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Down and Online in Amsterdam Zuidoost Down and Online in Amsterdam Zuidoost A Qualitative Investigation Into the Role of Online Public Participation Platform’s in the Redevelopment of the Amstel III Office District Student Number: 11377542 Program: Sociology (MsC) Track: Urban Date: 10th July 2017 Place of Submission: Roeterseiland Campus, Amsterdam Word Count: 23,991 1 Abstract Platform technology is becoming more ubiquitous in contemporary society, as is the infusing of data and sensing technology into the urban fabric. This is a defining characteristic of the ‘smart city’, a concept pursued by the European Union, nation states and individual municipalities; notably, the municipality of Amsterdam. This thesis intends to understand the implementation of smart city technology on a local, social scale by investigating the role of online public participation platforms in the redevelopment of the Amstel III office district in Amsterdam Zuidoost. This research was carried out by studying the new technology of the ZO! City platform, a project based upon an interactive online map of Amstel III - known as the ‘interactive urban dashboard’ - where individuals can participate in the area’s redevelopment by proposing crowdfunded redevelopment projects. Alongside the study of the dashboard, this project engaged in qualitative analysis, through in depth observation, of the office district in order to compare the online representation of the space to it in reality. To further understand the role of public participation platforms in the Amstel III redevelopment, this project carried out two case studies, one based on participant observation and interviewing members of a local community garden based in Amstel III and secondly an analysis of a soon to begin building of a large scale student housing/public space development carried out through interviews and visual analysis of a concept handbook of the development. These studies highlighted that platform technology is a key component of the Amstel III redevelopment - formerly via the essential use of Facebook and latterly through the connection of diffuse redevelopment stakeholders enabled with platform technology - yet, the ZO! City interactive urban dashboard did not feature as a main component of the redevelopment. This project identifies three reasons for this - an absence of participation monopoly, lack of essentiality and through its infrastructure, poor usability. This project concludes by looking towards the future of the ZO! City interactive urban dashboard and ruminating on its potential uses as it develops, whilst also recommending that for platforms such as the ZO! City dashboard to be successful, they need to be an essential component to fulfil their intended function. Key Words: Smart City, Platform, Participation, Amsterdam 2 Contents Acknowledgements p3 Introduction p5 - Methodology p6 Literature Review - Smart Urbanism p8 - Platforms p11 - Urban Planning Participation in the Netherlands p13 - Participation on the ZO! City Online Dashboard p19 - Conclusion p21 The Amstel III Office District: Online and Offline A Building or a Blank Canvas? The ZO! City Online Interactive Urban Dashboard p22 - The Use of Colour on the ZO! City Dashboard p25 - Henri Lefebvre and the Dashboard p27 Where the Atypical Shall be Typical: The Amstel III Office District p31 - The Courtyard et al: Confined and Private Space p32 - Amongst the Office Buildings p34 - A Space of Reflection p36 - Conclusion p38 The Green Shoots of Transformation Sowing Seeds in Sand: Ubuntu Stadstuin p39 - The Role of the Municipality p41 - Ubuntu Stadstuin and the redevelopment of Amstel III p43 - Participation at the Garden p44 - The Online Ubuntu Stadstuin Garden p48 - ZO! City and Ubuntu Stadstuin p53 The Anatomy of a Catalyst: The Community Campus Amsterdam p56 - The Redevelopment p57 - The Community Campus Amsterdam: Built Environment p59 - “They Call it a Social Community”: Public Space at the Community Campus p60 - Public Park at Amstel III p63 - Public Participation p65 - Conclusion p67 A Platform for the Future? p69 Conclusion p71 Endnotes p76 Bibliography p79 Image Bibliography p83 Appendix p84 3 Acknowledgements It is no underestimation to say that I have worked harder on this thesis than I have any other project. It has been a great challenge. A challenge which has only been accomplishable with the support of many people. Firstly, to those who agreed to be interviewed for this project, I am incredibly thankful, for without your kindness and cooperation this project would not have existed. Secondly, Dr Adeola Enigbokan has been a fantastic supervisor for myself, as well as Elli and Elisa. Thirdly I wish to thank JPI Urban Europe, specifically Dr Colette Bos, who offered me the amazing opportunity of working on this project with them, as well as the chance to participate in their conference in Brussels, which was an incredible experience. Also I have to thank the incredible friends I have made here, but especially Elli and Darren, who have been incredible people to get to know (over numerous coffee’s and unfathomable quantities of small beers of course). Finally I have to thank my mum and dad, who despite being in the U.K, have been a great deal of support. 4 Introduction With the importance of ‘smart growth’ emphasised in “the EU’s growth strategy for this decade” (Europe 2020, 2016), smart technology is becoming a common feature in European cities. Amsterdam, ranked highest in the EU for the implementation of smart urbanism (Manville et al 2014, p71), is a city “with a large number of [smart] initiatives, each covering a variety of characteristics” (ibid, p75), in order to help achieve the city’s own sustainability targets (See: Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040, 2013). One of these targets is the transformation of “various mono-functional business parks [...] into areas with an urban mix of residential and business functions” (ibid). An example of such transformation is ‘ZO! City’ at the Amstel III office district in Amsterdam Zuidoost (Southeast). ZO! City is a digital platform which intends to encourage both companies and individuals to propose projects, from landscape transformation to sports facilities, via an online ‘interactive urban dashboard’ where interested individuals are able to view an interactive map with information and data concerning potential projects and spaces in the area; reaffirming this motive by stating that “urban development is not something exclusive for the government and developers anymore, but for everybody” (ZO! City, 2017). However a number of questions are raised which makes the area an interesting place to study. Firstly, why has a project such as this been started and how useful is a platform in facilitating the intended spatial transformation in Amstel III? Secondly, does the platform replace, or change notions of public participation? Thirdly, how does the ZO! City online dashboard, portray the Amstel III office district? Thinking through these questions and issues has led this project to investigate following: what is the role of public participation platforms in the redevelopment of the Amstel III office district? These questions will be answered through in depth investigation into two prominent projects in Amstel III. Firstly this project will look into the Ubuntu Stadstuin community garden, located at the southernmost section of the office district. The garden is premised upon notions of ‘permaculture’, “the conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive ecosystems which have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems” (Mollison, 2002, p ix) and, according to a respondent for this project, the “empowering” capability of people growing 5 their own food. The garden stands out against its surroundings of office buildings and neat hedgerows and shows an example of the office district moving beyond its mono-functional usage. Secondly, the first large scale regeneration project to take place in Amstel III will also be investigated. This is the Community Campus Amsterdam, a ‘public-private’ development soon to begin, between the municipality and two real estate firms. When complete it will be comprised of 950 student dwellings (to facilitate the nearby University of Amsterdam Academisch Medisch Centrum (AMC) hospital) and 450 apartments for the general public, as well as spaces for startup businesses. The Community Campus was investigated through analysing a design book for the build, which was supplied by a representative of the municipality who was interviewed for this project as well as attendance at a public demonstration of the project. This was included to highlight the differing approaches to urban transformation and to highlight both how public participation is fostered through this project and the role of ZO! City in its completion. This thesis begins with a chapter concerning the background information necessary to answering the above questions. This commences with a literature review of smart urbanism by highlighting the diffuse and broad scope of the concept through the interpretation and comparison of the different definitions of smart urbanism in the academic literature. Leading on from this investigation will be a brief application of theoretical literature concerning platforms to the ZO! City platform. Thirdly the history of public participation in urban development in the Netherlands will be unpacked in order to portray the different means of participation as well as how it is changing and developing. This, along with a demonstration of the public participation
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