3. STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL 25 4. WEIGHING NATIONAL COSTS AND BENEFITS 57 5. WHERE TO FIND MORE INFORMATION 70 PUBLIC AGENCY ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SOURCES 72 BI BLIO GRAPHY 87 GLOSSARY 91 References 100 List of Figures 102 List of Tables 103 Photograph Credits 104 eII PREFACE A two-volume study was prepared to provide information relating t6 the impact and control of environmental pollution from industrial sources. It is intended for the use of government leaders, Industrialists, and other concerned individuals who may have widely differing technical and national backgrounds. Volume I provides background information and reference sources to facilitate general policy decisions relating to the control of industrial pollutants. Volume Il is concerned with the technical application and comparative costs of pollution abatement in manu­ fucturing operations.* Although the purpose of the report is to describe the effects of industrial discharges and their control, it is recognized that other sources of pollution contribute to environ­ mental problems. The problems of pollution abatement however, are similar wherever they originate. The general principles and control methods discussed in the report will therefore usually be applicable to pollutants from both industrial and non-industrial sources. * See Icst page for information on ordering Volume II. III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of many individuals in the following agencies and institutions: Instituto Centro Americano de Investigacion y Technologic Industriul (ICAITI); Organization of American States; Pan American Health Organization; United Nations Development Program; United Nations Industrial Development Organization; United Nations Information Center; The World Bank; World Health Organization; Companhia Estadual de Tecnologia de Saneamento Basico (CETESB), Sao Paulo, Confederacao Nacional da Industria, Rio de Janeiro, Soc. Civil de Planejanento e Consultas Tecnicas Ltda. CONSULTEC), Rio de Janeiro, Departmento de Limpes Publica, Grupo Executivo do Grande Sao Paulo, Instituto Engenharia Sanitaria, do Janeiro, Rio Ministerio do Industria e do Comercio, Brasilia, NGK do Brasil S. A., Mogidas Cruzes, Secretaria de Planejamento Ciencia e Technologia, Salvador, Bahia, and Superintendencia de Saneamento Ambiental (SUSAM), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Environ­ mental Protection Council, Accra, Ghana; Camara Nacional de la Industria del Hierro y del Acero, Comision Federal de Electricidad, Confederacion de Camaras Industriales, Direcion General de Usos del Agua y Prevencion de Ia Contaminacion, Subsecretaria de Mejoramiento del Ambiente, and Tubos de Acero de Mexico, Mexico; Department of Science and Technology, Tandogan-Ankarra, Turkey; Council on Environmental Qj ality, United States Embassy to Brazil, United States Embassy to Mexico, and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, United States; Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Syracuse University, University of Denver, and University of North Carolina, United States; Cbmpanhia Suzano de Papel e Cellulose, Brazil; and HYSLA, Mexico. This study was prepared by Ralph Stone and Company, Inc., for the Agency for International Development under AlD contract ta-C-1091. Ralph Stone and Company, Inc., is grateful for the assistance extended by AID, Department of State; Department of Commerce; Environmental Protection Agency; and Council on Environmental Quality personnel. iv Photograph 1. Roseate spoonbills in major tourist attraction area take off from clean water where they had been feeding. V CHAPTER 1 THE GROWING PRICE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION The price of industrial pollution must be paid; there is no way to avoid it. Society only two options: it can pay to prevent has pollution . or it can pay pollution's price in contaminated fields and fishing grounds, soiling and corrosion, increased human suffering, disease, and premature death, and all the other ways in which a polluted environment reduces the welfare, or quality of life, of everyone who lives, works, or spends time in it. The purpose of this report is to describe some of the social industrial pollution, and economic costs of the many ways society pays those costs, the strategies and industry can government use to control polluting discharges, and the respective of industrial cost-benefits freedom to pollute and mandatory pollution control. Industry is not the sole source of environmental pollution. Natural, agricultural, domestic, commercial, community, and transportation activities can also ful substances. In addition, release harm­ many industrial activities are relatively clean polluting. But industrial and non­ sources of pollution are very important for several 1) they can release large reasons: quantities of hazardous substances which limit ment's ability to sustain the environ­ healthful human, animal, and plant life; 2) many tential impacts are of the po­ irreversible; 3) the quantities, types, and possible pollute nts are constantly hazards of such increasing throughout the world because of continuous trial e'ansion and new product indus­ development; and 4) they are among the more control led. easily Industrial progress, or greater efficiency in the production of wanted goods and services, can greatly increase a country's material welfare. The problem of control is how to minimize polluting discharges without causing being controlled, and without impairing undue hardship to the factory or plant industrial development. But pollution control can also contribute to industrial progress: it uses engineering technology to increase a country's environmental welfare. The industry which produces pollution control equipment and services is similar to the industries which provide heating, lighting, or air conditioning equipment and services. All employ capital and labor, and all try to improve the human environment. LEARNING FROM PAST EXPERIENCE It has been said: "Those who don't learn from history are doomed to repeat it." present purposes, the experience of For highly industrialized nations indicates three things: industry's capacity to pollute the environment has been increasing rapidly; industrial growth without effective controls may cause a constant decline inthe quality of lives; and large supplies people's of natural resources will eventually be used up. Advanced industrial technology and the wastes it generates are similar throughout the world. These wastes have been handled in many different ways at different times *..nd places. It Is therefore possible to learn about the probable hazards of most pollutants, the best ways to control them, and the relative cost-benefits of freedom to pollute versus environmental protection--before costly deci sions are made. Given the limited supply of all natural resources, conservation is an especially attractive form of pollution control since it can serve two purposes: preserving non­ renewable resources for present and future use, and pollution abatement. The wasteful use or production of natural gas or other fuels, for example, increases pollution and uses up valuable resources more quickly than necessary. Better insulation, more efficient fuel consumption processes, and other waste-reducing practices can help to reverse the two-fold problem. In the use of other raw materials, recycling can serve the same purpose. Concern with environmental pollution caused by human activities is probably as old as the history of mankind. Photograph 2 shows an ancient Iraqi sewer estimated to be over 4,300 years old. Then as today, such effort. to remove wastes from inhabited areas frequently resulted in contamination of the receiving waters. But today the dangerous impacts of polluting the environment
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