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Barboni Et Al Phytoliths as paleoenvironmental indicators, West Side Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia D. Barboni, Raymonde Bonnefille, A. Alexandre, J. D. Meunier To cite this version: D. Barboni, Raymonde Bonnefille, A. Alexandre, J. D. Meunier. Phytoliths as paleoenvironmental indicators, West Side Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoe- cology, Elsevier, 1999, 152 (1-2), pp.87-100. 10.1016/s0031-0182(99)00045-0. hal-01909694 HAL Id: hal-01909694 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01909694 Submitted on 31 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223276225 Phytoliths as paleoenvironmental indicators, West Side Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia Article in Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · August 1999 DOI: 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00045-0 CITATIONS READS 123 288 4 authors: Doris Barboni Bonnefille Raymonde Centre Européen de Recherche et d’En… Aix-Marseille Université 46 PUBLICATIONS 916 CITATIONS 114 PUBLICATIONS 4,611 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Anne Alexandre J.D. Meunier French National Centre for Scientific R… Aix-Marseille Université 78 PUBLICATIONS 2,269 CITATIONS 58 PUBLICATIONS 1,810 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Doris Barboni letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 28 July 2016 ELSEVIER Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 152 (1999) 87±100 Phytoliths as paleoenvironmental indicators, West Side Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia D. Barboni a,Ł, R. Bonne®lle a, A. Alexandre b, J.D. Meunier b a French Institute of Pondicherry, BP 33, 11 Saint-Louis street, Pondicherry 605001, India b C.E.R.E.G.E, EuropoÃle MeÂditerraneÂen de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France Received 28 October 1997; revised version received 7 October 1998; accepted 13 January 1999 Abstract Phytolith assemblage analysis offers the potential to re®ne our knowledge of paleoecosystems where grasses and sedges predominate. In this work, Holocene and Pleistocene sediments from an arid tropical region in Ethiopia have been analyzed for their phytolith content, presented as detailed counts and diagrams according to the Twiss classi®cation. The aim is to test the usefulness of phytolith assemblages to indicate paleoenvironments at Middle Awash, where fossil pollen grains are poorly preserved in sediments that yielded abundant archaeological remains. The vegetation in the Middle Awash subdesertic valley is currently a shrub steppe dominated by C4 grasses adapted to arid conditions, with a narrow riparian forest limited to the Awash River. Our results show that modern surface samples, Holocene and Pleistocene sediments contain well-preserved and different phytolith assemblages, and therefore that no translocation processes from modern soil to geological strata seem to occur. Fossil records and modern assemblages are interpreted using phytolith ratios to estimate the density of the tree cover, the aridity and the proportion of C3 versus C4 grasses, as applied to phytolith assemblages from North America and West Africa. The phytolith assemblages from modern soil samples correctly re¯ect the proportion of trees and shrubs versus grasses, different in the riparian vegetation and the shrub steppe. Modern phytolith assemblages appear to be a mixed signature of local and regional vegetation. Phytolith analysis of the Holocene sample suggests a grassland, where the grass community is constituted by the Chloridoideae subfamily, adapted to warm and dry conditions and where C3-Pooideae cover the highlands. Phytolith analysis of the Pleistocene sample evidences grassland formation with scattered woody elements, where C4-Panicoideae grasses, adapted to warm and humid conditions dominate the grass cover. However, these conclusions need to be con®rmed by more complete study on phytolith assemblages from modern vegetation from Ethiopia. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: phytoliths; paleoenvironment; Middle Awash; Ethiopia 1. Introduction between cells of living plant tissues. They occur in many plant families (Piperno, 1988), but they are Phytoliths are microscopic opal-A particles (Jones especially abundant, diverse and distinctive in the and Segnit, 1969) that precipitate in cells and=or Poaceae (Twiss et al., 1969; Twiss, 1987, 1992). Due to this distinctiveness, phytolith analysis allows Ł Corresponding author. Fax: C91-413-339534; E-mail: for separation between forest and grassland, C3 and [email protected] C4 grasslands and, among the C4 grasslands, those 0031-0182/99/$ ± see front matter 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0031-0182(99)00045-0 88 D. Barboni et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 152 (1999) 87±100 dominated by the subfamily Chloridoideae and those belonging to the Pooideae (e.g. Poa, Agrostis, Avena) by Panicoideae (Twiss, 1987; Fredlund and Tieszen, and Panicoideae (e.g. Andropogon, Pennisetum) sub- 1994, 1997; Alexandre et al., 1997). Fossil phytolith families, Cyperaceae and scattered shrubs and trees assemblages from soils and lake sediments have (Sermolli, 1957). been used to reconstruct paleovegetation patterns, On the rift escarpment of the northwestern Ethio- especially forest=grassland ecotones (Alexandre et pian plateau, between 1500 and 800 m, mean an- al., 1997). Further, trends in grassland dynamics nual rainfall is mostly between 500 and 800 mm=yr have been investigated through the evolution of the and the mean annual temperature about 26ëC. Ev- Poaceae associations (Kurman, 1985; Fredlund et ergreen and semi-evergreen bushland and thicket al., 1985; Bartolome et al., 1986; Fisher et al., 1995; occur on steep slopes, with trees and succulents. Fredlund and Tieszen, 1997). Grasses belong to subfamilies Panicoideae (Chryso- This paper presents a preliminary study on phy- pogon, Cenchrus, Brachiaria), Arundinoideae (Aris- tolith assemblages, applied to paleoenvironmental tida) and Chloridoideae (Chloris, Schmidtia) (Gillett, reconstruction from the West Side of the Middle 1941; Gilliland, 1952; Sermolli, 1957; White, 1983). Awash Valley (Ethiopia), an area which is of partic- In the Awash valley, below 500 m, rainfall ranges ular interest due to its richness in archaeological and from 250 to 500 mm=yr, and the mean annual tem- anthropological sites. This work was designated as perature is about 30ëC. The climate is characterized a complementary study to fossil pollen grain analy- by two rainy seasons, respectively, in March±April sis, which has shown that grasses were an abundant and July±August±September (Delliquadri, 1958). component of the vegetation in the Ethiopian Rift at With a mean annual evapotranspiration potential least since the Pliocene (Bonne®lle, 1995). Because above 1055 mm, the region is considered arid. pollen grains are poorly preserved in Middle Awash Acacia±Commiphora scattered bushland, thicket and fossil sediments and because grass pollen is indistin- the shrub steppe occur here. Grass cover of the guishable at the generic level, phytolith assemblage steppe is dominated by C4 grasses belonging to the analysis have been tried as a new and complemen- Chloridoideae subfamily (e.g. Chloris and Cynodon) tary paleoecological indicator. Here we report on a and, in the small temporary pools, by the Pani- pilot investigation designated to test whether sam- coideae subfamily (e.g. Chrysopogon, Cenchrus, An- ples from Holocene and Pleistocene deposits yielded dropogon) (Gillett, 1941; Gilliland, 1952; Sermolli, phytoliths, and how they differ from the modern 1957; White, 1983). ones. The Awash River rises on the northwestern plateau of central Ethiopia at 3000 m of altitude, and crosses these different climatic and vegetation 2. Environmental setting of the Middle Awash zones in its descent. Its riparian vegetation, restricted to a narrow riverine forest zone in the Middle Awash The West Side of the Middle Awash hominid site Valley, is mostly dominated by shrubs, trees such as (10ë300N, 40ë250E) is located in the southern Afar Terminalia, Ficus, Tamarix, Salvadora and climbers Rift, straddling the Awash River (Fig. 1). At present, (Bonne®lle et al., 1987). The herbaceous layer is the Middle Awash basin structural context leads to mostly constituted by C4 grasses, such as Chloridoi- climatic differences between the study area and the deae (Chloris, Lintonia, Cynodon, Sporobolus)and northwestern Ethiopian escarpment. Panicoideae (Pennisetum, Sorghum) and also by C3 The Ethiopian plateau, between 1800 and 2500 m grasses belonging to the Arundinoideae subfamily, of altitude, is characterized by annual rainfall higher such as Phragmites (Sermolli, 1957). Table 1 gives than 1400 mm=yr, and by a mean annual temperature the list of the grass subfamilies and dominant genera of about 16ëC (F.A.O., 1965). It is the domain of for the western Middle Awash Valley
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