Reminiscences

2017

A New Home Range of Elephants-- Dudhwa National Park R.S.Bhadauria, Ex- Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, U.P. In India, wild elephants are found in four zones of population, generally known as (1) Northern Population- inhabiting forests of undivided U.P. ( now U.P. and Uttarakhand),

(2) North Eastern Population- spread in the forests of West Bengal, Sikkim and North Eastern States( seven sisters)- namely Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura, (3) South Eastern Population-- roaming in the forests of

(3) Odissa, Chhattis Garh, and Jharkhand and (4) Southern Population- wandering in the

(4) Forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Thus U.P. had the unique distinction of being a single home range state, of Northern Population, where the preferred habitat of elephants has been Sal forests, on the slopes of shiwalik hills and Bhabhar tract, lying between Yamuna river in the west and Sharda river near Tanakpur in the east.

Surprisingly enough, Tarai Sal forests, east of Tanakpur-- Khatima, corridor, starting from erstwhile Pilibhit forest division up to Gorakhpur forest division, remained devoid of elephants, while wild elephants abounded in Nepal forests, across the international border, just above this forest belt in India.

The reason ascribed for avoiding Tarai forests of U.P. by both- the Indian side and Nepal side elephants, has been, the slushy and marshy conditions prevailing in Tarai forests, which elephants fear for getting stuck in to it. Nepal forests, across the border were akin to our Bhabhar forests, where the ground was comparatively drier and harder than Tarai slushy ground. But in sixties, Nepal Govt. started cutting and clearing the forests all along Indian border and settling ex- army personnel over there, as a precautionary measure to obviate any possibility of perceived Indian armed attack. Under the camouflaged cover of forest belt along the border. The forest area on Nepal side was thus converted in to farm land, (except some forests left, across Katarniaghat, known as Bardia Reserve ), destroying elephant habitat and also impacting the surface water regime of that area, drying up numerous seasonal and perennial rivulets and streams, which originated from Nepal forests and flowed down, through U.P. Tarai belt including Dudhwa area. This ecological and edaphic change over the years, is discernible now very clearly in Dudhwa forests also where perennial rivers of yester years have turned in to seasonal streams and seasonal ones either disappeared or turned in to rainy season drains. Removal of adjacent thick cover of forests on Nepal side has not only impacted the surface water bodies but also impacted the overall sub- soil water regime creating drier conditions, with consequential effect on the web of floral and faunal status of U.P. Tarai, including Dudhwa forests. There is apparent reduction in slushy and marshy conditions compared to several decades earlier.

Clearing of forests on Nepal side, forced the elephants inhabiting that area, to search for alternative habitats and Dudhwa forests being closer and easily accessible, from Nepal side, provided answer to their search. Initially their forays were limited to singles and twos or threes, which went back after short stays., but gradually they adapted themselves to Dudhwa forest conditions, then started coming in small herds and stayed for longer periods. Thereafter Dudhwa turning into a National Park, in 1977, became more favorable habitat and some elephants started living, all the year round.

Available census figures, reproduced below indicate the trend of migration of elephants into Dudhwa N.P.

Year of census 1976 1982 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2013 Now

No. counted 25 5 34 16 6 5 4 32 70 > 100

Analysis of aforesaid census figures suggests that until the turn of last century, elephants visiting Dudhwa forests were migratory in nature as they kept on shuttling between fragmented forests in Nepal and Dudhwa forests. It was perhaps a coincidence during the years, 1976 and 1993 that sizeable herds were staying in Dudhwa forests at the time of census, whereas during other years most of the elephants may have migrated out of Dudhwa before the census, and only few stragglers, may be elderly ones, remained behind. However after the turn of century, the migratory population turned in to resident population and their numbers started swelling.

Bonhomie between Wild and Domesticated An old and retired Dudhwa Mahaut- Lallan Bux, recollects that stray cases of wild elephants visiting Dudhwa forests were noticed in late sixties, but they went back to Nepal side after short stay. This was the period when clearing of Nepal forests across the border in Nepal started and elephants too, started dispersing to alternative habitats like Dudhwa. Since they were migratory in nature, and their forays remained confined to border areas of Dudhwa Park, hence these new visitors, neither attracted much attention nor made much news. It was in early eighties, when I learnt as Addl. Chief Wild Life Warden U.P. that a wild tusker came up to Dudhwa campus, and two females from Dudhwa elephant camp, namely Raj Begum and Harihar Pyari eloped with the tusker and had to be rescued separately,-- the former after one day and the later, after 3 days.

This incident scared Dudhwa staff and particularly Mahauts, who thought they may lose some elephants if such intrusions were repeated. Nevertheless this incident got wide publicity and wild elephants in Dudhwa came to be recognized as part of animal population, though still migratory, yet their regular census started. After this forced, broken marriage, between the wild and the domesticated, wild tuskers started foraying in to elephant camps of Dudhwa, Salukapur and Base camp ( an elephant camp set up, in 1984, near Kakraha Rhino release area), and between 1997-98 up to 2013, seven females of the camps mated with wild tuskers and delivered calves.

Although wild herds of elephants had adult females, yet male tuskers have been frequenting elephant camps to mate with tamed females, who otherwise were spinsters, as elephant camps do not keep males, due to their wild behaviour during Masth period. Mahauts also did not interfere in such conjugal relationships, as their initial fear of females being abducted by wild tuskers proved wrong. The tuskers mated with females in estrus in the camp itself and went back in the forest. This unexpected benign behaviour of wild tuskers proved a boon instead of bane, as Dudhwa became a breeding centre for elephants without any preplanning and efforts, to get calves of wild origin, genetically stronger with diverse heterozygosity. Interestingly Dudhwa Park records testify births of seven such calves, sired by 5 different wild tuskers at different times, but unfortunately 4 calves died and only 3 survived to augment Dudhwa's domesticated stock. In order to chronologize such rare events in the annals of history of Wild life, it is worth while quoting these events here as under:-

In 1997-98 Pavankali in Salukapur camp, delivered a female calf named laxmi which died after 28 months, due to some disease. (2) In 1998-99 Pushpkali of Dudhwa camp, delivered a male calf named Batalik, which grew in to a sturdy adult and is performing riding duty in the park.(3) In the year 2001, Roopkali of Base camp KLakraha, delivered a male calf which died after 3 months.(4) In 2007, Roopkali in Salukapur camp, again delivered a female calf but the calf died after 41 days. (5) In 2011, Roopkali in Salukapur, again delivered a female calf which died soon after. (6) In Aug. 2013, Chameli in Dudhwa camp, delivered a male calf named Vinayak, which is healthy and growing. (7) In Nov. 2013, Sulochna in Dudhwa camp, delivered a female calf named Suheli which is healthy and growing.

The survival pattern of calves, among aforementioned births, indicates that even in human care, the survival percentage of elephant's off springs is not good, then in wild conditions it should be still worse. Surprisingly Roopkali, lost all the off springs and the reason cited is that she is lactation deficient mother and babies died of hunger. This kin of genetic incapability amongst elephants, coupled with long gestation period of about 20 months and long gap of 4 yrs or more, between successive deliveries, may be reasons for slow growth rate of elephant population. This in fact is nature's self controlled mechanism, to restrict the population of nature 's biggest consumer of plants, as an adult elephant consumes about 3 Qtls. of green fodder daily and in the process, while foraging in the forest, destroys by bending/ breaking many trees mid sized trees, bearing choice leaf fodder.

It is also note worthy that wild tuskers, visiting the elephant camps have never harmed any animal nor damaged any property and also mated with consenting female there itself. Five different tuskers were identified in siring activity in different camps at different times and only one tusker at a time, visited the camp, perhaps to avoid any fight/duet between two rivals to possess the female in estrus.

Elephants as Resident Population

Elephants in Dudhwa, now roam about all over the park but prefer to stay longer at Banke Tal .in South Sonaripur range, Bhadi and Chauraila area in Belrayan range and Kaima & Amargarh area in Sathiana range. This choice of range is because of abundance of choice fodder and water available at these places. Elephants have now occasionally started crossing Suheli river- the southern fringe of the park, and stray over North Kheri forests, expanding there forage area. This part of forest is interspersed with farm lands, growing the choicest food of the elephants- the Sugar cane. Therefore in years to come, the Man and Elephant conflict is bound to increase, creating management problem.

Incidentally the first casualty of a farmer, named Thaggan, of village Bajahi in Dudhwa range , while guarding his field crop, occurred in the night of 8/9 March 2016.

In Dudhwa N.P, for Rhino Rehabilitation, there are two electrically fenced areas – one at Kakraha Tal area and the other at Bhadi Tal area. It has been noted that wild elephants have never tried to temper with or damage the fencing of Kakraha Tal, where there are Rhinos inside the fencing, but they damage frequently, the electric fencing ofBhadi Tal, where there are no Rhinos as yet. It shows that wild elephants of Dudhwa avoid facing Rhinos, because they have not coexisted with Rhinos, due to there being no Rhinos in Nepal in forest area, these elephants have migrated from. The Rhinos in Bardia reserve in Nepal, across, Katarniaghat sanctuary were introduced there after relocation in Dudhwa in the year 1984. This inference of Elephant - Rhino disharmony, is corroborated by my own experience while capturing Rhinos in Assam forests for Dudhwapark. where a domesticated elephant I rode, in his first face off with a wild Rhino, ran away at the very sight of the Rhino in the forest. However,gradually Dudhwa elephants will also become familiar with Rhinos and then they can be seen grazing side by side as in Kaziranga N.P. (Assam) and Jaldapara (North Bengal).

Impact of Elephants in Dudhwa National Park

With the arrival of elephants in Dudhwa N.P., the brand value of the park got a boost, because without elephant, being the biggest and most powerful land animal, the inventory of a National Park remains incomplete and unimpressive. Dudhwa forests have been home to majestic tiger and array of many other spp. since times immemorial, but addition of Elephants and Rhinos in last quarter of the last century, has added feather in its cap. The forests, comprising stately Sal trees of first quality, mixed with various associate spp., sprawling grass lands with abundant water bodies and riverine forests, makes it haven for myriad wild life and nature lovers, both. But elephants will in due course change the complexion of forest cover, thinning the under storey by foraging on middle sized trees, bushes and grasses,. Elephants forage by bending and breaking midsized trees for leaf fodder, debarking even big trees of choice spp. for feeding on bark, grazing in tall and coarse grasses and trampling them. All these actions will gradually thin out dense forest cover and open up tall grass lands which will be beneficial for herbivores in terms of palatable grass proliferation, enhanced visibility and fast movement to escape camouflaged attacks of carnivores. Opening up of under storey and dense grass lands will benefit the tourists as well because it will facilitate viewing of wild life, which otherwise in Dudhwa is rather difficult due to very dense cover. But on the other hand Man and Elephant conflict will increase due to adjoining Sugar cane fields, creating management problems for the Park administration.

After having a settled and resident population of Pachyderms in Dudhwa N.P. there is another good news from Katerniaghat sanctuary in Baharaich dist. that a small herd of this spp. led by a tusker has started crossing over there from Bardia reserve of Nepal Forest, and stay there for some months. This unprecedented foray started since 2014-15 and is continuing unabated, affirming the hope of yet another wild elephant pocket in U.P. forests, compensating partly the loss sustained after creation of Uttarakhand . Memories of Managing Dudhwa Tiger Reserve - Stemming the Deluge

Gyan Chanad Misra, IFS (Rtd), Ex-CCF, UP

It was at the fag end of March 2001 that I took over as Field Director (FD) of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (DTR), returning once again to the wildlife fold after a gap of around 14 years – a period matching that of Ram’s ‘Vanavas’ or forest exile described in the Ramayan. I was posted as FD to meet the challenge of a severe spate of poaching, including the tiger that had ensued in Dudhwa. A few days before I received my orders to take charge, a fresh tiger carcass had been recovered by the STF (Special Task Force of UP Police). The carcass had been concealed by burying it, and was to be disposed of the following night to recover its skin, bones, claws and the fat. In the meantime, STF informers smelt out the rat and the nefarious doings of the poachers was exposed. The FD, in whose tenure the tiger had been poached, was made the scapegoat for this lapse and transferred. It was made out that a very competent and experienced officer was being posted to replace him. This news appeared on the front page of an English daily of Lucknow, asa sequel to the Forest Minister’s assurance given to journalists during an interview, after the carcass of the tiger had been discovered.

Much water had flowed down the Ganga during my 14 years of absencefrom wildlife management. Wildlife crimes had become increasingly sophisticated and so had law enforcement. After this long gap, I would have to acquire all those capabilities before I was properly equipped to don this ‘Kanton ka Taj’ or crown of thorns of my prestigious new posting. The government and the public at large had a lot of expectations from me. This had greatly increased my burden of responsibilities and had made me overly cautious in my approach to my new duties.

I wanted to have a firsthand feel of the situation and refresh my memories of Dudhwa – which I was not completely unfamiliar with having been posted to the National Park before. So, I left for a tour of the national park soon after taking over office. I was still planning a route for a thorough reconnaissance of the area, when a delegation of ‘Sardars’ or Sikh farmers – the community renowned for bringing the green revolution to our country – came to meet me at the Director’s hut at Dudhwa. Their spokesperson did not spend any time beating about the bush but presented a forthright proposal to sell off their farmlands to the Government so these, which adjoined the boundary of the national park, could merge with and become a part of it. I was altogether astonished at their strange resolve. Their community, which was well known for acquiring more and more land to add to their possessions, was proposing to do away with what they owned, an idea that they should be quite averse to. When I enquired as to what seemed to be reversing their natural and normal tendencies, their retort was candid and forceful. They said, “You know very well that we do farming on a mass scale managing it like an industry. We never leave our fields vacant and maintain continuity from one crop to another. We normally take three crops a in a year from our fields, except for those on which we plant sugarcane, which is our cash crop. But of late, due to the regular water logging and submergence of our fields, we are unable to sustain our farming methods, which are now yielding a single crop. It has become difficult to even recover our investments, leave alone making profits from farming. We have therefore, decided to sell off our lands at prices that are 10-20% below the land rates fixed by the District Collector. We beseech you to help us by purchasing our lands and adding these to the forest area of your park.”

I explained to them that acquisition of land by the Government was a lengthy and protracted process and requested them to grant me a year’s time to find out the cause of inundation of their farmlands. This was affecting considerable areas of the park as well, so I was keen to find a way to solve this problem to the benefit of all. I assured them that in case I failed in my endeavor, I would definitely help them to dispose their farmlands to the government.

A quick survey of the Park suggested two most likely causes for the annual deluge of Dudhwa. The first was choking of the Park’s drainage by the silt flowing in from Nepal, which adjoined the park boundary to its west. Vast areas of the terai in Nepal had been totally denuded of forests resulting in the abnormally high silt loads. It seemed that nothing could be done to do to mitigate this problem on the park’s western front. This was a matter involving a foreign country, which required initiation of long-term measures by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India. On the other front however, the issues were much simpler. The high level of water being stored by the barrage on the Soheli River was the second important reason for the inundation. This only required us to persuade the Irrigation Department, to suitably modify the level at which stored water of the barrage was being regulated. I called the Deputy Director (DD) of Dudhwa Park and discussed with him, my strategy to solve the problem. I heard from him that Billy Arjan Singh, the renowned tiger conservationist of Dudhwa, assisted by a few others – mainly big farmers, had filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against the adverse effects of the barrage constructed on the Soheli River. The court ruling on this PIL had directed that maintenance of the water level of Soheli barrage should strictly comply with the recommendations of the “technical committee”, which had been constituted by the Hon. High Court of Allahabad. I advised the DD to contact the Executive Engineer, his counterpart in the Irrigation Department, and to request him to look into the matter. In case this did not get the desired response, I would then pursue it further with his boss, the Superintending Engineer, and if necessary his superiors in the Irrigation Department.

As had been decided, the DD met the irrigation engineer at his headquarters at Sharda Nagar, which was not too far from the Park. Fortunately for us, the engineer turned out to be quite a sincere and well meaning person. To top it all, he also seemed to be a scrupulously honest officer, which in the present day may have become more an exception than the rule. He admitted he was aware that the water level of the barrage was not being regulated as stipulated by the court order.

The Junior Engineer and his subordinate staff were instead, deliberately manipulating the barrage operations for their personal gain and their reasons and modus operandi was something like this. As fishing was not allowed in the National Park, fish of prized size and varieties abounded in the barrage reservoir. If the barrage was operated normally, these fish would escape during the rains but by keeping the barrage gates closed for longer, the fish were deliberately held back from migrating downstream at the end of the rainy season. At an opportune time, large fishing nets would be set downstream of the barrage before the stored water was released, resulting in a rich haul of fish that would be caught in the nets. The fishermen would share this booty with the barrage staff who would earn between one to one and a half million rupees every year this way.

The verdict on the PIL, clearly mentioned that the water level at the barrage should be maintained below 242.5 meters MSL (above mean sea level) as per the advice of the technical committee. The propriety of this recommendation would become obvious, if there was compliance for at least for one rainy season. The two officials reached an understanding that during the coming rainy season, the Forest and Irrigation Departments would jointly monitor if the barrage level was being maintained as per the Court directive. We assigned the Forester, in charge of the ‘Kila’ Forest Section, the responsibility of ensuring compliance along with his irrigation department counterpart, while the Wild Life Warden, the DD and I would verify compliance through surprise checks.

During the rains of 2001, the barrage water level was indeed maintained at 242.5 MSL and the results were quite amazing. The water logging problem of Dudhwa vanished almost overnight and substantial damage to the forests was also avoided. The situation in the farms improved likewise, which remained free from any substantial crop damage throughout that rainy season. When the rains were over, the delegation of the farmers revisited me and thanked me profusely for my efforts to mitigate the problem of flooding. In view of this success and the excellent harvest they had that year, they promptly withdrew their suggestion of selling their lands.

During a visit by the local Member of Parliament to his constituency, the farmers narrated to him their story of how regular flooding of their farms had been averted by the attempts of the new Field Director. The MP was so impressed by this that he called on me in person at my official residence at Lakhimpur. He congratulated me for my success in getting the water level of the barrage regulated, thereby rendering big relief to the farmers. He said “you have diagnosed the disease correctly and treated it well too”. He had already gathered from the farmers that my future plans were to dredge silt from the Soheli River system, so that water logging might be further reduced. This work needed a large amount of funds and to facilitate it monetarily and he offered a million Rupees from his Member of Parliament Local Area Development (or MPLAD) Funds.

As a result of our efforts, water logging of sugarcane fields further reduced and cane production increased significantly. The supply of cane to the sugar factory at Palia improved so drastically that the factory ran for the entire season till June 2002. Prior to that year, the supply could hardly keep the factory running till the month of February. The sugar factory management came to know about the reasons behind the enhanced production of sugarcane and also learnt about my plans to remove the silt from the Soheli River System. As this would be to their benefit, the Sugar Factory came forward with an annual allocation of two and half million rupees for the dredging of rivers and streams of Dudhwa. In 2003, the dredging bill for the Soheli River went up to Rs 3.5 million. Out of this the sugar factory paid 2.5 million and the balance one million was to be paid for by the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. Unfortunately, the Govt. did not sanction the required funds in time and the dredging agency began pressing us for payment of the bill. Left without any options, I approached the Executive Director (ED) of the Sugar Mill with a request for an advance of one million rupees, the amount by which we were short, on the condition that we would pay this back to the Sugar Factory when we received these funds from the govt. But there was no need to request an advance. The ED had been so impressed by our work, which had resulted in a supply of sugarcane greater than crushing capacity of his factory; he volunteered to meet the entire dredging expenses of the park. When the dredging of silt from the Soheli was at its peak, a contingent of trainees from the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun came for their tour of Dudhwa that took place every year in March/April. They were astonished by the scale of the interventions being undertaken that was altering the so called “natural physiographic” of this Protected Area by the dredging. The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, clearly prohibited habitat manipulation in a sanctuary or national park, as per their interpretation of the Act. While I was addressing the trainees, they expressed their apprehensions about the technical legality of the dredging work. I explained that if human activity is responsible for the maladies or damage that a protected ecosystem has suffered, it is logical that human intervention alone can rectify it. Moreover, I pointed out the provisions of Section 35(8) of the WLP Act which, very unambiguously provides that “the Chief Wildlife Warden shall take such measures, in the interest of wildlife, as he may consider necessary for the improvement of any habitat.” Having never seen such management actions in the other states they had visited in the course of their tour, they felt the management of Dudhwa had been bold and dauntless, which most authorities would have avoided for fear of criticism or castigation. I told them if we feared criticism of people who had no sound knowledge of the practice or implications of conservation in the real world, development or improvements would never be possible and our wildlife would be the ultimate sufferer. On hearing this, the trainees openly lauded our initiative to improve the habitat of the National Park from which, farmers living along the borders of Dudhwa had also benefitted as a spinoff. In situations like the one I have just described I believe it is just a matter of making a beginning in the right direction. You will never be alone in any well intentioned attempt and many helping hands will join and guide your efforts to success. The foregoing paragraphs quite clearly vindicate such a philosophy. Our great sages formulated this guiding principle after deep contemplation, meditation and thought which has been encapsulated very aptly in the scriptures as: * * lR; JekH;ke~ ldykFkZ flf)A** “Efforts made in right earnest always lead to success” …………………………………………………………….

Sri D.P. Joshi, My Teacher Professor Ajay Singh Rawat To write about someone whom you have revered throughout your life and tried to emulate him is an uphill task. But when Sri I.D. Pande asked me to write about Sri D.P.Joshi ji I readily accepted the invitation because it is like paying a spiritual homage to a saint. He retired as Chief Conservator of Forest, Uttar Pradesh and was passionately in love with his department and the forests. After retirement he settled down in Naini Tal and was a source of inspiration to all those who were researching on forests or were committed to save them and also the pristine beauty of Naini Tal. He was a jewel of the town and amongst the most respected senior citizens. As he was very accessible everyone loved to invite him as chief guest to a function, a guest speaker to some course or to preside over a seminar. But on the doomed day of 2nd July death laid its icy hands on this great academic. His mortal remains were taken to Ranibagh for the last rites the next day. I was sitting close to the pyre when I felt a sudden vacuum in life. Tears rolled down my eyes and I thought,“The gates of memory never close, How much I miss you no one knows, Tears in the eyes I can wipe away, But the ache in the heart is there to stay.” I became nostalgic and remembered that after completing my PhD I wrote some research papers on forest history and forest uprisings in India during the colonial period. But in the 1970s historians did not take me seriously and my promotions were blocked. Probably I would have left researching on Forest History had Sri D.P. Joshi not encouraged me. He was a perennial source of inspiration and owing to his encouragement I became Chairman of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO), Vienna 6.07.01 from 1995 to 2005. This world organization is 121 years old and was officially founded on 17th August 1892. It has more than 720 member institutions all over the world and holds at least 50 scientific meeting each year. IUFRO is exceptional because it is the only worldwide international organization devoted to forest research and related sciences and it contributes to the promotion of the use of scientific knowledge in the formation of forest-related policies.

Joshi ji was like a child; he was very happy of my achievements and used to gloat over my success. He was extremely liberal in appreciating people and never criticized anyone, qualities which are waning very rapidly, but at the same time he was a very hard task master. In 1973 I went to collect information from him for the first time. I was there at at his residence at sharp 8:30 AM, my father who was very close to him had warned me about his punctuality. He was a good host and I was fed with a sumptuous breakfast. After that we had a brain storming session about the forest dissent during the British period. He told me that Bharat Ratna Govind Ballabh Pant wrote a monograph ‘The Forest Problem in Kumaun’ in 1922. It was news to me that the great freedom fighter had made a deep probe into the subject about which historians and foresters were not aware of at that stage. Later I got the book re-published and wrote its commentary. When I asked him about the Forest Grievances Committees Report, which is very important for the forest history of Kumaon and the freedom movement, he told me that he had it but did not allow me to take it home. I was permitted to peruse it at his residence and it took me almost six hours to copy the relevant information. In between his wife came to his office and requested him to allow me to take the book to my house for a day but he was adamant and did not wilt under spousal pressure. Mrs. Joshi was a very kind person and a wonderful cook. She served me snacks and tea during my ordeal several times. When I returned home I told my father that he is very possessive about his books, my father just laughed. After a week when I went to him again and asked him for the book ‘The Forest Problem in Kumaun’ he told me to take it home and keep it for at least a week. I was quite perplexed with his behavior and when I asked him for his attitudinal change his answer was very convincing and that of an ideal teacher. He said “I was testing your dedication, your perseverance, your patience and now I am convinced that you are a serious scholar. You can use my library whenever you feel like.” My respect for him rose very high and I felt that I have come to the right teacher about which it’s mentioned in books only. I received two national fellowships and several national awards and one international award for forestry and forest history was conferred on me after coming in his contact and I sincerely feel the credit goes to Sri D.P. Joshi ji’s encouragement and inspiration. He was a very hard working person and even after retirement was involved with several organizations like Central Himalayan Environment Association, Naini Tal, Birla Institute of Technology, Bhim Tal, SOS Bhim Tal and the Temple Committee of Lord Shiva’s shrine in Snow View, Naini Tal. He was very progressive and did not have faith on rituals. His concept of religion was that one should be extremely humane and dutiful and make people happy. The biggest service to mankind and the Supreme Reality he said is to bring a smile on the face of an unhappy person. Joshi ji was always well dressed and even at the breakfast table he used to don a tie. I had never seen him casually dressed and until his last days he maintained the dress code like officers of the Imperial Forest Service. However one day when he and I were invited to the Snow View temple for the Dusshera Puja the priest requested him to sport a ‘dhoti’. I thought he may not agree but he readily gave in and told me later that “if the ‘Pujari’ feels happy in his prescribed dress code then what is the harm in acceding to his request.”

There are many incidents in my life when as a Professor of History I used to take his advice while interpreting history in consonance with the forests of the region. I once told him that the British did not act with perspicuity in managing forests, which led to forest dissent in Uttarakhand and gave a fillip to the freedom struggle in the region. The area was very important from the British perspective owing to its geo-political importance. It took me a fruitful brain storming session to convince him. But when he was convinced he was very happy and patted my back.

I told him that when the British occupied Kumaon and Garhwal in 1815 their motive was trade as the people of this region since ages immemorial had commercial relations with Tibet, Nepal, the plains of the then North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh and Himachal Pradesh. But after the Crimean War (1854-1856) the geo-political situation of the region was given precedence. When Russia was defeated in the Crimean War restrictions were imposed by England and France on Russia to expand towards the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and then to India with a colonial design. Subsequent upon this Russia wanted to enter India through Western Tibet and those days the best passes in use were from Kumaon and Garhwal. Thus the need to check the growth of Russian influence in Central Asia and the isolationist nature of the policies of Tibet largely moulded the British policy in the Central Himalayan region or Uttarakhand. The interest of the colonial rulers was that they did not want to occupy Tibet or control its administration. Their sole interest was that Russia should not bring Tibet within its sphere of influence, since that would involve a threat to India’s security. The British-Indian policy towards Tibet was determined by the view that wider the barrier of mountainous and road less country between the Russian and the Indian frontiers, the better. Consequently the British officials administered the Central Himalayan region as benevolent despots and did not tamper with the local traditions as far as possible. The system gave birth to administrators like Sir Henry Ramsay who was Commissioner of Kumaon during the nineteenth century (1856-1884) and was popularly known as Ram ji or Lord Rama, the uncrowned King of Kumaon. He introduced potato cultivation, tea and horticulture in Kumaon to improve the economic condition of the people. It was a Herculean task for the local Congress leaders to turn the masses against the alien rulers but the British did not act with perspicuity while administering forests. The local people felt that their rights were being encroached upon; the local politicians took advantage of the situation and instigated the people against the colonial forest policy. Thus there were forest uprisings in British Kumaon against the alien rule throughout the Non Cooperation Movement and up to the start of the Second World War, which culminated into incendiarism. The people stooped down to burning of forest when the crisis reached a critical situation and brazenly destroyed the forests of the region. He was committed towards forestry and the welfare of the peasants. One of his most successful endeavours after retirement was the Khulgad Project designed by Professor Shankar Lal Sah and initiated by Sri D.P.Joshi. Infused with a spirit of idealism and a sense of deep devotion both of them with Dr. J.S.Mehta and other members of CHEA (Central Himalayan Environment Association) worked together for more than a decade for bringing benefits of development to the villagers in Khulgad catchment in Almora district. It was heartening to learn that in the Project a large number of women including the women’s’ groups became articulate and associated themselves with natural resource management. They have proved that given the necessary exposure and skills they can function as good land managers, record keepers, surveyors and activists. Moreover they have been prepared to face the challenges posed by the changing socio- cultural and the economic scenario in the villages. Joshi ji’s journey of life is one of perfect adherence to real ‘Dharma’ despite harsh tests of life, which every saintly person has to face. But his piety, virtue and divine strength was awe inspiring and attracted the villagers and the down trodden towards him. No voice can sing, no heart can frame, A sweeter sound than thy lovely name, He wanted us to shine with a pure clear light, Like a candle burning in the night. We will be a sunbeam for him, Ever reflecting his goodness, And always shine for him, In every way to please him.

I was so engrossed in my thoughts and imbued with a feeling of nostalgia that I did not realize that the cremation is over. While walking down memory lane I had forgotten where I was, when the chattering of the people jolted me out of my reverie. I could vividly see the dying embers of the pyre and a feeling of despair touched a deep chord inside me. It was hard to believe that Joshi ji is not amongst us, I bade him farewell and with a heavy heart plodded towards the motor road. He is no more but he must be entering a better world and must be in eternal peace. Divine pastures are before me, Which yet I have not seen, In heavenly love abiding, No change my heart shall fear, No desire shall lure me back, And I shall walk with Him, And He shall walk with me.

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Recollecting Swamp Deer in Dudhwa National Park G. C. Mishra, Rtd CCF, UP

Swamp deer or Barasingha is locally known as Gond in Dhudhwa National Park (DNP) and its surroundings including Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS). Striking feature of this species of deer is its antler with 10-14 tines on a mature stag. In majority of stags the antlers bear 12 tines, exceptionally it may go up to 20. Its name barasingha is derived from this characteristic and meaning 12 tined or horned in Hindi. Swamp deer used to inhabit basins of Indus (Sindh), Ganges (Ganga) and Brahmaputra rivers, as well as central India as far as Godavari river. Its bones aging over a thousand years have been found in the Langhanj site in Gujarat; now it is totally extinct from western India. It is currently found in isolated localities in the north and central India, and in south western Nepal, recently it became extinct from Pakistan and Bangladesh also. When surveyed during 19 th century it was found to occur along the bases of Himalayas: upper Assam, in few places in the Indo-Gangetic plains from Sunderbans to Dhawalpur, and Rohri in Upper Sind, locally throughout in the area between the Ganges and Godavari as far east as Mandla (MP). Today viable population exists in the Kaziranga National Park (Assam), DNP and KWS in UP, Kanha National Park (MP) in India, and in the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in Nepal. Isolated pockets exist elsewhere, but their future outside established National Park or a Sanctuary is bleak and uncertain. Local names of the swamp deer in its area of occurrence- Assam: Dolhiron, dol means swamp and hiron is Assamese rendition of deer (hiran in Hindi). Uttar Pradesh (Hindi): Barasigha, Maha, Gond Nepal: Gonda, Gonr, Ghos Central India: Goinjak (stag), Gaoni (hind),Sal samar, Newari. Biological classification kingdom- animalia, phylum- chordata, class- mammalia, order- artiodactyla, family- cervidae, subfamily- cervinae, genus- rucervus/cervus. In 1823 G. Cuvier identified it as species duavceli (to commemorate French naturalist Alfred Duavuceli). In 1943 Pocock distinguished two subspecies: branderi found in central India (now limited to Kanha NP, which is commonly known as hard ground swamp deer) and duavuceli found in north India and Nepal. In early 1980s Dr MK Ranjisinh further differentiated the Assamese ones as another subspecies now recognized as ranjitsinhi. Thus the swamp deer found in Dudhwa is Cervus duavuceli duavuceli. The taxonomic data on the species- Genus Cervus Linnaeus, 1758; Subgenus Rusa H. Smith, 1827 (synonyms including Rucervus Hodgson, 1841; Thaocervus Pocock, 1943); Cervus duavuceli G. Cuvier, 1823; Cervus duvavuceli duvauceli G. Cuvier, 1823 occurring in Kumaun, Kheri and S. W. Nepal; C. d. ranjitsinhi MK Ranjitsinh, 1980 subsp occurring in Assam; C.d. branderi Pockock, 1943 occurring in Mandla district, and formerly west to Dewas, east to Junga (MP); C. d. schomburgkai Blyth, 1863 occurring in Chao Phraya valley, Thailand (extinct since1938). Personal experience with the species- I had the opportunity to see swamp deer in the wild (in Sathiana, in DNP at present), for the first time in 1973 when I was posted as Wild Life Warden, Kheri Region. This was period when the species had started showing regression after achieving its climax in the area. Dr Colin W Holloway, the then Ecologist, Research and Planning Group, IUCN Secretariat, had estimated a population of 1200 in 1972 in Sathiana Block. C. Dietrich Schaaf, a PhD student from Michigan University, USA had come to study swamp deer ecology and status of swamp deer in Shuklaphanta in north- west Nepal as subject for his PhD thesis. Schaaf and Billy Arjan Singh re- estimated the population in 1975 in the same area it came out to be 950. There was a chance meeting of mine with Schaaf at Billy’s Tiger Haven. During the course of discussion he told that estimated population of swamp deer in Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve was 500. After doing his post graduation in Zoology Sri VP Singh, son of a forest officer who was my counterpart, posted in Pilibhit, sought my advice (on his father’s suggestion) as to what wild animal should he opt for his PhD degree. My suggestion to him was to go in for study of ecology of the swamp deer. He agreed to it and became the pioneer in this field having the credit of becoming first PhD on the subject. During the course of his PhD work he studied the population dynamics of the species, probably in 1978, approximately at the interval of 3 years after Schaaf & Singh’s estimation. The study was done on 2 days in the month of March, riding an elephant, and with the support of 2 Wildlife Guards. The area of operation was the same as that of 2 previous studies. The result was: total count as 862, which comprised of 219 stags (25.4%), 504 hinds (58.5%), and 139 yearlings (16.1%). This study confirmed steady degradation in the species. Some behavioral aspects of swamp deer in dudhwa Rutting season of the barasingha, in Duhwa, starts in November and lasts till January next; the peak being mid-November to mid-January. The rutting call is hoarse braying by the stags and it cannot be missed as it is audible from distance a kilometre or so. Another peculiar feature of this period is fight for dominance among mature stags. This is pronounced by the butting when fighting pairs lock their horns (actually antlers). After a trial of strength the co-dominant one concedes; thus avoiding a fatal end of the fight. The dominant stag commands a harem of mature hinds. After it has appropriated the desired number of hinds other stags are permitted to cover the unfertilized ones. At the end of the rut, segregation of sexes is very spectacular: one comes across a herd of either all males or that of all females. In Sathiana block of Dudhwa, which once boasted of being the largest stronghold of swamp deer in the world, the animals used to move to the fixed breeding ground, the Ghola Tal. Their fawning period coincides with the rainy season, when the Sathiana gets flooded. The breeding ground around Ghola Tal is upland and very much suited for littering of the Gond. Due to pressure of human population major chunk of the Tal is reclaimed for agriculture, depriving the Gond its free breeding ground. This is one of the reasons in decline of swamp deer population in Sathiana. They still go to Ghola Tal for breeding. Most of the fawns are chased and killed by village dogs. Quite a few adults fall prey to villagers as a measure of crop protection, or may be to sheer poaching. For the protection of fawns the swamp deer shelter in the tall grasses. Some interesting anecdotes I had an opportunity to be with Dr Colin W Holloway and MK Rajitsinh, who have contributed in studying the species, while taking them round Dudhwa NP (then North Kheri Forest Division, out which Dudhwa and Sonaripur ranges comprised Dudhwa Wildlife Sanctuary) and Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary. The entire area was covered in 4 days from 2 nd to 5 th April, 1976. On the 4 th April I was conducting inspection of Sri VB Singh, the then Chief Wild Life Warden, and Colin and Ranjitsinh had joined us for further observation and discussin. Ranjitsinh, as Dy Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Goverment of India, was instrumental in bringing out Wild Life (Protection) protection Act, 1972. He was a member of the Indian Administrative Service from MP cadre. As Secretary of Forest, MP Government his efforts at revival of dwindling population of hard ground swamp deer in Kanha NP was spectacular. Though he did his post graduation in Medieval History yet due to his interest in the field of Wildlife he did his PhD in research on swamp deer. He identified the Assamese swam deer as another subspecies of Cervus duvauceli now goes by his surname as ranjitsinhi. I remember the morning trip to Sathiana block with Ranjitsinh and Colin on the 2 nd April, when the latter started taking down notes of animals spotted during the drive. I slowed down the vehicle to stop it to enable him to take the notes properly, as I was on the steering of my official jeep (as Wild Life Warden) and he was sitting beside me. But he requested me to continue with the speed (25-40 kmph) I was driving. When I asked him, “How can you take note while vehicle is in motion?” He replied in utter simplicity, “For your information, I started my career as a bus conductor; I have good practice to write quite legibly on board a vehicle in motion.” I saw him taking very clear note, each starting with date, time and place of observation. Ranjitsinh was trying to remember botanical names of important tree species. Whatever tree he came across during the trip he used to ask its scientific name from me and tried it to remember by heart. I think he must have crammed names of more than half a dozen tree species during that trip. Such was his craze to add to the knowledge. Since a number of agencies were active in the area studying various aspects of swamp deer, it was hardly needed to go in for its separate population estimates. But two anecdotes quoted below are sufficient to appreciate the then abundance of the species in Sathiana area where it appears struggling for its existence today: There was a forest dispensary at Dudhwa railway station. The medical officer (MO) in charge of this dispensary was Dr Prem Chandra Mishra. Whenever very senior departmental officer or any other dignitary used to stay in Duhwa Forest Rest House (FRH), Dr Mishra would make a courtesy visit to him and used to be in medical attendance as and when needed. I got introduced with him on such an occasion; later on we became good friends and we started exchanging social visits. On one such visit at his official residence at Dudhwa rly stn, he introduced me with his 5 year old son, describing me as ‘janwaron wale uncle’ (uncle in charge of all the wild animals living in the forest. Then he (the son) started pampering me to take them to the forest trip to show them the animals. I may recall that at time there were very few officers provided with government vehicles; not many could afford to have private ones. Dr Mishra too did not have any car, private or provided by the government. I asked the MO to remain ready for the desired trip next morning. It was late April or early May of 1974; departmental burning of grass in the Sathiana block, as a measure of grassland management, was timely done and new shoots had filled up area with lush greenery. This used to be the time when there was abundance of succulent palatable grasses and the swamp deer herds used congregate in a large herd. Their number used to be round 700- 800. As per schedule MO’s family was fetched and I joined them at Dudhwa. Thenceforth I took to the wheels and drove to Sathiana where the large herd of swamp deer was grazing. On seeing such a big congregation of deer everyone was overjoyed but MO’s five year old son was in the state of ecstasy and he uttered, “Papa, uncle ke janwaron ki had ho gai” (Papa, animals under uncle’s control are in overwhelming count). This comment from an innocent kid explains more than enough about the then status of swamp deer in Sathiana. There is a still more interesting story of the impact of the large herd of Sathiana swamp deer. In the year 1975 I submitted the project to the State Government for creation of Dudhwa National Park by converting the large chunk of the then North Kheri (NK) Forest Division (490sqkm as core and 135sqkm as buffer totalling to 625sqkm). The then DFO, NK, otherwise a pro-wildlife person, was not happy with me due to difference of opinion on an issue that had cropped up and embarrassed him a little before submission of project DNP. Therefore he aimed at seeing everything annulled which I put forth for consideration of the higher ups. Additional Chief Conservator of Forest, Management (ACCFM), whose HQ was at Nainital, was on his regular inspection of NK. Before my meeting with the ACCF, the DFO tried to poison his thought against me and attempted to convince him that creation of DNP is an exercise in futility as the wild animals are otherwise safe and protected. After the DNP is established, all the forestry operations in the area will be prohibited and the State Government would suffer an annual loss of revenue to the tune of Rs two crores, based on the then existing scale. As per him the government would not be ready to bear such a big loss and therefore the project DNP would be shelved. The ACCF was one among the officers of whose opinion would be sought by the Government regarding creation of DNP. When I called on the ACCF, it appeared he was fully prepared to fire me with his volley of questions which led to the conclusion that my effort to go ahead with project DNP was neither in the interest of the department nor in the public interest at large. Since Billy Arjan Singh was instrumental in getting DNP created and I had joined him in this campaign, he asked me, “tum bhi Billy ke sath pagal ho gaye ho?” (You have also gone mad with Billy?). I politely submitted to him, “Although there is no reference to your averment, but if relates to creation of DNP, I feel proud being called a mad, as I am standing for a noble cause.” I also reminded him of his lecture on “Relict Vegetation” in form of a piece of forest (approximately one square mile) around Chintpurni temple in Hoshyarpur district in Punjab, when he was accompanying our batch (1966-68) in the Indian Forest College (IFC), on West India Tour. He was Dean, IFC then. He got somewhat convinced with that remembrance but apparently not fully so, regarding my stand on project DNP. Then I requested him to spare some of his valuable time to take a trip to Sathiana with me; to that he agreed. I took him in my jeep, I myself drove it. It was round 1700 hrs when we reached Chital Chauraha in Sathiana block on way to Sathana FRH. At this time the large swamp deer herd, which was squatting in the cool of the Jamun patch, on the right hand side of the road, to protect it from scorching heat of April/May afternoon, was heading for its evening drink in the Suheli river about half a kilometre on the left side. A few members of the herd had crossed the road and the remaining following cautiously, slowly and steadily with their graceful gait. I asked the ACCF if I should proceed interrupting their movement or should we wait for them to cross the road and then proceed. He, as expected of him, opined for the latter course. We had to wait at least for 10 minutes to allow them to cross the road. I made a rough count of heads in the herd; which stood 700-800. After completion of the sojourn we reached Dudhwa FRH, where he was staying. I was getting anxious to get his reaction after the trip; he expressed his satisfaction thus: “Though I have read about Serengetti NP in Tanzania harboring the antelopes in millions but in India I have come across such large congregation of deer for the first time in my life. Your effort to project DNP is justified. Not only I am for it but I shall convince others who matter to vote for the project.” The departmental counter current against project DNP subsided and it came into existence smoothly. Probable causes of decline of swamp deer in Dudhwa and suggestions for its restoration 1. Deterioration of grasslands in Sathiana due silt load coming from Nepal, through Donda/Nagarol/Neora drainage systems, due to clearing of forest there. Till mid-seventies Nepal forests were adjoining our forests. There was good soil cover and surface water flow had hardly any silt carried into the natural drainages which pass through the DNP. After deforestation in Nepal side soil became devoid of any cover and got eroded in rains resulting in silt laden surface flow. Heavy load of silt flowing into rivers/nullahs got deposited in the DNP grasslands, particularly Sathiana and Belghat, during floods. This ,in turn, resulted in wiping out palatable grasses which gave way to coarse ones. Now is next to impossible to reverse this process but regular dredging and de-silting of drainage system may improve the conditions to certain extent. This has been tried in the past, from 2002-03 to 2007-08 with very positive results. Adverse effect was not limited to the DNP; it badly damaged the adjoining farm field resulting in steep fall in sugar cane, which is main cash crop to the farmers. Getting benefit in form of increased sugar cane production, resulting in better supply to sugar factory in Palia, after the first de-silting carried out by the DNP management, the management of Palia Sugar Mill joined hands with the former, by way of annual funding to the tune of twenty five lakh rupees for the de-silting venture. In 2003-04 their contribution was thirty five lakh. 2. Suheli barrage constructed during early eighties, almost on the south- eastern border of the DNP is another hindrance in smooth drainage of the DNP. It creates water logging during rainy season, which is detrimental to flora and fauna both. In the judgment of a PIL filed against construction of the barrage, the Hon High Court has ordered to keep maximum water level at 242.5 metres above MSL. For its vested interest the local staff of the Irrigation department was not releasing the excess water to maintain the desired level. An attempt was made in 2001-02, at district level, with the Irrigation department (ID) to resolve the issue. It was agreed to regulate the barrage water level jointly by the DNP and the ID staff. This was working well as water logging was reduced considerably giving much relief in comparison to pre-arrangement stage. This has to be continued in future too. 3. After reclamation of Ghola tal for agricultural purposes it was expected that the swamp deer would make Belghat uplands their alternative breeding ground. But due to excessive flooding caused by clearing of adjoining forests in Nepal, even these uplands remain submerged during rains. Remedial measures have been suggested in (1) above. Besides this creation of some man-made uplands may help the swamp deer in their safe breeding. 4. Patrolling to prevent poaching has been almost forgotten. If, at all, it done it is much below the desired. Reasons for this may be many: ill personnel management, lack of motivation, paucity of protection staff which includes shortage of young and energetic ones. 5. The patrolling staff is poorly equipped. They are no match to poachers and organized wildlife criminals, who are equipped with much more sophisticated weapons and other accessories. The patrolling staff has to be better equipped to deal with such situations. There are many organizations to bear their helping hand, like WWF-India, Wildlife Trust of India etc. Of course main agency has to the government itself. In democratic pattern of governance, the political will matters a lot. This, at present, is very badly lacking. Wildlife, in general, has hardly any priority at the government level. 6. There is no research input in recovery of the species, a lost grandeur of the tract. Research projects for the recovery have to be prepared and implemented on top priority. Inputs could also be obtained from the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Bombay Natural History Society and other such institutions. In early sixties of the last century the population of the hardground swamp deer had gone down to nearly 40 in Kanha NP, the only place where this subspecies was surviving. But with the concerted efforts made by the state government the species recovered well and present population is round 400. Similar effort is needed here too. Another example of recovery of the species is that of Shuklaphanta in Nepal. As mentioned earlier, in the mid- seventies of the last century only 500 heads were surviving. For the proliferation of the species the Nepal government converted sal forest into savannah. In February 1989 I had an opportunity to visit Shuklaphanta; I was able to count 1000 + heads from top of an earthen hillock of 2-3 metre height. At present Shulaphanta enjoys the honor of harboring largest congregation of swamp deer with more than 3500 heads. The spillover population is observed in abutting Lagga-Bagga forest block of Pilibhit Forest Division. 7. Most of time the entire staff including the top level managers are busy managing tourism. They have hardly any time to look into wildlife management, which should have been main thrust in the protected area. Sooner it is realised the better it would be for the wildlife, in general, and the swamp deer in particular. It is to be recalled here that the very establishment of the DNP was to preserve and conserve the swamp deer which was specially of this place which also had grace of having biggest stronghold of the species in the world at that time. 8. There should be separate full time officers and staff for wildlife management and research. The tourism should be regulated as regulations issued by this wing in order to avoid adverse effect of tourism on conservation of wildlife. 9. Last but not the least, no project can be run successfully without public cooperation. The DNP management had golden opportunity for promoting public cooperation through eco- development committees, during World Bank funding from 1998-99 to 2003-04, thereafter by Government of India funding for a few years and at present through Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for 8 years. Previous opportunities were not properly utilised, otherwise the picture would have been much different than what we see today. Hope good sense will prevail among those who matter to utilize the present opportunity and make endeavor for the recovery of swamp deer. On recovery of this species will also ensure better survival of the tiger. It is to be remembered that in the DNP grasslands the swamp deer formed the most coveted prey base for the tiger; next to it were wild boar and hog deer.

A Safe Journey of Rhinos

R K Singh, IFS, Rtd CF, UP

Tarai Landscape of Uttar Pradesh has always remained a very lucrative habitat for the habitation of one horned rhinos but due to lack of management and awareness in the past rampant poaching took place and species became instinct from this region. Advent of one horned rhinoceros in Dudhawa National Park was a moment of converting a long awaited dream into reality. Primarily I with sri S.D.Singh, Range Officer, sri Aftab Ali Khan, A.W.L.W and two wildlife guards were sent to Kaziranga National Park in the month of January, 1984 for learning the management techniques of one horned rhinos. Rhinos were captured from Assam and Nepal for relocation to DNP in two phases and I am fortunate enough to have the opportunity in bringing them by road in both the phases. In first phase, they were captured from surrounding area of Pavitara Sanctuary near Bokakhat in Assam. Capturing team included sri R.S.Bhadauria, CF wildlife; Dr J.B.Sale, FAO Expert and Technical Advisor (wildlife) to GOI, Dr R.K.Das,Veterinary Officer (Lucknow Zoo),sri Mahendra Singh(II), wildlife warden, Central Region, Sri Aftab Ali Khan, Asst Wildlife Warden, Sri Kamal Ahmad, mahawat and Officers and staff of Kaziranga N.P. Six rhinos were captured but onepregnant female rhino died after capturing operation. All the five rhinos were transported by aeroplane from Gauhati to New Delhi because of student’s unrest in Assam. Transportation by road between New Delhi Airport to DNP via Ghaziabad, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Palia was planned efficaciously and no chance was left do disseminate the news of transportation of rhino to avoid the crowding of people. Five trucks to carry five rhinos (later on named Raju, Banke, Pavitri ,Asha and Suheli) from Delhi Airport to Dudhawa were arranged before rhino reached at Airport . Site for rehabilitation of rhinos in South Sonaripur Range was spread over around 36 sq km area containing one third as high tree forest and two third as grass land including water bodies and area was surrounded by electric fence of length of around 27 km whose energiser was installed in a small cell at Salukapur. Almost in the middle of the area near Banke Tal , five stockades of Sal heart-wood were constructed and pitched into the ground for transit stay of rhinos just to get acclimatise with the new environment. Rhinos reached at New Delhi Airport in the evening at around 8.30 pm by Russian Cargo Plane (Aerofloat) which was accompanied by Sri R.S.Bhadauria, the then C.F wildlife and arrival was welcome by Sri C.B.Singh, Field Director, Corbett Park, Sri Digvijaya Singh,Minster of State for Forest and Environment, GOI, Sri Sanjay Singh, Forest Minister of Uttar Pradesh, myself and sri B.S.Tyagi , wildlife warden, Meerut Region. I was entrusted to look-after loading, transportation and unloading from Delhi Air Port to D.N.P. After getting loaded all the rhinos at the trucks, journey started at around 11.30 pm from Airport. The trucks were fuelled near Delhi-Ghaziabad border but one truck carrying Raju, the strongest rhino with full grown horn, took different route to join N.H at Ghaziabad. I was following the trucks and at one barrier suddenly noticed the absence of the truck carrying Raju. I was stunned and became afraid of lest the driver may have collusion with any poacher. Leaving the four trucks behind to follow my jeep, I proceeded hurriedly towards Ghaziabad and found that the truck was standing at a place where other route joins the main highway. Immediately I got down from Jeep and got over the bonnet of the jeep, looked at Raju and found him quite active. I got extricated and had a long comfortable breath. From that place, all the trucks’ drivers were instructed to follow my jeep and at every 100 km, I used to check the rhinos well beings. It was 31 st March, 1984 and days were very hot in U.P in comparison to Pavitara Sanctuary from where these rhinos had been tranquilised. Under such circumstances, at every 100 km distance trucks were given halt for 15 to 20 minutes at a secluded place under the shade of some trees. I used to arrange the light snacks with tea to the drivers and care takers at resting place. Refreshments were also given to the rhinos and to reduce the effect of heat, water was sprinkled over the body of rhinos. Ultimately, rhinos reached at Dudhawa N.P at about 4.00 pm of 31 st March, 1984 and were unloaded from the trucks by Indigenous method. In front of the gate of stockade, soil was dug up and made a gradient pathway such that the back part of truck touches lower part of the stockade and height of lower part of crate coincide with lower part of stockade such that when the gate of crate loaded with rhino and the gate of stockade is opened simultaneously, the rhino may easily move from crate to stockade . Technical expert, Dr J.B.Sale and Dr R.K.Das were present during unloading. The animals suffered few cuts and bruises on the body particularly on nose, mouth, shoulder and hips while in transportation and unloading which were treated by Dr Das with great care and he was deputed to look after the health of the rhinos at lair. The wild rhinos were very aggressive and used to strike the wall of the stockade very hard and sometimes it appeared that the rhino would break the stockade. To keep the wild rhinos into a limited space of stockade is a tough job. They were kept in the enclosures for a month and then they were released into the wild just by sliding the doors of stockade upward. It looks very easy to raise the gate upward, but in reality very quick and efficient efforts are needed for this work. Greasing the gates enabling to slide, raising of gate in about 2-3 seconds and in such time keep engaged the rhino in the backward part of stockade is not an easy task. Many a time rhino has been found trying to raise the gate by itself with the help of horns by piercing it into the horizontal batten of the gate. In the 2 nd phase, 4 rhinos were captured from surrounding area of Chitwan of Royal Nepal on the exchange of one rhino for four pet elephants. Thus 16 elephants for four rhinos were delivered to the Royal Majesty of Nepal. Crates and sledge were transported by trucks from Sonaripur to Chitwan dated 23-03- 1985. A team comprising Dr J.B.Sale, Dr R.K.Das , Mahendra Singh II, wildlife warden , Central Region , sri Aftab Ali Khan, a.w.l.w, sri Kamal Ahmad, mahawat and myself with few helpers reached Sauraha (Chitwan) dated 25-03- 1985 for darting . According to the agreement with Nepal, darting was carried out by a veterinary expert of Nepal. Nepalese Authority from Kathmandu apprised Dr J.B.Sale that unless quarantine certificate is provided to the Custom Authorities at Indo-Nepal border, they will not allow the captured rhinos to enter into India. To avoid the unnecessary delay in transportation at the border, in a desperate mood it was decided to send me in the same night to reach Rupadiha Border to find out whether such certificate would be required by Custom Authorities at Nepal Ganj/ Rupadiha. FAO vehicle was provided to me just to escalate any checking of vehicle during night by Nepalese Police. Tall fellow from Kerala was a dedicated, courageous and fabulous driver who immediately agreed to move in the night. When we reached at Butwal at about 1.00 am in the night, we took some snacks and then started to move to reach at destination, but a gentle Nepali fellow signalled to stop the vehicle and interdicted to go beyond Butwal in the night as in those days usually road holding takes place at several places between Butwal and Nepal Ganj. We were perplexed as being the matter of other country, night driving, very hard and quick punishment in accident cases, no arms with us etc etc. Anyway, driver told confidently let us move in the night itself as the vehicle with us is very powerful and contains four head-lights and four fog- lights and can be driven with a speed of more than 120 km/hr. If some miscreants will try to stop us, I can dazzle the person/persons with a series of light by illuminating intermittently and when their visibility start, we will be at least at a distance beyond their reach .The enthusiasm and dedication to duty revealed by the driver was really praise-worthy and we decided to move in the night itself and fortunately without any hindrance we reached Rupaidiha in the early morning. After consulting custom authorities of both the countries, it became amply clear that no obstruction will be made in the transportation of rhinos pertaining to want of quarantine certificate. We went back to Chitwan same day and reached there in the evening and apprised the darting team with reality. When two rhinos were captured, I came back to Rupaidiha following the rhinos loaded in the trucks. News got flashed in Nepalese newspaper about the capturing and transportation of rhinos. Consequently wherever trucks halted, massive gathering of people were seen and many persons, carrying some vessel, were trying to collect urine of rhinos. Being in different country, we were helpless in safety measures. Traditionally urine is considered very pious by theNepalese with reason that each year The King of Nepal used to sacrifices one rhino to Lord Shiva. It was told by few people that rhino urine is used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Thus the two rhinos (later on named as Narayani and Swayambara) reached at DNP on 29/03/1985 and were unloaded with help of crane which was arranged from the irrigation department of Gonda circle. A day after,I went back to Rupaidiha and camped there to take other two rhinos at Indo-Nepal border and to follow them up to DNP. Other two rhinos (later on named as Himani and Rapti) reached DNP dated 01-04- 1985 and were kept in the stockade with the help of crane. Rhinos remained in enclosure for about one month and then were released into wild. I never saw rhino running with such a speed which was seen after the release from the stockade and it stopped when reached at boundary of the fence. Fence was kept quite effective with the help of Galaghar Energiser (New Zealand Make) donated by Dr J.B.Sale. This kind of energisers were used and tested in New Zealand for preventing the goats, sheep and wild animals entering the agricultural field. Unlike New Zealand, terai area of India is very fertile for vegetative growth. Grasses under the wire of the fence grew vigorously and were cut weekly one meter wide on either-side so that it could not touch thewire which adversely affects sharpness of impulse. Strong impulse was very much required to make the electric fence effective. I was assigned the arduous nature of work to patrol half of entire length of fence on foot once in every week to check the grasses were properly cut/ cleaned and was not touching the wire. While inspecting the fence on foot up to two years, amazing and daring interactions with tigers, sloth bear and saunders were faced. One interaction with a tigress is quote-worthy which has shaken my heart as if I came out from the mouth of death. The southern side of fence was erected along the bund of the trench. I with two wildlife guards was checking the fence in forenoon dated 13-06- 1985. Grasses in grass-land were too high to make surrounding areas invisible and as soon as we reached at the bund (4 to 5 feet higher elevation), a grown up tigress was seen cleaning her nails at the trunk of a khair (Acacia catechu) tree situated at the bund just about 40-45 m away from us. Stunned, wordless and no way other than standing at the bund and looking for further movement of the animal. Nome of us was in a mood to move/run away but preferred to stand calmly with loaded rifles. Difficult to say how many minutes we stayed there but within not more than5-6 minutes, tigress entered gently into the grass-land spread over on the other side of fence. We watched the movement of tigress up to about 100-120 meters which was going continuously away. Then we started moving towards Sulukapur in a grave silence but with longer strides along the bund staring towards the tigress in the grass-land, lest tigress appear again in our path. Thus, we safely reached at the end of the bund from where a regular path was passing into a village and some villagers were talking around. ………………………………………………………

SALIENT REMINISCENCES OF THE FINLAND TOUR Dr. T P Dube , IFS, Rtd CF, UP

We believed that we were fortunate enough to get the option of Finland for the foreign module of the Mid Term Career Training for officers of Indian Forest Service(PHASE IV) organized for officers of years of allotment 1992 to 1995, in the year 2011. After immensely extensive and elaborately profound lectures at the INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL FOREST ACADEMY, Dehra Dun punctuated by few field visits to Sariska, the day of Departure for Helsinki arrived. We were already equipped with too much of knowledge. There were few curiosities in our hearts and several questions and queries in our minds. Our arrival in Helsinki on the twenty fifth day of September was welcomed by several dignitaries of the country. We enjoyed a gracious entry into Hotel Sokos Presidentti, one of the best hotels of the city . The moment we checked in, our observations commenced. We were guided to the conference room. The welcoming address and introduction to the coursedelivered by Professor Tahvanainen , Professor Pelkonen and Mr. Arevalo, provided the much needed introduction. All the vegetarians amongst us were on incessant vigil over the food laid out in our honor as the Welcome Dinner in Sevilla Restaurant located on the second floor of the hotel. They tasted the food with a note of caution. The night of the day saw most of us relaxing our bodies after having tasted the nocturnal preparations. The city lay exposed to our sight and vision in the morning. The weather appeared to be pleasant and friendly. Conversations with few indicated that the residents were punctual and polite. Road travel during the afternoon and the evening, assertively conveyed the salient truth of the aesthetic landscape of the country’s capital , having a cleanliness par excellence. The town planners as well as the citizens deserved full credit for the desirable blessing .

THE SITES AND THE CITIES HELSINKI: Its mornings had a meditative calm while evenings were experienced to have a phenomenal buzz. The riverine view was found to possess a magical charm . The prevalent flora indicated a prominence of maple and silver birch. Visits to several locations and random talks with few conveyed that the economy of the city was under the predominance of multinationals. JOENSHU: It was our second halting venue in the tour of the country. It is the internationally reputed headquarter of the University of Eastern Finland. The premises and the faculty were observed to possess a symbolic positivism in their attitude. We loved to converse and interact with the highly qualified faculty members who were found to be deeply devoted and pragmatically courteous. We got the opportunity of visiting the Finnish Forest Research Institute . It proved to be educative and informative. KOLI NATIONAL PARK : The visit to the park was an eye opener for most of us. The well-planned labels and sign-boards , the proper maintenance of paths and meticulously carved out landscape of the park captivated our thoughts . We felt the elation and the thrill as we moved beside the various mosses and lichens. Few over-inquisitive members of our group intricately viewed the ant-hills along with several herbs and shrubs. It all appeared to be a microscopic familiarization with nature. It was a concrete example of tourism in forests away from the lure of sighting of carnivores, emphasizing upon vegetative wonders and lovely land transitions. “KYMI”( UPM PAPER AND PULP MILL) We had the privilege and facility of catching a glimpse of the amazing automation and intrinsic efficiency that prevails within the paper and pulp mill located at Kuusankoski . The environment friendly atmosphere prevalent within the mill campus that is known to have about eight hundred and fifty employees signified a matchless boon for the victims of industrial pollution. The samples of printing papers, label materials, wood products, magazines, fine and specialty papers and newsprint stood as specimens. We found management at its optimum and regulations at their best. PIELINEN MUSEUM : We were provided the precious privilegeof associating our ideas with the priceless antiques of the museum in Lieksa. The rare pieces and articles displayed therein, acquainted us with the primary essence of Finland’s History and culture. RUUNAA HIKING AREA: It exposed us to a unique arena of thrill and adventure. Our dynamic inclinations resonated with the celestial music of the rapids as we moved down and on to return back with rejuvenated hearts. ST. PETERSBURG: As we entered the city, our hearts were purely flabbergasted by its characteristic ambience. The glorious River Neva flowing through the heart of the city, loomed as a visual nectar laid over the earthly realm. During the evening hours, as we stood in excitement over its stabilized banks, we cherished in our memories the historical memories of Peter The Great . It constituted a fragrance of unrestrained festivity . One of us could not resist the temptation of dancing with a female beauty. The natural act that lasted for just few minutes, was destined to sustain in our memories. THE SPECIALITIES: The tour exposed us to select specialities ofthe country. The first and foremost amongst them is the significant emphasis over private forestry and private forests. We could easily appreciate the provision of innovative utilization and sophisticated mechanized mode of harvesting . We were breathless while seeing the machine in operation in a particular forest patch. It performed selection, felling, picking and heaping with graceful ease. The activities and voices of the local people conveyed their inherent love for nature and trees. The plants located en route displayed their conscious regarding Bio-Energy. The vast cattle farms and the well organized fodder production was profusely spread out beside the roads. The documents distributed carried ‘ Every Man’s Right’ in the true vein. The properly managed even-aged forests bore a pleasing presence. The supply of drinking water was found to be adequate. The road travel remained convenient throughout. The herbivore Moose was expected to terrify us on the way . We had heard much of it but it could not be sighted. With easewe could make out that the demography constituted of the Finnish, Russian and the Swedish. Apart from the forests the tour was highlighted by the gulf, the lakes and the gardens. Most of the markets carried Chinese goods. The standard of living appeared to be high. Even the cleaners were observed to be financially well placed. We were told that rafting and hunting were the major hobbies of the people. We saw several individuals engrossed in rafting over the rapids. The books and magazines available in bookshops indicated that the literature of the country emerging. THE UNFORGETTABLE ONES: Each tour is expected to deliver some unforgettable memories and lessons. It would remain meaningless without their presence. Let us begin with the Harvesting Machine that we saw in operation in the Private Forests. We surely cherish it in our dreams. We can hardly ever forget the act of the owner cum driver of the machine having rapid lunch seated upon the driving seat in order to save time. The hunted moose cooked and served to us at lunch during our visit to the private forest was a shocker for most while delight for few ultimate non vegetarians. The positive ambience prevalent in the premises of the University of Eastern Finland augmented the positivism nascent in our minds. The group of students from India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka we had met in a market place of Joensuu persist as pleasant realities. We have forgotten their names but remember their words and sayings. The welcome dinner at Helsinki overwhelmed us with feelings of emotions and sentiments akin to Indian Hospitality. The grand reception and dinner hosted at the residence of the Indian Ambassador in Finland (Helsinki) His Excellency Aladiyan Manickam was not at all an occurrence to be obliterated out of our minds. The homely Indian food he provided to us lay as nectar and bliss upon the tables. His congenial message “eat and drink at your own free will, it is all yours” still resonate with our dreams. The innovative exploration of food for vegetarians and soft non-vegetarians was a lesson to be sustained. Often we had to surpass the language barriers by tireless display of silent expressions of the faces and the fingers. The curiosity of receiving our entire check-in luggage at the end of the flights continued till the end . Reading, writing, speaking, thinking and exploring kept us busy along with the majestic feel of the rare landscapes. Not one of us would wish to miss even a glimpse of our group presentations at Joenshuu. The tall pines of Russian Forests standing erect as immortal emblems of vegetative grace, still grace our dreams. The Scot pine, Norway spruce and silver birches of Finland thrive in our memories. The Russian Folk Dance was enjoyed by us with lull and calm at Petersburg. The unique mixture of emotive actions, cultural thoughts and aesthetic values mingled with our desires. The tour brought us face to face with several unforgettable personalities. The most prominent amongst them was Professor Paavo Pelkonen. He appeared to us as a live emblem of modern forest science , possessed of a saintly dedication, profound knowledge and an endearing simplicity. Next to him was Professor Lisa Tahvanainen who symbolized knowledge and dynamism, coupled with perpetual bliss upon her countenance. We can never be oblivious of the memories of Mr.Kamrul Hasan and Mr. Maxim Trishkin. The former cared for us till the end, while the latter (always a live packet of positive energy) accompanied us from Jonshuu. Last but not the least, our hearts can never dispense with the recollections of the ever vibrant Julia, the lady who guided our visits in St. Petersburg on the seventh of October. She was projected as a professional guide to Russian art and antiquity. The evening conversation that had disclosed that she had English Literature as her subject of specialization, had surprised most of us to the core. Her selective counsel at the market place bus stop, advising us to be beware of potential lady robbers, reels our brains even this day . THE CONCLUDING NOTE : We have to strike a concluding note in spite of the realization that conclusions are merely fictional and frictional forces of purely human origin. The tour augmented our knowledge about nature and also of specific foreign strands. It rejuvenated our innovative capabilities and introduced us to significant technological and mechanizedmarvels and the cultural roots of Finland and Russia . It also vindicated and displayed the importance of acting and reacting as a group . It also served to refine our modes and modalities of asking relevant questions. The final farewell indications of Mr.Kamrul and Mr. Maxim was something breathing of a specific communication. It appeared akin to a noble message “COME AGAIN, WE SHALL MEET AGAIN .” THE FEEL AND THE TRUTH : Human life oscillates between the extremes of prose and poetry. The latter is believed to be more primitive and natural than the former. The tour commenced, progressed and appeared to culminate in an end. In a natural way we choose to conclude thus: We hardly notice the flow of time, Nights glitter and the days rhyme; Moments of ecstasy on our ways, Kept us lively for fourteen days ; Adventure, knowledge on the rise, Innovations, inventions sure to arise. We choose to conclude with the assertion that the end always denotes a new beginning. Memories of the tour sustain as lively landscapes , praiseworthy cleanliness and optimistic vision, graced by few unforgettable personalities . ……………………………………………

Remembering Shyamal Datta

Mohammad Ahsan (Former PCCF, UP & HOFF) When this morning GC Misra sahib broke me the news that Shyamal Datta is no more, I was not very surprised. He was struggling with life and death for about a fortnight, and a day before doctors, playing like a referee, had almost announced Datta is surely to lose this battle. Datta was my batch mate and friend. We had shared some common space from our lives. In the meanwhile a Whatsapp message too confirmed the news that GC Misra sahib had already broken. The message read ‘Shyamal Datta left for his heavenly abode.’ Three hours later, I was silently watching the hymns being chanted from the holy scriptures and incense being put on Shyamal’s body outside the electric crematorium at Bhainsakund. Then the body was slid into the crematorium with the help of a sliding trolley and curtain was made to fall. It was end of a tale. I was thinking, so Datta has left for his heavenly abode. But then million questions surged in my mind. Where is this abode? Somewhere in the space? Among stars? How many miles away? Will he himself become a star or remain part of larger space? My heart said yes, every dead soul converts into a star, only you have to look for it in the clear skies in the middle of the night. Then I promised myself someday when the dust of grief settles down, in one of the starry nights I will try to find the star that was Datta. But how will I know it? I asked myself. Idiot, so simple. The brightest star that you would be seeing overhead would be Datta. With these medley of thoughts I came back home and fell into reverie. I journeyed back into a time that hung in the limbo , almost 40 years before. That was 1978. The Old Hostel in the campus of FRI, Dehradun, was our abode. I lived in the B block, Datta opposite to it in C block. If you could sense or hear loud cacophonous voices from this block, you could be sure a mock verbal fight was going on between Datta and Rakesh Sinha, sooner to be joined by few more on either side. The mock fight was always dotted with slangs like ‘saale’, ‘abe’, ‘tu’ etc. That was a kind of pastime meant to kill boredom. A sweet looking handsome Bangali young man that Datta was, he was learning Hindi fast, and mastering over such innocuous slangs. I was always amused over the situation. Datta and Sinha had fallen into a long lasting friendship. Then a coincidence happened. Datta hailed form West Bengal and allotted to UP cadre. Sinha belonged to UP and allotted West Bangal cadre. A malice-free man with a permanent sweet smile on his face and curly hair on his head, there was something in Datta that rendered him popular all through in those days. And there were few popular jokes too around. It was said he never fell for heroics. During horse riding course it was lovingly said he always chose some old docile mare to mount. During arms training it was said after four days of training of butt- breaking when it came to actual firing, Datta almost refused to fire as he was not sure the bullet will go forward and hit the target , or go backward and hit him. It was after great persuasion that he fired, and to his relief the bullets had hit the target, not him. During the course of his long career of about 34 years in forest service, he bloomed with the colors of an academician and researcher with variety of responsibilities, ranging from Principal, SFS College; to Watershed Management , to Forest Development Corporation; wrote academic books, presented research papers in international conferences, and rolled in name and fame. He respected his seniors under whom he worked and adored them to the extent of idolizing. One day I told him jokingly, ‘ abe yeh chamchagiri chhod ab’. He only laughed. He knew I meant no offence. As we grew in age and seniority and our families grew with children, at some point of time “saale Datta” was replaced by “Datta sahib”. Although we were not so frequently meeting, yet we had some time together at Dehradun in the middle of 90s and then later at Lucknow. And I really don’t remember at what point of time Mrs Ahsan and Sharmila Datta, his wife, a paragon of grace, turned into wonderful friends. Sharmila sent a trayful of delicacies as Iftaar to my wife every year during the month of Ramzan. After Ramzan this tray was sent back to her with whatever delicacies my wife could manage with. Datta took the things as they came his way; he never chased postings, money, perks or any facility extra constitutional. He maintained his calm and poise in all odds, in all rough weathers, under all circumstances. He even refused to get agitated or incited towards the end of his career when during 2005 to 2012, for full seven years, department and the government devised all innovative ways as how to not fill the three non- cadre posts of PCCF, and thus depriving him his climb to PCCF office which he rightly deserved. Many would have lost their sanity, if they were at Datta’s place. He was innocent like a child, hurt no one, not even a fly, let alone some human beings. A literary person by disposition, Datta was a well read person in all the languages he knew. Master of a most beautiful handwriting as he was, it was sheer pleasure to watch his written words, that looked more like pearls in a necklace. ‘Faqir’, an anthology of his short stories in Hindi was penned down by him before his retirement. Every story is reflective of his sensitive soul that is bound to earth and its natural treasures. Sadly the same beautiful handwriting was afflicted by Parkinson disease that penetrated him before his retirement. And then some more diseases off and on. Death is everybody’s fate, later or sooner. As the famous classical Urdu poet Insha in 19th century, put it

??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? Death is inevitable but when people like Datta die, the only thought that crosses through my mind is, once again the world is short of a gentleman and a person par excellent. Datta’s death is my personal loss. With him not being around I really feel lonely and crestfallen. How many weathers, how many seasons, how many rains, how many winters it would take to make up this loss. Maybe infinite. 24/8/2017

FORESTS

Dr. T P Dube, IFS, Rtd CF UP

Earthly shelters for all rests and motions, Soil supreme for the human emotions; Peace and solace for the human mind, Forests, endear, enlighten and bind. Natural catalysts of clouds and rain, Relief for minds under stress or strain; Rare genes of butterflies and bees, Seeds, seedlings, animals or trees. Sal, teak or the cone bearing pines, Menacing metal roads, railway lines; Latest resources for the novel find, Forests, endear, enlighten and bind. Fury of fight of python with boar, Human imaginations augment, soar; Medicinal herbs of various grades, Soothing feel in the cosy glades. Loved by herbivore, carnivore alike, The pressure of the population hike; Mirrors of the past and of fossils kind Forests, endear, enlighten and bind. Social jewels of nations big or small, Solitude and bliss for one and all; Vegetative lungs of cities and towns, Provide villages with protective gowns. Countries without forests face doom, Crave for plants to blossom or bloom; Trails, tools for essential biotic grind, Forests, endear, enlighten and bind. Mythology, mystery mark and mutate, History of mankind in forests originate; Over-exploitation makes them fragile, Preservers have to be prompt and agile. Recreate and entertain fighters, losers, The cardinal groups of the forest users Select strands akin to bliss defined, Forests, endear, enlighten and bind. Carry several human definitions, Promote progressive inclinations; Crowning glory of the eco-system, Micro-organisms hidden in tandem. Genetic nectar for posterity, Our environmental necessity; Patches preserved and refined Forests endear, enlighten and bind. Virgins or else areas of wilderness, They generate moments of happiness; Deforestation is a global shame, Degraded forests are horses untame. Forest Management, a science and art, Man and forest can never ever part; Realities, fantasies wind and unwind, Forests endear, enlighten and bind. Grateful to their glorious presence, Human elation, bliss, their essence; Natural or planted of any sound kind, Forests rejuvenate, recreate, rewind .

…………………………………………… Dharmo Rakshit Rakshitah Satyamevo Jayate (Truth alone triumphs) THE FOUR ACES OF THE UTTAR PRADESH FOREST DEPARTMENT By Dr Madan Mohan Pant, IFS (Retired)

Although post-mortem never helps the dead, it does help to establish the cause (s) of death, the growth of the “Medical Science”, etc. Likewise, detailed retrospections / introspections/ investigations into the increasing manmade disasters due to deforestations, conversion of Forestry - a semi-army type field job worldwide - into an air conditioned desk job; fake bio-data, fake Ph Ds, fabrication and bogus data regarding forests, wetlands and wildlife resources; FORESTERS APATHY towards their constitutional/professional obligations, vis-à-vis the rigged recruitments to the IFS since 2001, the farcical professional forestry education and training, etc., are essential to take corrective measures to save what little of the “forests” is left on the ground! Can some measures be taken to revive the dying image of the former world famous FRI & Colleges,

Dehra Dun – my ALMA MATER?

A writer, if not a politician, has got to be bold and truthful. He/she has to be prepared to face the associated brick-bats, humiliation, intimidation and even threats to life, for seeking/writing the TRUTH. This is what I have been experiencing ever since I started writing with malice towards none and sincere apologies to those dead - unable to defend themselves. Seeking the forgiveness of all concerned let me share one of my case studies – “UN-EARNED CONDUCT MARKS” LEAD TO DISATROUS FORESTRY PRACTICES from my forthcoming book: Birth and Demise of Sylvan Ideology!

“CONDUCT MARKS” Most Indian Foresters (all ranks from ACF to the highest) of the yore knew well that the bitterness in the Indian Forest College, invariably carried over all along the service life, arose because of total secrecy/opacity of the Conduct Marks granting system which eventually determined Foresters’ inter-state and All India seniority till the revival of the IFS in 1966. The one who topped the written exams (marks supported by material evidence secured out of 3,500 marks) lost his hard earned position and lifelong seniority for promotion, postings, etc., due to conduct/general marks (subjective assessment - marks allotted out of 500 marks), ceteris paribus.

While in the IFC (1957 to 1960), I along with my batch mates used to call on all the Officers in the FRI campus. Late Mr. S. K. Seth, the DFR, and later, late Mr. T. N. Srivastava, DFE were two officers whom we used to visit often as a batch. Late Mr. S. K. Seth besides being a great visionary, the doyen of Forestry, a co-author of the world famous book Forest Types of India.. and many other books and articles, was a great Painting and Sculpture Artist. Meetings with him were always very inspiring about the Forestry profession.

Late Mr. T. N. Srivastava, a very noble and humble gentleman and his gracious wife always welcomed us very warmly; gave us varied sumptuous NASHTA, tea, Nimbu pani, etc. As DFE, Mr. T. N. Srivastava also taught us Forest Policy and Forest Legislation. Invariably, in all our meetings both Mr. and Mrs. Srivastava described as to how Mr. R.C. Soni toppled Mr. Srivastava’s top position that he was securing all through the two years by manipulating and securing high Conduct Marks, etc. How Mr. Srivastava’s whole career was marred due to these Conduct Marks! Indeed, it was very depressing to hear and feel their pain. Yah, some of my U.P. batch mates learnt and used their own improved tricks to gain higher positions with success. I kept Mr. Srivastava’s agony in mind and have tried to find the truth all along.

During my close and long associations with the toppers and other Foresters of the subsequent 1940-42, 1942-44, 1944-46 and 1946-48 AIFC batches, I had frank and detailed discussions about Mr.Mobbs’ working. They all remembered Mr. E. C. Mobbs for his fair play, incredible energy, bone-dry integrity, discipline, devotion and for always leading from the front mannerism, with deep respect. Mr. E.C. Mobbs, the founder Principal of the IFC from 1938 to 1945, the first Director of Forest Education of India (DFE) from 1944 to 1947 retired gracefully with the bat-in–hand and left for his home in UK in 1947.

QUEST FOR TRUTH

Although associated with the IFS probationers as a teacher and Dean/Director IFC from 1976 to 1984, I never tried to find out the truth about the secret Conduct Marks even though the records were kept in the Dean’s room. With hindsight, I now blame myself for not finding out the reasons of this secrecy! Anyways, with great difficulty, protracted acrimonious correspondence with the Director IFC renamed IGNFA, and at the personal intervention of India’s First Chief Information Commissioner, New Delhi, I was able to access the mark sheets of the first 1938- 40 batch of the IFC in 2007 -– vide inset.

UTTAR PRADESH’S FOUR ACES

Out of the first 16 trainees of the 1938-40 batch, the IFC in 1940 gave four Aces, viz., messieurs SONI, R.C Ace of spade; SRIVASTAVA, T.N. Ace of heart; SINGH, G.N. Ace of diamond and SIBTAIN, S.M. Ace of clubs, to Uttar Pradesh – the State that then had the best managed forests in India.

Vide Insets for the marks. The denominator shows the conduct marks while the numerator shows all other marks obtained during the two years training.

Ace of spade got (2543 / 457 460), Ace of heart got (2562 / 375), Aceof diamond got

(2401 / 425) and Ace of club got (2175 / 350) marks.

Ace of spade got 85/500 marks higher than Ace of heart. The 92% high conduct marks enabled the Ace of spade to get the A.I.F.C. diploma with honours (so unearned fame) and also to beat the Ace of heart who had secured higher marks than him in the other objectively/cardinally measurable exams!

May be because of the dominating flamboyant personality, oxford university background, and bluffing with confidence style of the Ace of spade ?

[1], Mr. Mobbs faltered in his subjective evaluations! Clearly, the grievances and sufferance of late Mrs. and Mr. T. N. Srivastava were genuine. May their pious souls rest in peace in Heaven.

The subjective Conduct Marks awarded to the Ace of spade vis-a-vis Ace of not only altered the seniority of forest officers in India but also had irreversible, disastrous, effects on the governance of TREES/FORESTS – THE MUTE CITIZENS OF INDIA - the mothers of all the OXYGEN, WATER, FOOD, ENVIRONMENT, SHELTER and a myriad of life sustaining goods and services they produce, all over India.

On the retirement of Shree R. Sahai, IFS in 1960 (?) Ace of became the CCF and ruled the UP Forest Department virtually as an uncrowned king. He killed the age old basic principles for sustained yield Forest Managements, got the Working Plans prescribing large scale clear felling of good natural Sal forests2

[2] for mechanized plantations with disastrous consequences, etc., created groupies, introduced a kind of DARBAR SYSTEM and changed the work culture of the Forest Department.

Finally he became the first A.I.F.C. Inspector General of Forests, GOI – then the highest post in forest bureaucracy in the country.

Ace of heart became the DFE, was CCF Rajasthan, CCF UP and IGF - only for short periods.

Due to his lower certificate age, ace of diamond was CCF after the retirement of the ace of heart while the Ace of club retired only as Deputy CCF.

THE IFC OF THE YORE HAS CHANGED DRASTICALLY

With the revival of the IFS in 1966 the IFC of the yore had changed drastically. One understandable reason for this change is that the SFS/PFS trainees coming THROUGH VERY HARD

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS OF THE STATES HAVING STRICT CADRE CONTROL FOR THE

FEW FIELD BASED VACANCIES, drawing a meager monthly stipend of INR 150, sobered constantly by the threat of being sent back to the States if found unsuitable and recovery of the cost of training (Rs.14,000) hanging like the Sword of Damocles around their necks. All the trainees remained focussed on the field forestry training, subjects taught and forestry research.

The IFC that I dealt with since 1976 had lost all discipline & decorum, basic ethics of education, esteem and spirit-de-core that the Foresters of yore were known for. The nice turnout of the Foresters as a class, officer-like-conduct at all times, PT and games - so essential for enforcing punctuality, discipline, developing a healthy mind and body and sportsmanship; the crested crockery and cutlery, the good nutritive food, orderly table manners in the mess to name a few, had become things of the past.

The large yearly increasing number of IFS recruitments is NOT DETERMINED BY THE FIELD POSITIONS OF THE STATES/UTS. With the IFS cadre control coming from the DOPT to the MoEF renamed MoEF&CC the cadre planning has gone hay wires. And now the IFS probationers draw class one officers’ salaries from day one and have nothing to fear! Bulk of the probationers busy preparing for the Indian Foreign Service, IAS, IPS, IRS, and allied services, even in the Lecture

Halls, are just not interested in the lectures; use IFC/IGNFA as a 5 STAR FREE HOTEL facility for preparing for other better services.

HOW AS DEAN/DIRECTOR IFC, I DEALT WITH THE SYSTEM OF CONDUCT MARKS

Soon after becoming the Dean/Director IFC in 1980, keen to deal with the subject of Conduct Marks head-on, the entire system of granting Conduct Marks was discussed threadbare openly with the probationers and the Faculty members. We laid great emphasis on Character building. I personally interviewed all the IFS trainees to find out their expertise; to explore as to how each of them can contribute for strengthening the forestry education, training and governance of the IFC on a day to day basis.

Encouraging inquisitiveness, thinking, questioning, and answering all concerns, we evolved a system whereby each probationer had to earn the conduct marks through participation in the day-to-day college activities. Discipline, hard work, respect for others, taking responsibility for ones actions, apologising and meaning it, etc, became our cardinal principles.

How the Dean would share all his powers with every faculty member down to the PT Instructor vis-a-vis the Probationers was discussed in detail and acted upon!

Sycophancy in all forms was to be discouraged. All backbiters were confronted head-on: the complainant was allowed to speak only in the presence of the person against whom the complaint was being made.

Procedures regarding discipline, attendance, punctuality, casual/earned/sick leave, TA Bills, Pay, ACR3

[3] (initiated by the lecturer and approved by the Dean), etc., were simplified so that the probationers themselves took care of each other in groups for their studies, and also on all aspects helping them to develop officer-like-qualities.

The day to day up-keep and maintenance of the Hostels and mess was done by the probationers.

All bills for the purposes duly verified and signed by them were promptly reimbursed.

Probationers worked in the field to learn and respect the dignity of labour; work in arduous field conditions and lead from the front. Unfortunately, the area now under the IGNFA’s 625 seat Assembly Hall renamed Harisingh Sabhagar used as Convocation Hall for the first time on the 17th August 2011, Rest Houses complex, etc., was IFC’s forest nursery where we worked on Saturdays during 1980-84.

The main FRH where an IFS Probationer of the 1978 –80 batch got involved with the butler’s daughter was declared out of bounds for all the probationers. The probationers were told in no uncertain terms to visit officers’ in the FRI Campus only if they were serious about their affairs with the girls they went for. As a consequence of our vigilance 6 IFS probationers got married with their then campus fiancées.

The IFS Officers of the 1980-82, 1981-83, 1982-84 and 1983 A.I.F.C batches – some now occupying the highest chairs in the country - are the witnesses of this success. Me and my entire faculty bow to them with deep gratitude and are very happy to note that most of them earned great respect for their performance.

[1]Having worked under these four aces and closely watched the ground realities all these yearssince 1959; I believe that if the top position was in accordance with the theory and field practical marks, we would not have bid-adieu to sustained yield conservative Forestry. We could not have dared the large scale destruction of natural forests and biodiversity: clear felling of good natural Sal forests, rich wildlife habitats, uprooting of stumps of all that was green, burning of slash polluting the air with green house gases, destroying the hydrology of the rugged forest terrains (ideal for rain harvesting/ground water recharging), deep tractor ploughing for mechanized plantations, opening compact chunks of natural forests with network of roads and much more... the results of which we are perceiving, and generations to come would suffer.

Surely, the posterity may even think of blaming us for what Polly Higgins - the British lawyer- turned-campaigner - is pressing the United Nations to accept large scale destruction of natural forests as “ecocide” - a fifth “crime against peace” - that could be tried at the International Criminal Court (ICC).

I bet if the well grounded, hard boiled focused CONSERVATIVE FORESTER: Late Shree T. N. Srivastava was the CCF, UP, all the Conservators in U.P. would have remained more focused on Silvi-culture, Conservation & Sustainable management and less on all inclusive Bandobast – culture: looking after the food, drinks and entertainment of superior officers - now claimed as a matter of right by all worthy officers!

[2} In April 1968 I was suddenly transferred from South Gonda Division to take charge of the T&B Plantations, Haldwani. It was a coveted posting given to a chosen few. I was given this task as the DFO T&B had been hospitalized and the planting work had to be completed during the coming rains.

Late Mr. D. C. Pandey, was DFO Haldwani Division and late Shree K. C. Jain was our Conservator.

The annual plantation target of T&B P Division was 10,000 ha. This meant dealing with 30, 000 ha of forests every year. Marking of forests (good vigorously growing) over 10,000 ha for clear felling; Sale of 10,000 ha of forests for clear felling, up rooting of the roots by the contractors; handing over of 10,000 ha of cleared area to the Plantation Division for ploughing and leasing the plots for cultivation of agricultural produce through auctions and finally planting. Naturally there were lots of problems regarding clearance, uprooting the stumps, raising nursery stock, etc. To iron out the problems all three of us used to go to the forests every morning.

Indeed, it was the most unprofessional job that I got involved in; butchery of mute living citizens of earth

– an ECOCIDE: cutting vigorously growing irreplaceable Sal forests with its healthy associates and replacing them with Eucalyptus, etc. My conscience revolted every day. I told the bosses in no uncertain terms that I feel guilty and my conscience is not permitting the destruction of vigorously growing beautiful SAL forests.

The very next day while we were preparing to go to the forests, late Mr. D. C. Pandey, complained that he could not sleep because of what all Pant said yesterday. I said Sir, though I am an unsophisticated and blunt man but please tell us what all has hurt you. Mr. D. C. Pandey said that he agrees with me that the vigorously growing beautiful SAL forests should not be annihilated.

In that case Sir, I spoke, the matter is very simple. You as WPO Haldwani have prescribed this massive felling; I as the executing DFO is calling for stopping or scaling down the annual target; and you as the WPO - the author of this prescription - agree with my views. If the C.F. agrees with this proposal we can straight away write to the CCF for an amendment of the WP as per Rules and the WP Code!

The C.F., late Shree K. C. Jain thought over the matter. In his characteristic style he said “Mr R. C. Soni is not very happy with Pandey who is now due for promotion to the rank of the CF. If we send this proposal which is Silviculturally sound, Mr. Soni will get a ground/chance to block Mr. Pandey’s promotion to the C.F’s rank! Sir, if it is so, I would work as a soldier without thinking of the consequences. I knew that I had been posted to do the arduous plantation job expeditiously and thoroughly for a short period. I worked real hard to complete the job with the best of my ability. In fact I could not attend to my wife pregnant with twins. On the 26th September 1968 we were blessed with twin daughters. In November I was transferred as WPO South Garhwal Forest Division – one of the most arduous posting then. As expected I was rudely snubbed when I tried to request Mr Soni for a change.

[3] The power to write the annual character roles of the IFS probationers, after observing all procedures, was delegated to the House tutor/lecturer in-charge. The entry was then, where necessary, moderated and countersigned by the Dean. Believe it or not, Mr.H. S. Kingra - a probationer of the 1980-82 batch told me in 2012 during a social meeting at his Delhi residence as to how an adverse remark made by Mr Pankaj Khullar, then lecturer (from his own HP cadre), endorsed by me had hurt him. This is the dark side of the Participatory management process.

PREY AND PREDATOR RATIO CALCULATION FOR NATIONAL PARKS/TIGER RESERVES

By R.S. Shukla "Greeners", Rtd PCCF

The inadequate number of Herbivores vis/vis the requirement of food (meat) for

Carnivores has been not quantified as yet. I tried to do it on the basis of case study in Sasan Gir National Park of Asiatic Lions. I calculated the same as "Chinkara Unit" of available meat in the National Parks/Tiger Reserve. The table for the same is given as under:- Name of the Prey Recorded body weight Average Chinkara Units

Male Female 1 Nilgai 210 kg. 170 kg. 190 kg. 8.0 C.U. 2 Sambar 190 kg. 150 kg. 170 kg. 7.5 C.U. 3 Wild Boar 150 kg. 130 kg. 140 kg. 6.0 C.U. 4 Cheetal 75 kg. 56 kg. 60.5 kg. 3.0 C.U. 5 Chausingha 25 kg. 20 kg. 22.5 kg. 1.0 C.U. The calculation is based on 60% bones and 40 % meat in the body of prey animals. Chausingha and Chinkara meat content is 10 kg. per Chinkara Unit. This table can be used very safely for all day National Park and Tiger Reserve Management Plans. The present Management Plans of Dudhwa or Corbett Tiger Reserve do not have any calculation of availability of meat content in the park/reserve. I have been feeling that it is necessary to quantify the meat content of the parks for Scientific Management.

……………………………………………

Agent-Orange of Vietnam War-

By R.S. Shukla "Greeners", Rtd PCCF

It is neither James Bond, nor any is spy of any country. In Vietnam War, the U.S.A. fought 16 years and then surrendered and withdrew from Vietnam after over Fifty Thousand casualties of American Soldiers. It was the 88% Forest Cover of Vietnam that forced American Air attacks fail. The Vietnam people shot down many American Plaines and Helicopters by hiding in the Forests and sitting on the tree tops.

America used Agent-Orange in Vietnam War to de-foliate the leaves of evergreen tropical rain forest of Vietnam. It was sprayed on the forest were sprayed with a chemical called Agent Orange to dislodge the Vietnam guerillas who urged forest cover for their operations. This Agent Orange has destroyed 2 million Hectares of forest in Vietnam .

The same America has succeeded in Iraq War because it was fought desert conditions therefore the Satellite Technology could work but the technology failed in Vietnam because there thick forest cover.

The moral of the story is "FORESTS ARE SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE". Plant trees and save your country and soldiers. My detailed on this published in Indian Foresters and many news papers.

…………………………………………………………………………….

Tiger of Rehman Kheda

Mohammad Ahsan, Rtd PCCF UP & HOFF

Chilly winter days of January 2012 gradually transformed into breezy spring of February. The mild winters of February slowly melted into the light warmth of March. Lot many flowering trees bloomed. Semal and Palash turned into fiery red. Leafless Sheesham trees bore new soft green leaves. Holi was celebrated with gaiety, both by urban and rural folks. People sprayed wet colors on each other, and sang loud songs of mirth. Then, days of light warmth knocked on the doors of April. Reign of long dark nights gave way to one of long bright days. The farmers harvested good wheat crop, and mango orchard owners looked towards a bumper crop of mangos. Two third of the April too passed and now one could feel the heat of the daytime. May was going to be really hot, everyone thought. Water was getting scantier in small ponds and nullahs.

Besides the weather, too much had changed at Lucknow in the last four months. Elections were held in February and everyone seemed busy. Poll results had uprooted one government and paved way for another. People believed in change, it seemed. In the department of Forests, corridors of power remained the hatching ground of conspiracies. Top brass retired one after the other taking few battles to the Court as well.

What really had not changed in the last four months was situational attributes of this tiger vis a vis UP forest department. The tiger had discovered a perfect home in the thin small 70 acre jungle of Rehman Kheda. All evidences, direct and indirect, had pointed out its straying out from its real natural home, the Dudhwa National Park at a distance of about 200 km from Lucknow, towards agricultural fields.

Could a tiger get strayed so far and travel so long, everyone wondered. This jungle of Rehman Kheda, just a woodland with a small running water stream was really not big enough to support a tiger, yet it provided good cover to it in those long dark nights and short foggy days. In the beginning, tiger had preyed upon few neelgais inhabiting the same area. Later neelgais left the area under terror, and forest department in order to cage this animal or tranquilize it safely, started providing live baits to it in the form of buffalo calves, the goats, a domestic pig on one occasion, and later a full-size buffalos.

Despite forest department’s best efforts that included multi pronged strategies at the hands of experts comprising of senior foresters, shooters, trackers, wildlife managers, tranquilizing experts, the tiger could neither be caged nor tranquilized. Tiger had learnt the skill of survival under odd and abnormal situations in a home away from its real home.

And now the time and opportunities were slipping fast. The public outcry was at its peak. And media was crying hoarse about the ‘terror’ the tiger had created among the local populace, and its ‘sufferings’. The terror and suffering, both were somewhat real, somewhat imaginary. People’s movement had been grounded to almost zero by presence of this tiger and ensuing restrictions the forest department and district administration had imposed upon the public.

This tiger came into my professional life very late, and I too, under force of unmitigated circumstances, made a hurried exit from its life, even before the turn of events in his life could reach a climax. Climax came a little too late. At that time I was only a distant spectator.

Exactly on 1st of January 2012, there came a report from some rural part of adjoining Hardoi district that few pugmarks of tiger were spotted in an agricultural field. No wonder it was not taken very seriously. Hardoi district has hardly any forest cover.

Simultaneously a rumor was found afloat that few peasants had seen a tiger in the agricultural fields of Malihabad and Kakori, places not far off from Lucknow, merely at a distance of twenty km from Lucknow. These places are universally known more for their mango orchards and their innovative owners than any wildlife found around.

It was dusk time and the fields were laden with wheat and mustard. Dusk is the time when most optical illusions and visual confusions occur. On the basis of this premise, the event of witnessing or sighting a tiger by few peasants was not taken as very reliable. The second premise was: there are no jungles around Lucknow in a territory of 175 Kms. So sighting of a tiger, that too in an agricultural field at dusk, far from jungle, was at best attributed to drunken state of mind of those peasants. The matter was dismissed without much ado.

However on 7th of January, sighting of few clear pugmark was reported from a rural area around Kakori, a town about 15 km away from Lucknow towards Hardoi side. There were no report of any cattle killing, yet this area being nearer to Lucknow, the state capital, naturally called for taking the matter much more seriously by the forest department.

Forest department was still in the state of reverie when a report came on 9th January from Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Rehman Kheda, a fenced up area of about 300 acres, lying on the right of Lucknow –Hardoi railway line, that a neelgai has been killed in its campus by some tiger, and most of its part has been eaten away. With this news, forest officials rushed to the spot. Not only a big neelgai was killed but there were fresh pugmarks of tiger all around.

A story had begin.

So, a few things were clear. There was a tiger, and a male one, strayed away from its natural habitat to an area which was bare of jungle or greenery, the only possible exception being this very campus of CISH which had a number of mango and jamun orchards at different level of experimentations, besides some scattered thorny bushes; or the adjoining area of State Agricultural Institute which had few areas lookalike forest. Both the patches together still lacked depth of a shelter for an animal like tiger. Forest department had to see to it that the local population does not come to any harm by this tiger, and their life remains normal; at the same time tiger too is not damaged by any one, it is caught safely either by caging or tranquilizing , and transported back to its natural habitat.

It was a big and very uncertain task demanding of specialty, leadership, teamwork, PR and resources. Forest department in earlier times had caged and tranquilized few such strayed-away tigers, even had eliminated few under certain exigency, and definitely was equal to task; but as the later events proved forest department was no equal to this tiger’s wit, cunningness, coolness, adoptability and a very high instinct to survive. In the beginning, forest department imagined: with its experience, lore of handling such situations, and capability of roping in the services of specialists from the top institutes, it would diffuse the situation, one way or the other; but it was all wrong.

It did rope in the services of their own experts and some old experienced animal trackers, besides the experts on tranquilization from Wildlife Institute of India, Wildlife Trust of India, WWF, National Tiger Conservation Authority, Nandan Kanan Zoological Park Bhubaneshwar, and few others. Most of these experts were tired by the end of January and too eager to go home.

Long cold dark nights and dim foggy days of January, the sweet water flowing into Behta nullah running over the territory of CISH, thick luxuriant growth of scattered thorny bushes, presence of neelgais- although their number was receding with time for tiger’s terror- had all helped tiger to survive the month of January. All the strategies of forest department to tranquilize or cage the tiger had failed. Technology had come to the aid of forest department. It was tracking its pugmarks or other signs every morning and was trying to study its movement with the help of their GPS locations plotted on a sheet of paper. On the basis of this knowledge cages with live baits, mainly goats and small buffalo calves, were being put at the spots most likely to be visited by tiger in the night. The machans too were being tied at such likely spots too with tranquilizing experts over the machans and live baits under them in order to tranquilize the beast if it ever comes in daytime to take the bait.

The tiger never took the bait either physically or literally the entire January. It did come to some cage some time but had the sense and self discipline not to be lured into it. On one occasion, instead of entering into the cage and getting trapped, it just cut the tail of the goat hanging from the cage, and decamped with it. Later the forest department, in order to concrete its efforts, imported urine of some tigress from the local Zoo, and sprinkled it all over the cage. But sadly tiger was too experienced to be lured into cage thwarting all feminine entrapments.

On few occasions it killed the live bait of a buffalo calf under the machan in the darkness of night , hurriedly ate a small portion of it, and bolted away never to return to the same spot. It was playing its game cautiously and all its cards closer to its chest.

In the entire month of January 2012 hardly was it actually seen by any forest staff. Definitely on one occasion a supervisor and few laborers of CISH accosted it on a bend in a mango orchard one afternoon. This chance encounter was unexpected and every one bolted so swiftly that even the tiger felt embarrassed. Later CISH campus gave a deserted look. Most of the employees were asked not to turn up until tiger left the campus.

Technology further came to the aid of forest department, and one fine evening tiger got himself photographed in a camera trap. This picture of tiger was released to the media, and media kept circulating scores of sensational stories about this tiger for about a week.

It seems this tiger, localized to the campus of NISH and adjoining State Agricultural Institute, got so much bored that it started taking excursions in the night time. It often crossed under the fence of CISH, crossed over the railway track, and toured few village boundaries and agricultural fields under the glow of winter moonlight. However it did not enter into village habitation or killed any cattle or teased any human being, thus totally avoiding any controversy or embarrassment to the forest department. One night it went as bold as to have crossed River Gomti, visited few villages of trans Gomti area, took overview of the world around , and came back silently to its newfound home.

However all these activities of tiger bagged good time for rumor mongers and gossipers. A ‘tiger’ was ‘seen’ on the edge of so many villages and small towns at dusk time resulting into the loud outcry and killing of some harmless animals. Delay in caging the tiger also gave a good time to the agitationists, activists, trade uninionists and pseudo environmentalists.

My entry into the life of this tiger happened by default on 1st February 2012 when government appointed me Chief Wildlife Warden of the state. My retirement was due in two months’ time, on 31st March. My only fear was this tiger might not cost me my job and subsequently a disgraceful retirement. So the first thing that I did after taking over this job was to pray God to bestow upon this tiger necessary skill and courage to slip under the cover of darkness from this Rehmankheda woodland and march back silently to its original home.

God did not grand me this wish. So I had no option but to recourse to other actions . I asked old reliable Dr Utkarsh Shukla, the Vet; and Kamal, the tracker, of Lucknow Zoo to be associated with this mission in whom so many were already knee deep. Dr Utkarsh Shukla is Deputy Director and Chief Vet of Lucknow Zoo, and in few years time would have the world record of tranquilizing most number of animals in wild condition. Kamal is virtually a jungle worm and knows jungle and its denizens as intimately as one knows the palm of one’s hand.

My arms being tied with so many other botherations, I kept myself confined only to occasional visits of the area, discussing the matter on hand with staff and experts, counseling where necessary, briefing to the government and press, and left the real caging part of the tiger to the wisdom and ingenuity of local forest department and its officers.

However I politely asked Nawab Shafat Ali Khan of Hyderabad, whom forest department had called for consultations, to disassociate himself from the operation. He is the shikari and hunter par excellence and his experience in eliminating the refractory carnivore is extraordinary. He was the one who had eliminated a similar strayed out tiger in Kumarganj (Faizabad) under most difficult situations in the year 2009. This tiger had killed a few persons and was living in a small patch of forest, and had proved one of the most delusive animals ever noticed. Nawab had come to the rescue of forest department when most of its experts had failed, and not many options were left. Nawab had camped there then in that out-of-world hamlet for a long time under scant facilities, and had done that all at his own expenses. Taking such adventures was his passionate hobby.

I made Nawab sahib very clear that I wish to catch this tiger all very alive and safe, and since he has not much experience in tranquilizing the animals I would simply be wasting his time, although he was very willing to stay even at the risk of his own life. His presence was giving wrong signals to the public and press. Everyone thought forest department wished to hunt away this animal which was really not the case.

But why I discouraged Nawab sahib has much more to it than known to others. Taking a cue from him there was whole array of nawabs lobbying with the government for their participation in the affairs that would decide the fate of this tiger. I did not like this and discouraged all kinds of present and past shikaris to be associated with this operation.

In the meanwhile some more experts left home and some more joined to swell the rank of experts. Forest department’s LIT Guest House in the outskirts of Lucknow on Hardoi Road virtually became ‘centre for strategic planning’, and a borrowed room in the main building of CISH a ‘war room’. I called Roopkali, a trained elephant along with its mahout from Dudhwa National Park for the tracking purposes, later to be joined by another elephant Champakali. Later I called PP Singh Ex Deputy Direcor, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, to join the fray too. He was the one who was young and had extensive experience in tackling such situations. He was the one whom I had permitted a few years back to shoot an almost crippled ‘tiger of Kaanptanda’.

It was difficult to say who changed its strategies fast? The forest department to catch this tiger alive and safe? Or the tiger to survive forest department’s stratagems of trapping it? Tiger so far was successful in outsmarting forest department’s moves. Forest department was changing its strategies so fast that sometimes it looked as if it had no strategy.

Forest department then embarked upon lot many innovative ideas. Now there were not just live bait in the cages; at certain strategic spots tranquilizing experts themselves sat in the cages, half dug into bunker like pits and camouflaged with dry leaves, with a live bait close to the cage. Idea was to hit the tiger with tranquilizing dart from close quarter when it came to kill the bail. Tiger was able to sense it and never came close to these bunkers.

When tigers kill a big bait like a buffalo and eat part of it, they have tendency to come back to the same ‘kill’ to devour the rest. Hunters in old days sat on machans over this ‘kill’ to shoot the tigers. These days tranquilizing experts sit over such machans to shoot the tigers with a dart gun. This tiger never came back to its ‘kill’. Rather on one occasion it chopped off the head of the buffalo calf tethered to a tree with a thick rope, and took away its entire body from under the machan. On another occasion in daytime it did come quite close to Roopkali but one of the experts sitting over Roopkali missed the mark by his dart gun, and tiger went away happy.

Later forest department played audio cassettes of ‘tiger roar’ in the cages to attract the tiger. Either the tiger was too clever to be bluffed by these roars, or the ‘tiger roar’ was not loud enough to catch the attention of tiger. The strategy failed.

Then someone suggested bringing in a live tigress from the Zoo to attract this male tiger. The idea was bright and innovative but found impractical. It was adjudged highly cumbersome to bring in a caged female tigress from the Zoo, and put it in the vicinity of the cage having a live or dead bait. Idea was rejected.

Later forest department in an ingenious move brought in a trophy of female tigress, sprinkled it generously with the urine of female tigress, and put it at strategic points beside the cages with bait to attract this male tiger. The exercise continued for about a week. The tiger was not lured, and the trophy was sent back to the Zoo. Some more ingenuity was applied. The point from where tiger often crossed under the fence was blocked and some rope traps were laid. Tiger failed to get into rope traps. Later some long hunting nets, locally known as khabar, too were deployed but to no avail. Some ditches were dug on other side of the fence on its way to outings in the night. Tiger ditched this plan too. Tiger changed its course of outing.

There was lot of grumbling and clamor from the media and NGOs who were kept out of the spot of actual action.

Tiger remained unfazed from the event of assembly election in the middle of February and later Holi in the second week of March, although forest department was under tremendous pressure to keep the tiger alive and safe from hooligans and miscreants and at the same time handle the law and order situation. There were few pooling booths in the vicinity of tiger’s newfound home too. It was to be ensured that polling was no way affected by the presence of tiger.

Then came in more experts and opinion makers, and some more ingenuity was applied to the mission. A pit, 10 feet long, 10feet wide and 12 feet deep was dug at a strategic point. The dug earth was spread on one side of the pit, a buffalo calf was put on the base of the pit, and pit was camouflaged. The idea was; tiger, while chasing the smell of the bait, would fall into the pit.

The tiger did come to the pit in the night and sniffed the buffalo. In the meanwhile buffalo too, sensing the presence of tiger up above, got panic stricken, rambled, and made such frantic movements that it broke its own neck. Tiger sensing the danger moved away.

In the morning when forest guys reached the pit, they found the buffalo almost comatose hanging upside down in the pit. It was taken out of the pit and replaced by another buffalo with some modification in the camouflage.

Tiger did come again to pit another night and really fell into it, but escaped unhurt from the pit by making firm grip on the rain soaked wall of the pit with its claws. It had rained only a day before. It all sounds incredible but strangely it is true. It was concluded the pit was not deep enough. Another bigger pit was made of 12’x12’x14’ size , the dug earth spread on one side of it, and camouflaged much more intensively with dry leaves and twigs. Tiger never came to it. From the middle of March, course of events started taking more dramatic turns. Days started stretching longer and nights shorter. Sun was getting warmer and water scarcer. There was leaf fall in most of the trees in tiger’s new found home and thus much less availability of cover to hide . By all means these conditions were much less favorable to tiger than earlier. A new popular government had taken oath in Lucknow. Press, feeling relieved of heavy electioneering process and government formation, was now feeling rejuvenated and more focused on this tiger. The local population too, grounded so long because of the terror of this tiger, wanted more unrestricted movement in the area. Things were getting politicized. There was much more monitoring of this tiger’s wherewithal at government level than earlier. General perception was forest department has not been able to do anything concrete so far. It must do now or never. Some heads were likely to roll if something went wrong. No one was sure what was going wrong. After a fortnight on 31st March 2012 I retired from the government service. My job was not only intact but a day before my retirement government promoted me to the highest post. I thanked my stars and the tiger for not messing up the things. Thus I silently exited from the life of this tiger. From this point onward in this story, my source of information is a report compiled by Sub Divisional Forest Officer Sri BB Srivastave. He was the one person who was engaged in this operation from day one to last , and one of the important think tanks then. With the passage of time forest department inducted more experts and changed its strategies more frequently. The entire area so far virtually cordoned off from the eyes of public and press, was now frequently and massively visited by the public, press, government officials, bureaucrats and ministers. The tiger so far virtually invisible to forest people was chance- encountered in the first week of May by whole entourage of minister, press people and crowd of public and forest staff. It was clicked extensively, and next day the newspapers were full of coverage of this operation. The things were gradually slipping from the hands of forest department. Then forest department decided to slap all its resources on this operation. A fresh thinking was on its way. All the unnecessary staff was asked to detach itself from the Operation. The number of vehicles was increased, and more cages were procured from all over the state. Frequency of baiting was reduced. Buffalo calves were replaced by full grown buffaloes. Tranquilizing activity so far confined to daytime only was taken up in the night too with the help of strong search lights. Use of elephants so far limited to tracking of the tiger, was extended to tranquilizing too. More tranquilizing teams and their backup teams were formed and deployed. The entire area was divided into workable plots. The forest department was working on war footing. By the middle of April the shape of the operation had turned more like a silent haanka or kheda type of operation where few teams were working day and night to track the tiger, drive it to some suitable spot in the open , and to finally tranquilize it. Success came to it finally on 25th April. It was the day when teams had started their work right from 3.30 in the morning. They were trying to track the tiger on the basis of its movement after it had killed a buffalo a night before. Finally the tiger was tracked and driven by a team comprising BB Srivastava and others sitting on one elephant to a spot where Dr Utkarsh Shukla, Kamal and PP Singh were waiting on another elephant. As soon as the tiger came in range, Dr Utkarsh Shukla fired the tiger with the tranquilizing gun, and the dart hit it on its left rump.

Tiger had no clue as to what has happened to it. It rushed towards jungle and was further tracked. However its gait slowed down and fifteen minutes after it fell unconscious and hit the ground.

Rest of the story is very simple. It was put into a cage, its rising temperature cooled down by pouring water over it, and then treated with necessary antidotes. Surprisingly the tiger had no injury and was absolutely healthy. A large local crowd had gathered to see the tiger. Shortly it was visited by every high up from Lucknow including the minister, bureaucrats, press and public. Tiger was weighed and measured and its vital statistics recorded. Then it was radio collared.

Now this 10.5 feet long tiger, weighing 210 kg, all well and healthy, was on a different voyage and on a different lease of life. It was transported to forests of Sonaripur in Dudhwa National Park, and silently released deep into the jungle. It was believed to have come from there only to Rehman Kheda to stay in a thin patch of forest for about four months.

28-12-2016. Twenty Years After

Mohammad Ahsan, Rtd PCCF, UP & HOFF

Fact is, I had not known Gorakhpur in my life until January 1982. And then after an association of about two years with it’s jungles, in the year 2003 I was visiting Gorakhpur after twenty years.

In 1982 Gorakhpur was a big district. The district of Maharajganj was carved out of it a few years later as a separate district. There were dense forests there in the present Maharajganj district. The forest areas of the district were then known as North Gorakhpur Forest division and forests in the present Gorakhpur district were known as South Gorakhpur division.

It so happened that I was ordered to join as Working Plan Officer of North and South Gorakhpur Forest Divisions in the beginning of 1982. This order meant that in next two years, there would be no regular home or office; I would be camping in jungle most of the time, inspecting and mapping forest stock, and writing a management plan for these forests. It also meant June to September every year would be spent at Nainital, and rest of the months of the years in the forests of Gorakhpur.

I reached Gorakhpur exactly on 30th January by an evening train, and slept in a make shift arrangement in the campus of forest department. It was a miserable night. Mosquitoes were in plenty and ruthless despite cold winter night. Next day, I shifted to Ramgarh Forest Rest House about ten km from Gorakhpur deep inside forest on national highway. In the next two years, I camped at different Forest Rest Houses in the forests of North and South divisions for different duration, but Ramgarh Rest House became a substitute for any regular home that would have been there at Gorakhpur. The summers of 1982 and 1983 were spent in Nainital, there too without a regular home; but that is a different story. My stay at Gorakhpur prolonged beyond what was expected, and I finally left Gorakhpur in January 1984. Camping at different Forest Rest Houses with a small staff that included a driver of a petrol driven jeep, orderly, cook, steno and some other field staff, was the high water mark of this life. Mapping the forest crop, enumerating the trees, collecting the data, updating the management history of every plot, and writing a prospective plan was the kind of job I was supposed to carry out. This life had its highs and lows. The day usually began at 8AM in the morning when I would go to some forest block and compartment, make observations, take necessary notes and come back by late lunchtime. After lunch it would be rest time. There was not much social life except occasional meeting with some fellow officers when I visited Gorakhpur by way of official business, but this absence of social life was compensated by some new found luxuries. I enjoyed walking in the forest. I enjoyed bird watching, enjoyed identifying plants and trees, chatting with the villagers, long walks on the narrow forest roads, driving a jeep on them sometimes during nights, watching sun setting over the edge of huge grasslands, reading novels in the light of lantern or petromax, eating our meals before the fire-place in winter nights, and having long gossips with young Rani, my wife; sometimes indulging in small fishing activity in the ponds that were too many, riding on the back of the elephant in the forest, and sometimes just cursing this life. Night driving in the jungle offered rare opportunities of sighting some nocturnal wild animals like porcupine, toddy cat, marten, flying squirrel etc. Besides, one had wonderful opportunities of bird watching. I never knew till then that Gorakhpur forests sustained so many grey tits or racket-tailed drongos. For the first time in my life I observed miles long Jamun belts along the nullahs and rivers, and for the first time I saw what cane brakes were like: thick and cool, and shelter for such animals as tigers.

And for the first time in my life, I observed a Gangetic dolphin in the river Gandak. And, for the first time in my life I came across bands of local dacoits in jungle and developed a tacit understanding with them that we will not mind each other’s business. Jungles of North Gorakhpur (now Maharajganj) abounded in large number of water bodies. River Rohin, Payas, Gandak and other smaller rivers always offered some surprise in terms of aquatic life. Singraina Tal was host of thousands of migratory birds in winter season.

Forest Rest Houses of North Gorakhpur like Tedhighat, Kusmahuwa, Deibhar, Madhauliya, Doma Khand had distinct advantage of stay. They were deep inside forest, away from civilizations and any kind of communication. It is in these Rest Houses where I read lot many great novels in the light of kerosene lamp, enjoyed sun in the sylvan surroundings in the winter mornings, had long evening walks on narrowforest roads.

There was a forest mini-gauge train running between Lachhmipur and Chauraha ,that passed about 24 km all through forest and over the wooden bridges on small rivers. We enjoyed its ride. This train is no more there now but one can still see some of its relics. Time made it obsolete. Sometimes Rani and I went to Gorakhpur town just by impulse, caught some Lucknow bound train, and traveled home to Barabanki. It was still meter gauge between Lucknow and Gorakhpur. Reaching home (Barabanki) unannounced at all odd hours, and giving a pleasant surprise to mother was most enjoyable. Then Rani and I would tell mother about all our adventures of forest life, sometimes exaggeratedly. After a week, we would again be there in the forests having our abode in some Forest Rest House for ten to fifteen days, then to some other. Life went on and on until summers when we would go to Nainital to come back to the forests after end of rains.

Ramgarh Forest Rest House was the substitute of a home at Gorakhpur. This was the only Rest House with electricity although it hardly ever was there. Rest House was cozy and nearer to town. You could always go to town, fetch necessities, watch a movie, and come back by evening. Being on highway it was comparatively comfortable. It did not offer the typical amenities of forest life but definitely being nearer to civilization, had its own advantages. Rest House was a secure shelter as long as Tiwari, the chowkidar cum caretaker was around. Tiwari was a young man in his late twenties, well built, and inspired confidence. He was smart and knew how to manage the things. I had friendly chitchat with him on numerous matters. I finally left Ramgarh in the June of 1983, never knowing that I will be visiting the place only after twenty years. Lot of water had flown under the bridges of my life in the next twenty years.

My visit to Ramgarh happened in the month of November 2003 by way of some official business. Salute from a uniformed person pointed towards a familiar countenance. Oh, it was Tiwari. No more a chowkidar or caretaker! He had managed to get himself elevated to the post of Forester. However, what shocked me most was his appearance. He had grown middle aged, his ever-erect posture had given room now to slouch shoulders and a shade of dullness in his eyes. He smiled with a benign gesture at me and then burst out; ‘Sir, aap to kitna badal gaye, aap un dinon to bilkul hero lagte the’. While looking at me he had a serious disappointment in his eyes as if I had broken his heart. I knew what he meant. He had meant I was looking old.

That very evening after having dinner at Ramgarh Rest House I proceeded to Gorakhpur to catch a night train train for Lucknow. Time was the villain. It had given shock to me as well to Tiwari. It stood loyal to none of us. Next day at Lucknow, gloom was at its best, and was not ebbing down unless I had my pen and paper, and penned down the poem ‘’twenty years after’’, which became later one of my favorite babies.

Twenty years After

When we meet twenty years after Twenty years is a long time Just the other day you gasped how old I have grown How slim and trim and smart I looked then, the twenty years before How slouchy I walk now I thought in my heart how old you look now Twenty years before, you were the epitome of youth and energy Where is that figure of health and build You now look so old, tired and sullen We both were right World and Time had changed us both Time had contorted our faces and stolen our gleam World had sapped our energy We both were the victim of a tragedy, The tragedy of mortality and falling stars Only if you had not met me so long after, I would not be so sad I was not Dorian Grey* , Yet I always thought I was Self delusion and buoyancy had kept me afloat all these years Dorian was perishing, yet not always knowing he was Time was the monster, Devouring him slowly and slowly, bit by bit That was the tragedy ………………………………..

*Reference is to the Character in the fiction Picture of Dorian Grey of Oscar Wild.

(Lucknow- 6th November, 2003.)

………………………….

Article originally written 13-8-2008

Edited 21-4-2015

PREY AND PREDATOR RATIO CALCULATION FOT NATIONAL PARKS / TOGER RESERVES

BY R.S. SHUKLA ‘’Greeners’’ The inadequate number of herbivores vis/vis the requirements of food (meat) for carnivores has been not quantified as yet. I tried to do it on the basis of case study in Sasan Gir National Park of Asiatic Lions. I calculated the same as ‘ ’Chinkara unit’’ of available meat in the National Parks/Tiger Reserve. The table for the same is given as under -

Name of the Prey Recorded body weight Average Chinkara units

Male Female

1 Nigai 210 Kg. 170 Kg. 190 Kg. 8.0 Kg.

2 Sambar 190 Kg. 150 Kg. 170 Kg. 7.5 Kg.

3 Wild Boar 150 Kg. 130 Kg. 140 Kg. 6.0 Kg.

4 Cheetal 75 Kg. 56 Kg. 60.5 Kg. 3.0 Kg.

5 Chausingha 25 Kg. 20 Kg. 22.5 Kg. 1.0 Kg.

The calculation is based on 60% bones and 40% meat in the body of prey animals. Chausingha and Chinkara meat content is 10 Kg. per Chinkara unit. This table can be used very safely for all day National Park and Tiger Reserce Management Plans. The present Management Plans of Dudhwa or Corbett Tiger Reserve do not have any calculation of availability of meat content in the park/reserve. I have been feeling that it is necessary to quantify the meat content of the parks for Scientific Management BY R.S. SHUKLA ‘’Greeners’’ e-mail : [email protected]

Agent-orange of Vietnam War- BY R.S. SHUKLA ‘’Greeners’’ e-mail : [email protected]

It is neither James Bond, nor any is spy of spy of any country.In Vietnam War, the U.S,A fought 16 years and then surrendered and withdraw from Vietnam after over Fifty Thousand casualties of American Soldiers. It was the 88% Forest Cover of Vietnam that forced American Air attacks fail. The Vietnam people shot down many American plaines and Helicopters by hiding In the Forests and sitting on the tree tops. American used Agent-orange in Vietnam War to de- foliate the leaves of vergreen tropical rain forest of Vietnam. it was sprayed on the forest were sprayed with a chemical called Agent Orange to dislodge the Viestnam guerillas who urged forest cover for their operation. This Agent Orange has destroyed 2 million Hectares of forest in Vietnam. The same American has succeded in Oraq War because it was fought desert conditions therefore the satellite Technology could work but the technology failed in Vietnam because there thick forest cover. The moral of the story is “FOREST ARE SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE’ Plant trees and save your country and soldiers. My detailed on this published in Indian foresters and many news papers.

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Schleichera oleosa ?? ?? ????? ?? | ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? | ? ? ? ? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? | ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? | ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? | ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? | ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? | ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? | ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? | ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? | ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? - ????? ?? ????? ??? | ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? , ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? -? ? ? ? | ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? | ???? ????? ?? , ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? | ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? | ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? | ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? | ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? “????? ????? ?? .....????? ????? ....? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?” “? ? ...... ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ” ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? | ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? | ??? ???? ?? ??? , ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? | ???? ?? ??????? ???????? , ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? , ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?? | ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? | ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? , ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? | ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? | ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? | ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? | ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? | ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? | ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? | ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? .?? .?? .??? ??? ???????? ??? | ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ? ? ? | ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? | ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? “? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? |” ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? | ????? ?? ???? ?? .?? .? . ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? | ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? | ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? - ? ? ? ? ? ? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? | ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? | ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? | ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? | ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? | ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? | ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? | ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? -??? ???? ????? ?? | ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? “? ? ? ...... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?” “?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ” ????? ?? ??? | ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? | ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? | “? ? ? ....?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ” ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? | ?? ??? ???? 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