Section 3 Power for Mixed Analog/Digital Systems
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The Effects of High Frequency Current Ripple on Electric Vehicle Battery Performance
Original citation: Uddin, Kotub , Moore, Andrew D. , Barai, Anup and Marco, James. (2016) The effects of high frequency current ripple on electric vehicle battery performance. Applied Energy, 178 . pp. 142-154. Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80006 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work of researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) and may be reused according to the conditions of the license. For more details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ A note on versions: The version presented in WRAP is the published version, or, version of record, and may be cited as it appears here. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Applied Energy 178 (2016) 142–154 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy The effects of high frequency current ripple on electric vehicle battery performance ⇑ Kotub Uddin , Andrew D. Moore, Anup Barai, James Marco WMG, International Digital Laboratory, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK highlights Experimental study into the impact of current ripple on li-ion battery degradation. 15 cells exercised with 1200 cycles coupled AC–DC signals, at 5 frequencies. Results highlight a greater spread of degradation for cells exposed to AC excitation. Implications for BMS control, thermal management and system integration. article info abstract Article history: The power electronic subsystems within electric vehicle (EV) powertrains are required to manage both Received 8 April 2016 the energy flows within the vehicle and the delivery of torque by the electrical machine. -
Switching-Ripple-Based Current Sharing for Paralleled Power Converters
Switching-ripple-based current sharing for paralleled power converters The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Perreault, D.J., K. Sato, R.L. Selders, and J.G. Kassakian. “Switching-Ripple-Based Current Sharing for Paralleled Power Converters.” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 46, no. 10 (1999): 1264–1274. © 1999 IEEE As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/81.795839 Publisher Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86985 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. 1264 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1999 Switching-Ripple-Based Current Sharing for Paralleled Power Converters David J. Perreault, Member, IEEE, Kenji Sato, Member, IEEE, Robert L. Selders, Jr., and John G. Kassakian, Fellow, IEEE Abstract— This paper presents the implementation and ex- perimental evaluation of a new current-sharing technique for paralleled power converters. This technique uses information naturally encoded in the switching ripple to achieve current sharing and requires no intercell connections for communicating this information. Practical implementation of the approach is addressed and an experimental evaluation, based on a three-cell prototype system, is also presented. It is shown that accurate and stable load sharing is obtained over a wide load range. Finally, an alternate implementation of this current-sharing technique is described and evaluated. -
Output Ripple Voltage for Buck Switching Regulator (Rev. A)
Application Report SLVA630A–January 2014–Revised October 2014 Output Ripple Voltage for Buck Switching Regulator Surinder P. Singh, Ph.D., Manager, Power Applications Group............................. WEBENCH® Design Center ABSTRACT Switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) are used to regulate voltage to a certain level. SMPSs have an inherent switching action, which causes the currents and voltages in the circuit to switch and fluctuate. The output voltage also has ripple on top of the regulated steady-state DC value. Designers of power systems consider the output voltage ripple to be both a key parameter for design considerations and a key figure of merit. The online WEBENCH® Power Designer recognizes the key importance of peak-to-peak voltage output ripple voltage—the ripple voltage is calculated and reported in the visualizer [1]. This application report presents a closed-form analytical formulation for the output voltage ripple waveform and the peak-to-peak ripple voltage. This formulation is accurate over all regions of operation and harmonizes the peak-to-peak ripple voltage calculation over all regions of operation. The new analytical formulation presented in this application report gives an accurate evaluation of the output ripple as compared to the simplified linear or root-mean square (RMS) approximations often used. In this application report, the analytical model for output voltage waveform and peak-to-peak ripple voltage for buck is derived. This model is validated against SPICE TINA-TI simulations. This report presents the behavior of ripple peak-to-voltage for various input conditions and choices of output capacitor and compare it against SPICE TINA-TI results. -
ECE 255, MOSFET Basic Configurations
ECE 255, MOSFET Basic Configurations 8 March 2018 In this lecture, we will go back to Section 7.3, and the basic configurations of MOSFET amplifiers will be studied similar to that of BJT. Previously, it has been shown that with the transistor DC biased at the appropriate point (Q point or operating point), linear relations can be derived between the small voltage signal and current signal. We will continue this analysis with MOSFETs, starting with the common-source amplifier. 1 Common-Source (CS) Amplifier The common-source (CS) amplifier for MOSFET is the analogue of the common- emitter amplifier for BJT. Its popularity arises from its high gain, and that by cascading a number of them, larger amplification of the signal can be achieved. 1.1 Chararacteristic Parameters of the CS Amplifier Figure 1(a) shows the small-signal model for the common-source amplifier. Here, RD is considered part of the amplifier and is the resistance that one measures between the drain and the ground. The small-signal model can be replaced by its hybrid-π model as shown in Figure 1(b). Then the current induced in the output port is i = −gmvgs as indicated by the current source. Thus vo = −gmvgsRD (1.1) By inspection, one sees that Rin = 1; vi = vsig; vgs = vi (1.2) Thus the open-circuit voltage gain is vo Avo = = −gmRD (1.3) vi Printed on March 14, 2018 at 10 : 48: W.C. Chew and S.K. Gupta. 1 One can replace a linear circuit driven by a source by its Th´evenin equivalence. -
JFE150 Ultra-Low Noise, Low Gate Current, Audio, N-Channel JFET Datasheet
JFE150 SLPS732 – JUNE 2021 JFE150 Ultra-Low Noise, Low Gate Current, Audio, N-Channel JFET 1 Features and yields excellent noise performance for currents from 50 μA to 20 mA. When biased at 5 mA, the • Ultra-low noise: device yields 0.8 nV/√Hz of input-referred noise, – Voltage noise: giving ultra-low noise performance with extremely high input impedance (> 1 TΩ). The JFE150 also • 0.8 nV/√Hz at 1 kHz, IDS = 5 mA features integrated diodes connected to separate • 0.9 nV/√Hz at 1 kHz, IDS = 2 mA – Current noise: 1.8 fA/√Hz at 1 kHz clamp nodes to provide protection without the addition • Low gate current: 10 pA (max) of high leakage, nonlinear external diodes. • Low input capacitance: 24 pF at VDS = 5 V The JFE150 can withstand a high drain-to-source • High gate-to-drain and gate-to-source breakdown voltage of 40-V, as well as gate-to-source and gate- voltage: –40 V to-drain voltages down to –40 V. The temperature • High transconductance: 68 mS range is specified from –40°C to +125°C. The device • Packages: Small SC70 and SOT-23 (Preview) is offered in 5-pin SOT-23 and SC-70 packages. 2 Applications Device Information • Microphone inputs PART NUMBER PACKAGE(1) BODY SIZE (NOM) • Hydrophones and marine equipment SOT-23 (5) - Preview 2.90 mm × 1.60 mm JFE150 • DJ controllers, mixers, and other DJ equipment SC-70 (5) 2.00 mm × 1.25 mm • Professional audio mixer or control surface • Guitar amplifier and other music instrument (1) For all available packages, see the package option addendum at the end of the data sheet. -
Classic Filters There Are 4 Classic Analogue Filter Types: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Elliptic and Bessel. There Is No Ideal Filter
Classic Filters There are 4 classic analogue filter types: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Elliptic and Bessel. There is no ideal filter; each filter is good in some areas but poor in others. • Butterworth: Flattest pass-band but a poor roll-off rate. • Chebyshev: Some pass-band ripple but a better (steeper) roll-off rate. • Elliptic: Some pass- and stop-band ripple but with the steepest roll-off rate. • Bessel: Worst roll-off rate of all four filters but the best phase response. Filters with a poor phase response will react poorly to a change in signal level. Butterworth The first, and probably best-known filter approximation is the Butterworth or maximally-flat response. It exhibits a nearly flat passband with no ripple. The rolloff is smooth and monotonic, with a low-pass or high- pass rolloff rate of 20 dB/decade (6 dB/octave) for every pole. Thus, a 5th-order Butterworth low-pass filter would have an attenuation rate of 100 dB for every factor of ten increase in frequency beyond the cutoff frequency. It has a reasonably good phase response. Figure 1 Butterworth Filter Chebyshev The Chebyshev response is a mathematical strategy for achieving a faster roll-off by allowing ripple in the frequency response. As the ripple increases (bad), the roll-off becomes sharper (good). The Chebyshev response is an optimal trade-off between these two parameters. Chebyshev filters where the ripple is only allowed in the passband are called type 1 filters. Chebyshev filters that have ripple only in the stopband are called type 2 filters , but are are seldom used. -
Reducing Output Ripple and Noise Using the LMZ34002
Application Report SNVA698–September 2013 Reducing Output Ripple and Noise using the LMZ34002 Jason Arrigo ...................................................................................................... SVA - Simple Switcher ABSTRACT Analog circuits that need a negative output voltage, such as high-speed data converters, power amplifiers, and sensors are sensitive to noise. This application report examines different techniques to minimize the output ripple and noise with the LMZ34002 negative output voltage power module. Other modules in the LMZ3 family can also implement these noise-reducing techniques, such as adding additional output capacitance, a pi-filter, or a low noise low drop-out regulator. Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 2 LMZ34002 with Standard Filtering ........................................................................................ 2 3 LMZ34002 with Additional Ceramic Output Capacitance .............................................................. 3 4 LMZ34002 Filtering for Noise Sensitive Applications .................................................................. 4 5 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures 1 Diagram of the LMZ34002 with Standard Filtering ..................................................................... 2 2 Output Ripple Waveform with Standard Filtering ...................................................................... -
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Power Application Capabilities
VISHAY INTERTECHNOLOGY, INC. aluMinuM electrolYtic capacitors Power Application Capabilities Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors in Power Applications POWER APPLICATIONS • Motor Drives • Solar Inverters • Traction in trains or rolling stock • Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) • Pulsed Power RESOURCES • For technical questions contact [email protected] • Sales Contacts: http://www.vishay.com/doc?99914 A WORLD OF SOLUTIONS CAPABILITIES 1/11 VMN-PL0453-1610 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 www.vishay.com VISHAY INTERTECHNOLOGY, INC. aluMinuM electrolYtic capacitors for Motor Drives Introduction to the Application Motor drives are used to control the speed of various motors in all kinds of systems, from the small pumps and motors in household washing machines and central heating and air-conditioning systems to the large motors found in industrial machinery. Selecting the Best Capacitor for Your Motor Drive Application Aluminum capacitors are often used as DC link capacitors in motor drives, both in 1-phase and 3-phase designs. The aluminum capacitor is used as an energy buffer to ensure stable operation of the switch mode inverter driving the motor. The aluminum capacitor also functions as a filter to prevent high-frequency components from the switch mode inverter from polluting the mains voltage. The key selection criterion for the aluminum capacitor is the required ripple current. The ripple current consists of two components, a low-frequency ripple (50 Hz to 200 Hz) from the input and a high-frequency component from the inverter, typically 8 kHz to 20 kHz. -
Measuring and Understanding the Output Voltage Ripple of a Boost Converter
www.ti.com Table of Contents Application Report Measuring and Understanding the Output Voltage Ripple of a Boost Converter Jasper Li ABSTRACT The output ripple waveform of a boost converter is normally larger than the calculation result because of the voltage spike. Such behavior is related to the measurement method, the operating principle and the non-ideal characteristics of the boost circuit. The application note analyzes the root cause of the spike in the output ripple and proposes a simple solutions to solve the problem. Table of Contents 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................2 2 Observation in Bench Test.....................................................................................................................................................3 3 Root Cause Analysis.............................................................................................................................................................. 5 4 A Simple Solution................................................................................................................................................................... 8 5 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 List of Figures Figure 1-1. Simplified Schematic of TPS61022.......................................................................................................................... -
Experiment #6- Part-1 the FET Common Source Amplifier
University of Anbar Lab. Name: Electronic I Experiment no.: 7 College of Engineering Lab. Supervisor: Munther N. Thiyab Dept. of Electrical Engineering Experiment #6- Part-1 The FET Common Source Amplifier Object The purpose of this experiment is to test the performance of the common source amplifier using the self-bias circuit. Required Parts and Equipment's 1. Electronic Test Board. (M110) 2. Dual Polarity Variable DC Power Supply 3. Digital Multimeters. 4. Dual-Channel Oscilloscope. 5. Function Generator. 6. N-Channel JFET 2N3823 7. Resistors, R5=100KΩ, R6=10KΩ, R8=1KΩ, R7=2.2KΩ Theory The common source amplifier configuration is widely used amongst other JFET configurations and can provide both high voltages gain and large input impedance. In this configuration, the input signal is applied to the gate and the output signal is taken from the drain, while the source terminal being the reference or common. In order to work as an amplifier, the JFET should be properly biased by setting the gate-source voltage which results in the required drain current. The N-channel JFET requires that the gate-source voltage always be less negative than the pinch-off voltage, but less than zero. Since virtually no gate current flows due to the JFET’s high input impedance, the gate voltage is essentially at ground level. Consequently, using only a drain-supply voltage, the required negative quiescent gate-source voltage is developed by the voltage drop across the source resistor of the self-bias circuit shown in Fig.1. This circuit is one of the simplest and practical bias circuits for JFET amplifiers in which a single power supply is used. -
Lecture 24 Multistage Amplifiers (I) MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER
Lecture 24 Multistage Amplifiers (I) MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER Outline 1. Introduction 2. CMOS multi-stage voltage amplifier 3. BiCMOS multistage voltage amplifier 4. BiCMOS current buffer 5. Coupling amplifier stages Reading Assignment: Howe and Sodini, Chapter 9, Sections 9-1-9.3 6.012 Spring 2007 Lecture 24 1 1. Introduction Most often, single stage amplifier does not accomplish design goals: • Need more gain than could be provided by a single stage • Need to adapt to specified RS and RL to maximize efficiency ⇒ Multistage amplifier VBIAS Issues: • What amplifying stages should be used and in what order? • What devices should be used, BJT or MOSFET? • How is biasing to be done? 6.012 Spring 2007 Lecture 24 2 Summary of single stage amplifier characteristics Key Stage A , A R R vo io in out Function Common Transcon- ∞ ro // roc ductance Source Avo =−gm(ro //roc) amplifier Common gm 1 Voltage Avo ≈ ∞ Drain gm + gmb gm + gmb Buffer Current Common A ≈ −1 1 r //[r (1+ g R )] io oc o m S buffer Gate gm + gmb Common Transcon- Avo=−gm(ro//roc) r Emitter π ro // roc ductance amplifier Common 1 RS Voltage Avo ≈1 rπ + βo (ro // roc // RL ) + Collector gm βo buffer Common Current Aio ≈ −1 1 r //[r (1+ g ()r // R )] oc o m π S buffer Base gm Differences between BJT’s and MOSFETs BJT MOSFET βo rπ = gmb ∝ gm gm IC W gm = > gm = 2 µCox ID Vth L VA 1 ro = > ro = IC λI D 6.012 Spring 2007 Lecture 24 3 2. CMOS Multistage Voltage Amplifier Goals: • High voltage gain, Avo • High input resistance, Rin • Low output resistance, Rout Good starting point: Common-Source stage: •Rin=∞ •Avo=-gm(ro//roc), probably insufficient •Rout= (ro//roc), too high 6.012 Spring 2007 Lecture 24 4 CMOS Multistage Voltage Amplifier (contd.) Add second CS stage to get more gain: •Rin=∞ •Avo=gm1(ro1//roc1) gm2(ro2//roc2) •Rout= (ro2//roc2), still too high Add CD stage at output (to reduce Rout): •Rin=∞ gm3 • Avo = gm1()ro1 || roc1 gm2()ro2 || roc2 1 gm3 + gmb3 • Rout = gm3 + gmb3 6.012 Spring 2007 Lecture 24 5 3. -
Common Gate Amplifier
© 2017 solidThinking, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. An Altair Company COMMON GATE AMPLIFIER • ACTIVATE solidThinking © 2017 solidThinking, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. An Altair Company Common Gate Amplifier A common-gate amplifier is one of three basic single-stage field-effect transistor (FET) amplifier topologies, typically used as a current buffer or voltage amplifier. In the circuit the source terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the drain is the output and the gate is connected to ground, or common, hence its name. The analogous bipolar junction transistor circuit is the common-base amplifier. Input signal is applied to the source, output is taken from the drain. current gain is about unity, input resistance is low, output resistance is high a CG stage is a current buffer. It takes a current at the input that may have a relatively small Norton equivalent resistance and replicates it at the output port, which is a good current source due to the high output resistance. • ACTIVATE solidThinking © 2017 solidThinking, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. An Altair Company Circuit Topology • ACTIVATE solidThinking © 2017 solidThinking, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. An Altair Company Waveforms Input Voltage Output Voltage • ACTIVATE solidThinking © 2017 solidThinking, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. An Altair Company The common-source and common-drain configurations have extremely high input resistances because the gate is the input terminal. In contrast, the common-gate configuration where the source is the input terminal has a low input resistance. Common gate FET configuration provides a low input impedance while offering a high output impedance.