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Joods Huwelijks- En Echtscheidingsrecht

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Joods Huwelijks- En Echtscheidingsrecht OVERZICHT VAN HET Joods huwelijks- en echtscheidingsrecht eva™ msn mr ajw wan ny» ^L* rni ronro rawa yz Jïjrwo'B woa ton na w JU «rn KT'jsb cLy rwiJs \ II 1 1 I ratbi "b mn reyv nm ww w Nyrn «rraa-i nws ja wiow NjN jk r-ryaw1 mugi KjrwJro u^ttina 'iraa vraun ^wirJy "rob r—«ayn ynx wJ» "waKon ww* cjw palm ny< •htp ïrapn mij) ]t> 'nrj< prn n vrnarn jrrwH^ »an;n Jji wra nL 'si rr-ïr 1 'vj i'—i ^i-s w res'pj-n rrpavi rtnus sin ' L ' L TIOs'' vyw yavrr-r -oj J-3 waoycb u 1 w t^at u.o r-t—nr-«—wwa un «nr nrr r tnyr>\aLjfci ^s-• * nw ya *sr*n T-I^JNI ^«B uy ng-o '*»ya w j-ti Ha> Ju®" .nw IVOJ •»»• rww TOU>a jiPyQ 1 1 ("mVviSr B'3 V» Ha»"' tflljVX >*>)'» ww p»5> "»V> rM-iaï w wVwi '"JLS WO J V O rryybtAj* Uwi NJOW H«) .VK-"! nvpFTO 'V*» rwy *w> xv) rtfb; 1 1 1 "rsjpDrf^ap rrtirr p»j> j>oj»t pn pjiioi pVjt j""" p* 'J " '««> »rj» j •tï jnj» p pnw ISjnrtV» '3'jiti Viwm >>»>1»9I •3«;ir»i •»•>»»•» jwttm» •fftvViu; rM>< 'V!fV5Ï9H-» «w»p IWXVVW 5Ï*jn j»"" Sjtf»>>V*#>*l*»W»^kVjiw.-'W: j 5>i^b»w rVn p jV .jsim jn jw jjw «»>331 "*«»» yjf ij» V w pui p ajn»' w vit yt >»»* '•jj/p*» iim 'tjt pwai psijaawVw» •« I" js'j j* fju-W jnjngT^ 'HVi'Hr" Wi A* i« »»!« *rwVin jy- pi. ^MIHH pi» JWVD ^VTI'/" J-»! Xj* -a-jp »*•» i^v,, l'H»V»V» Vjrx tjf' wi* nj»Wra w^» n»V jwawsA VVj jy* jr» pm xp «j i^jrV ps', * ; s -p "jji nnaii^ü'Vj.ii^» wjpV iui>i «o»V»V a^. ^tr r^r' © Mr.J.C.Al ISBN 9O-585O-O27-6 OVERZICHT VAN HET JOODSE HUWELIJKS- EN ECHTSCHEIDINGSRECHT Mr.J.C.Al Voor mijn zoon Daniël Simon Al Overzicht van het Joodse Huwelijks- en echtscheidingsrecht, Mr. J.C. Al. Uitgegeven door Wolf Legal Publishers (WLP), 2002. ISBN: 90-5850-027-6 Uitgever: Willem-Jan van der Wolf Productieassistent: René van der Wolf Omslag ontwerp: Sander Neijnens Illustraties: Illustratie voorzijde omslag ter beschikking gesteld door Ephraïm Goldstoff Druk: Koninklijke Wöhrmann BV, Zutphen Uitgeverij: Wolf Legal Publishers, Postbus 31051, 6503 CB Nijmegen Tel: 024-3551904 Fax: 024-3554827 E-Mail: [email protected] Http://www.wlp.biz Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar worden gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opna- men of op enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur en uitgever. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16 b Auteurswet 1912 jo. het Besluit van 20 juni 1974, Stb.351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus 1985, Stb.471 en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 882, 1180 AW Amstelveen). Voor het opnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatie-werken (artikel 16 Auteurs-wet 1912) dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. Hoewel aan deze uitgave de uiterste zorg is besteed, aanvaarden de auteur noch WLP aansprakelijkheid voor de aanwezigheid van eventuele (druk)fouten en onvolkomenhe- den. © 2002 ontwerp en productie WLP © 2002 tekst J. Al Voorwoord Het schrijven van een voorwoord is eigenlijk het schrijven van de wordingsgeschiedenis van het boek. Waarom ben ik begonnen een boek te schrijven over het Joodse huwe- lijks- en echtscheidingsrecht? Eind tachtiger jaren is er door mij een contract opgesteld, te gebruiken bij de Joodse huwelijkssluiting, met als aanvankelijke doelstelling de man te ontmoedigen in geval van echtscheiding te weigeren een Get te geven. Na een aanvankelijk summiere beschrijving van het contract zei men, dat dit onvoldoende was om tot begrip van het geheel te komen. Dit was voor mij de aanleiding om aan dit boek te beginnen. Er zijn twee redenen waarom dit boek er naar mijn mening moest komen. Ten eerste zijn de discussies in het echtscheidingsrecht niet goed te volgen als je niet op de hoogte bent van de Joodse huwelijks- en echt- scheidingsregels. Ten tweede is er bij mijn weten geen Nederlandstalig boek over dit onderwerp. Om als specialist op dit gebied te kunnen optreden, moet je van zeer goede huize komen. Er zijn heel weinig specialisten op dit gebied; er zijn wel veel amateurs die aan de hand van dit boek enigszins een beeld kunnen krijgen van de problematiek. In de talmoed in het boek Kidoesjien, pagina 3a, wordt door Rav Yehuda in naam van Rabbijn Smuel gezegd: "Een ieder die geen kennis heeft van de wetten betreffende de echtschei- dingsregelingen en handelingen betreffende het huwelijk moet zich er niet mee bemoeien (...)." Rav Assi zei in naam van Rabbijn Yochanan: i OVERZICHT VAN HET JOODSE HUWELIJKS- EN ECHTSCHEIDINGSRECHT "(...) en deze personen (namelijk diegenen die rechtspreken in dergelijke zaken zonder voldoende kennis van de wet) zijn slechter voor de wereld dan de generatie die de zondvloed van Noach hebben veroorzaakt." Het is zo ernstig, omdat door de uitspraken van "onwetenden" verboden huwelijken konden worden gesloten en de kinderen uit die huwelijken dan bastaards werden. Uit dit citaat blijkt hoe belangrijk het is om óf een specialist te zijn, óf te onderkennen wanneer je er een specialist bij nodig hebt. Dit boek is geschreven voor juristen die met Joodse huwelijken en echtscheiding te maken krijgen, alsmede voor de geïnteresseerde leken en anderen die zich uit interesse bezig houden met het Joodse recht. In dit boek wil ik een overzicht geven van het Joodse huwelijks- en echtscheidingsrecht. Het is uiteraard verre van compleet, maar men moet ergens beginnen. Er hoort in ieder geval nog een tweede deel bij dat zal handelen over de Agoena (de "geketende vrouw": de vrouw die door omstandigheden, bijvoorbeeld door het ontbreken van getuigen bij het overlijden van haar man, of door onwil van haar echtgenoot om een scheidsbrief te geven, geen weduwe, respectievelijk deugdelijk gescheiden vrouw is). Door persoonlijke omstandigheden ben ik er nog niet aan toe gekomen voldoende informatie te verzamelen om de problemen van de Agoena hier te behandelen en ik heb ervoor gekozen eerst dit algemene overzicht te publiceren. Dan kan diegene die later het boek over de Agoena leest beter begrijpen in welke context dat probleem geplaatst moet worden. In dit overzicht zult u regels aantreffen omtrent het karakter van het Joodse huwelijk. In dat kader wordt aandacht besteed aan de verplichtingen van de man en die van de vrouw, die bij het aangaan van een Joods huwelijk horen. Beschreven zijn ook de regels aangaande het huwelijkscontract (de Ketoeba) en de juridische status van Joodse huwelijken. ii VOORWOORD Zowel bij het huwelijk als bij een echtscheiding zijn er rituele procedures die hierbij van wezenlijk belang zijn. In de Ketoeba - de huwelijksakte - kan men bijvoorbeeld allerlei zaken regelen; het is geen star, vaststaand document. In het laatste deel van het boek vindt u de gang van zaken bij een echt- scheiding beschreven; de uitgewerkte procedure is in een bijlage opgenomen. Tevens treft u een bijlage aan met daarin de gang van zaken bij de Chalitza (het weigeren van een zwagerhuwelijk). Het taalgebruik van de procedure van de Get (scheidsbrief) en de Chalitza doet nogal hard aan; het is goed om daarop voorbereid te zijn. Die hardheid is in de ontstane en gevestigde praktijk van oudsher aan- wezig en geeft niet (altijd) de intenties van de schrijver of de uitspreker weer. Het is van belang u te realiseren dat het hier om zeer oude en rituele procedures gaat waarvan met de vorm heeft weten te behouden tot in deze tijd. De kennis die in dit boek wordt aangereikt, is gebaseerd op de Halacha - het Joodse recht - waarover in het begin van het boek een summier overzicht wordt gegeven. Ik hoop dat ik spoedig in de gelegenheid zal zijn het tweede deel over de Agoena verder te schrijven als vervolg op deze uitgave. Het schrijven van een boek is iets anders dan het ook uit te geven. Voor het publiceren van een boek zijn financiële en technische middelen nodig. Bij de totstandkoming van dit boek zijn uiteindelijk veel mensen betrokken geraakt. Deze uitgave is ook mede financieel mogelijk gemaakt door betrokken vrienden en organisaties. Bij deze wil ik allen bedanken die hieraan hebben bijgedragen. Graag wil ik mijn dank uitspreken voor de bijdragen aan het vervol- maken van de tekst door diverse personen. iii OVERZICHT VAN HET JOODSE HUWELIJKS- EN ECHTSCHEIDINGSRECHT Mijn speciale dank gaat uit naar Prof. mr. Guus Stille, hoogleraar ver- bonden aan de Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid van de Universiteit van Utrecht, aan de Rotterdamse en Goudse familie, en vooral ook aan de familie uit Israël. Ook bedank ik Rabbijn mr. drs. R. Evers voor de gesprekken die ik met hem heb gehad. Verder bedank ik Rabbijn F.}. Lewis voor het verschaffen van de teksten van de bijlagen betreffende de get en de chalitza. Deze bijdragen dragen in belangrijke mate bij tot de duidelijkheid van het boek. Voorts bedank ik Rabbijn Yehuda Aschkenasy voor zijn waardevolle opmerkingen. De warme vriendschap van mijn dochter Channa gaf mij moed dit boek te voltooien en Evelyne Al-Falk, de moeder van mijn kinderen, heeft bij de eindredactie gewaardeerde stimulerende steun verleend. Hetgeen ik heb geschreven blijft uiteraard voor mijn eigen verantwoor- delijkheid. Dit boek draag ik met liefde op aan mijn zoon Daniël z.1.
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