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Scanning Electron Micrographs of the Anterior Region of Some Species of Tylenchoidea (Tylenchida: Nernatoda)

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Scanning Electron Micrographs of the Anterior Region of Some Species of Tylenchoidea (Tylenchida: Nernatoda) Autoradiography of Syncytia: Rohde and Mc Clure 69 with relatively heavily-labelled nuclei were 5. DROt'KIN, V. H. 1965. Polyploidy in syncytia of found in roots placed in ~H-thymidine 9 days hairy vetch induced by a Meloidogyne species. Nematologica 11:36 (Ahstr.). or more after inoculation. The heavy label was 6. DROPKIN, V. H., and P. E. NEI,SON. 1960, The limited to nuclei of one giant cell of the group, histopalhology of root-knot nematode infections and probably resulted from synchronous in soybeans. Phytopathology 50:442-447. DNA synthesis within the cell, since all nuclei 7. HUANG, C. S., and A. R. MAGGENTI. 1969. within the cell appeared to be evenly labelled. Mitotic aberrations and nuclear changes of developing giant cells in Vicia faba caused by root We propose, therefore, that the knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. multinucleate giant cells in roots of host Phytopathology 59:447-455. plants infected with M. incognita arise 8, KOSTOFF, D., and J. KENDAI,L. 1930. Cytology through a combination of cell wall of nematode galls on Nicotiana roots. Zentr. Bakteriol. II. Abt. 81:86-91. dissolution, resulting in a coalescence of 9. KRUSBERG, L. R., and L. W. NIELSEN. 1958. adjacent cells, and a series of endomitotic Pathogenesis of root-knot nematodes to the Porto divisions. The different patterns of 3H- Rico variety of sweet potato. Phytopathology thymidine labelling in syncytial nuclei formed 48:30-39. 10. MC CLURE, M. A., and 3. ROBERTSON. 1973. late in giant cell development may reflect an Infection of cotton seedlings by Meloidogyne increase in ploidy at a time when the incognita and a method of producing uniformly nematode is completing its final molt. infected root segments. Nematologica 19:428-434. I l, OWENS, R. G., and H. N. SPECHT. [964. Root- knot histogenesis. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. LITERATURE CITED 22:471-490. 12. PAULSEN, R. E.,and J. M. WEBSTER. 1970. Giant I. BIRD, A. F. 1961, The ultrastructure and cell formation in tomato roots caused by histochemistry of a nematode-induced giant cell. Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla J, Biophys. Bioehem. Cytol. 11:701-715. (Nematoda) infection. A light and electron 2. BIRD, A. F. 1972. Quantitative studies on the growth microscope study. Can. J. Bot. 48:271-276. of syncytia induced in plants by root knot 13. RUBENSTEIN, J. H., and R. G. OWENS. 1964. nematodes. Int. J. Parasitol. 2:157-170. Thymidine and uridine incorporation in relation 3. BIRD, A. F. 1972. Cell wall breakdown during the to the ontogeny of root-knot syncytia. Contrib. formation of syncytia induced in plants by root Boyce Thompson Inst. 22:491-502. knot nematodes. Int, J. Parasitol. 2:431-432. 14. SMITH, J. J., and W. F. MAt. 1965. Host-parasite 4. CHRISTIE, J. R. [936. The development of root- relationships of Al[ium cepa and Meloidogyne knot nematode galls, Phytopathology 26:1-22. hapla. Phytopathology 55:693-697. Scanning Electron Micrographs of the Anterior Region of Some Species of Tylenchoidea (Tylenchida: Nernatoda) S, A, SHER and A. H. BELL 1 Ah.stract: Micrographs of the anterior region of 42 species in 36 genera of Tylenchoidea obtained with a scanning electron microscope are prcsenled. Greater detail, depth of focus, and structures not previously seen with the light microscope have been obtained in this study. Some of the implications of the morphology of the face view on the classification of the rlylenchoidca are discussed. Key Words: nematode morphology. The anterior region of some Tylenchoidea microscope (SEM) to ascertain if additional was examined with a scanning electron information could be obtained to better understand their morphology, classification, Recci~ed tor publication 2 July 1974. and phylogeny. This paper presents ~l>rolcssor of Nematology and Staff Research Associate, l)cpartmcnt of Nematology, University of ('alifornia, Riverside micrographs of 42 species in 36 genera 92502. Appreciation is expressed to I). J. Raski, W. M. Wouts, obtained in this survey and some comments and ~. 1). Van Gundy for rcvicwing tile manuscript and offering ",aluablc comments, and to H..I. Jensen for pro',.iding the on their classification. spccunens of Nacohhodera t hilu oodi. Previous work (2, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9, 11, 22) has 70 Journal of Nematology, Volume 7, No. 1, January 1975 • ::?~!;i FIG. I-(A-F). A) Psilenchus sp. female (New Zealand) X 7,500. II) Neopsilenchus sp. female (Israel) X 10,000. C) ('lavilenchus sp. female (New Zealand) x I0,000. D) Tylenchus davainii female (California) X 7,500. E) Aglenchus sp. Icmalc (England) X 10,000. F) Cephalenchus sp. female (Australia) x IO,000. Scanning Electron Microscopy/Tylench Anteriors: Sher and Bell 71 shown that much greater detail and depth of indentations dorsally and laterally. Amphid focus can be obtained for surface structures of apertures are a slit along the lateral side of the nematodes with the SEM. In recent papers lip region terminating in a rounded area on (15, 16, 19, 21) SEM micrographs have been the face. There is a single pit (papillae) in each used to supplement light microscope corner of the face. One other population from drawings. New Zealand closely related to T. davainii showed a similar face view though the MATERIALS AND METHODS micrographs were not as clear as the California population. Specimens used in our study were whole Aglenchus (Fig. I-E) shows a large mounts in dehydrated glycerine placed on a rectangular area (oral disc?) clearly delimited glass chip with the anterior end protruding on the face, and large comma-shaped to oval past the edge of the chip. Four to eight amphid apertures, but no pits or papillae are specimens of a single population usually were visible. A population of Aglenchus from mounted on each chip. The body of the Thailand had a similar face view, except for a nematode was secured to the glass chip with a less conspicuous oral disc and more rounded layer of thinned Zut. The chip then was glued amphid apertures. to a SEM mounting stub with the specimens Four populations of Cephalenchus in a vertical position and coated with about (probably C. emarginatus) from Canada and 200 × 10 ~ nm of gold. A JEOL JSM-U3 Australia were similar in morphology (Fig. I- scanning electron microscope operating at an F). The face view is rectangular with an accelerating voltage of 5 to 15 KV was used to indentation dorsally and ventrally, a small examine the specimens and micrographs were round area (oral disc?) is seen clearly around taken with a Polaroid type 55 camera and the rectangular oral opening, four sectors are Polaroid 545 film holder. seen laterally, starting near the center of the face view and extending at right angles RESULTS dorsally and laterally to form a boomerang- shaped structure. A conspicuous pit Six populations of Psilenchinae (papillae?) is located at the distal end of each representing three species in three genera were of these structures. The amphid apertures are examined with the SEM [Fig. I-(A-C)]. slit-like and located laterally between the Psilenchus (Fig. l-A) has a smooth lip region proximal part of the previous structure (Fig. with six pits (papillae?) surrounding the round l-F). oral opening; eight pits (papillae?), two at Dolichodoridae are represented in this each edge of the face view; and irregular U- survey by the genera Tylodorus and shaped amphid apertures on the lateral sides Doliehodorus. The face views are similar in of the lip region. Neopsilenchus and having a conspicuous oral disc and elongated Clavilenchus (Fig. l-B, C) are similar in longitudinal amphid apertures. Tylodorus appearance, having a smooth lip region with acuminatus (Fig. 2-A, B) has four papillae, six pits surrounding the slit-to-oval oral one in each portion of the rounded slightly opening. Four papillae are located in rectangular face view. Doliehodorus depressions equidistant from each other on nigeriensis and D. silvestris (Fig. 2-C, D) have the side of the lip region; an incomplete annule more conspicuous amphid apertures, the lip or slit is located above each papilla, and, region is indented laterally, and there are no elongated slit-like amphid apertures are papillae. Three additional species of located on the lateral sides of the lip region. Dolichodorus have been examined with the Fifteen populations of Tylenchinae SEM, and they are similar to Fig. 2-C, D. identified as belonging to three genera A single population of Tylenehorhynehus (Tylenchus, Aglenchus, and Cephalenchus) phaseoli (Fig. 3-B) shows an oral disc (?) with were examined [Fig. I-(D-F)]. Most of the two indentations laterally where the large specimens produced unsatisfactory results rounded amphid apertures are located, with since they deteriorated under the electron more pronounced indentations dorsally and beam. Micrographs of a fair quality were ventrally; and six protuberances (papillae?) obtained for some of the specimens in seven surrounding the oval oral aperture. The populations. Tylenchus davainii (Fig. l-D) longitudinal ridges of the cuticle are has a rectangular-shaped face with slight prominent in the anterior part of the body 72 Journal q[" Nematology, Volume 7, No. 1, Januao' 1975 (Fig. 3-A). A single population of T. squarish oral disc (?), a round oral opening lamell(ferus (Fig. 3-D) has a large irregular, surrounded by a small depressed area, and t IG. 2-(A-I)). A) Tvlododorus acuminatus female anterior region (Australia) X 5,000. B) T. acumhmtus female face ic\~ × 5.000. (7) Dolii'hodorus nigeriensis female anterior region (Nigeria) X 2,000. D) Dolichodorus sih'estris female ;interior region (lopotype) × 4.000. Scanning Electron Microscopy/Tylench Anteriors: Sher and Bell 73 irregularly oval amphid apertures. Figure 3-C curvus, and Q.
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