E Coeficiente De Sustentação (Cl) Num Protótipo De Le Mans (LMP1)

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E Coeficiente De Sustentação (Cl) Num Protótipo De Le Mans (LMP1) UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Engenharia Redução do coeficiente de resistência (Cd) e coeficiente de sustentação (Cl) num Protótipo de Le Mans (LMP1) Eduardo Emanuel Varandas da Silva (Versão final após defesa) Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Aeronáutica (Ciclo de estudos integrado) Orientador: Prof. Doutor Jorge Manuel Martins Barata Covilhã, junho de 2015 ii Dedicatória Avô desde sempre partilhaste a MODA, hoje e sempre partilhamos as nossas conquistas contigo. Varandas iii iv Agradecimentos Ao completar-se uma dissertação de mestrado, surge inevitavelmente a necessidade de recordar o trajeto percorrido e deixar registada a minha gratidão a todos os que sob as mais diversas formas e em diferentes contextos contribuíram para o bom sucesso deste trabalho. Daí que gostaria de prestar um sincero agradecimento: Ao Professor Jorge Barata pela orientação, quando andava desorientado. O apoio incondicional, a enorme paciência e a leitura crítica e cuidada ao longo deste trabalho. Um sincero agradecimento por todos os ensinamentos que me transmitiu quer a nível da matéria abordada, quer a nível pessoal. A partir desta meta alcançada permanece como um grande exemplo, com a sua capacidade de cruzar o máximo do sentido de responsabilidade e benevolência. “Aos ombros de Gigantes” - Stephen Hawking. Ao Ayrton Senna, pela sua frase célebre que me marcou e me fez olhar para a competição de uma forma diferente. “Não sei dirigir de outra maneira que não seja arriscada. Quando tiver de ultrapassar vou ultrapassar mesmo. Cada piloto tem o seu limite. O meu é um pouco acima do dos outros”. À Doutora Ana Paula Gomes e João Matos, pelo apoio prestado na análise microscópica, as correções e os conselhos prestados. À fantástica equipa - Professor André Silva, Christian Rodrigues, Diana Vieira, Eduardo Antunes, Fernando Neves e Pedro Manquinho pelas vezes que chateei, procurei inspiração, discussão e exemplo. Ao João Oliveira e à sua empresa TopShield, pela cedência de material dos seus magníficos projetos. Ao Adriano Niz, cedendo um pouco do seu tempo de descanso entre treinos, e pela oferta do fato da Arena. Ao Luís Silva, e a todo o Staff do Sporting Club de Braga, cedendo-me um pouco do seu tempo para me receberem durante os seus treinos e descanso. Para além dos km’s que fizeram só para me receberem e me entregarem o fato da Arena. v Ao Professor Rui Miguel e aos funcionários das Oficinas de Confeção do Departamento Têxtil pelo apoio prestado, simpatia e o tempo despendido. Cedendo-me gentilmente o tecido de lã cardada e a sua união. À Engenheira Têxtil Ângela Silva, da Universidade do Minho, pela ajuda prestada e com cedência da Cortiça. Ao meu primo Manuel Silva pela realização da magnífica pintura realizada sobre um material estranho para ele. Obrigado pelo apoio, incentivo e confiança que me transmitiu. À Célula Absoluta apesar de não fazer a gestão deste projeto, cederam-me a fita de dupla face, conselhos e profissionalismo. À empresa ITD e ao seu dono Ilídio Martins por manter o meu computador no desempenho máximo durante as simulações. Um muito obrigado. Ao técnico de laboratório Sr. Rui Paulo por me disponibilizar recursos, materiais e um pouco do seu conhecimento durante a realização deste trabalho. Ao Nicolas Perrin e à sua empresa Perrinn, por todo apoio, dedicação, disponibilidade, conhecimento, discussão e acima de tudo por fazer parte deste trabalho. Muito obrigado e em breve iremos ver o LMP1 a voar na pista. Ao José Simões, ao qual tive a oportunidade de conviver durante estes meses, pelo seu conhecimento, força, paciência, companheirismo, ajuda, conselhos e disponibilidade: um muito obrigado. Aos meus Amigos, pelas palavras de incentivo e confiança que me transmitiram. Vânia Silva e Vítor Gonçalves obrigado por todo apoio, boa disposição, incentivo e confiança. À Dona Dulce, pelas palavras de incentivo e confiança que me transmitiu. Obrigado por todo o apoio, boa disposição, incentivo e confiança. Ao Sr. Casimiro Soares e aos seus medíocres pela simplicidade e por fazer as simples coisas acontecerem. À Marta Teixeira, por estar sempre presente, pelo seu apoio e incentivo constante e sobretudo por me fazer acreditar que tudo é possível. vi À minha matéria cósmica, Avô e Padrinho, apesar de não ser possível quer a correção ou mesmo colocar o último ponto final, mas fiz como nos ensinaram. Não me podia esquecer da minha mãe e irmã, sempre presentes nos momentos mais difíceis, pelo incessante incentivo e força. Obrigado…por tudo. vii viii Resumo Atualmente as 24 horas de Le Mans para além de serem o “Santo Graal” dos desportos motorizados, a sua duração está para lá das 24 horas, colocando carros, pilotos e outros sob desafios contantes. É testada a velocidade do próprio veículo e a capacidade do piloto, mas mais importante é a durabilidade e confiabilidade do veículo. No entanto, a aerodinâmica surge como trunfo na melhoria dos veículos, afetando o desempenho destes, a segurança, ou até o consumo. Por outro lado, as velocidades são cada vez mais ampliadas à custa de apêndices na estrutura, como por exemplo as asas invertidas que proporcionam um acréscimo de downforce. Contudo, em qualquer desporto, principalmente desportos nos quais a resistência aerodinâmica esteja presente, a sua minimização é necessária. A resistência aerodinâmica é proporcional ao quadrado da velocidade. O ar em contato com o corpo origina forças de atrito, estando ligado aos efeitos viscosos, área de superfície, à rugosidade e a camada limite. Num protótipo de Le Mans da classe 1 (LMP1), também existe evidentemente, preocupação quanto à otimização do veículo face à resistência aerodinâmica. O presente trabalho foca-se no estudo do efeito da rugosidade de diversos materiais, tais como as fibras de carbono, fibras de vidro, tinta de automóvel, membrana de tubarão, fato de poliuretano, cortiça, película de vinil e tinta de aeronáutica na aerodinâmica dos veículos. Com a aplicação destes materiais na zona inferior do veículo, pretende-se que o escoamento não sofra resistência à sua passagem por esta zona. Porém, com o aumento da velocidade, há igualmente o aumento da downforce. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que houveram melhorias do Cl por parte dos fatos da Jaked e Speedo e por parte da película de vinil, destacando este último com uma melhoria de 68%. No entanto, o Cd do veículo é melhorado igualmente recorrendo à pelicula de vinil com uma melhoria de 8%. Palavras-chave 24 Horas de Le Mans, LMP1, aerodinâmica, fibras de carbono, fibras de vidro, tinta de automóvel, membrana de tubarão, fato de poliuretano, cortiça, película de vinil e tinta de aeronáutica. ix x Abstract Currently the 24 hours of Le Mans as well as being the holy grail of motor sports, its duration is beyond 24 hours, putting cars, drivers and others under constants challenges. It tested the speed of the vehicle itself and the pilot's ability, but more important is the durability and reliability of the vehicle. However, the aerodynamic improvement arises as asset of the vehicles, thus affecting the performance of the safety or until consumption. On the other hand, the speeds are increasingly enlarged at the expense of the structure appendages such as wings inverted provide a downforce increased. However, any sports, particularly sports for which the drag is present, its minimization is required. The drag is proportional to the square of the speed. The air in contact with the body originates friction forces, being connected to the viscous effects, surface area, the roughness and the boundary layer. A prototype of Le Mans class 1 (LMP1), there is obviously concern about the optimization of the vehicle due to the aerodynamic drag. The present study focuses on studying the effect of roughness of various materials, such as carbon fibers, glass fibers, automobile paint, shark membrane fact polyurethane, cork, vinyl film and ink aircraft aerodynamics vehicles. With the application of these materials in the lower region of the vehicle, it is intended that the flow resistance does not suffer its passage through this zone. However, with the increase in speed, there is also increased downforce. The results suggest that there have been improvements Cl by the facts of Jaked and Speedo and by the vinyl film, highlighting the latter with an improvement of 68%. However, the vehicle Cd is also improved by using the vinyl film with a 8% improvement. Keywords 24 Hours of Le Mans, LMP1, aerodynamics, carbon fibers, glass fibers, automobile paint, Shark membrane swimwear, swimwear polyurethane, cork, vinyl film and aeronautical ink. xi xii Índice Dedicatória iii Agradecimentos v Resumo ix Abstract xi Índice xiii Lista de Figuras xvii Lista de Tabelas xxi Lista de Nomenclatura xxiii Lista de Acrónimos xxv Alfabeto Grego xxvii Capítulo 1 - Introdução 1 1.1.Enquadramento do trabalho 1 1.2.Objetivo 4 1.3.Metodologia utilizada 5 1.4.Estrutura da Dissertação 5 Capítulo 2 – Estado de arte 7 2.1.História de Le Mans 7 2.2. Evolução do desporto automóvel 16 2.3. Materiais 30 2.3.1. Fibras de carbono 30 2.3.2. Fibra de vidro 35 2.3.3. Tinta de automóvel 40 2.3.4. Membrana de tubarão 46 2.3.5. Fato de poliuretano 53 2.3.6. Cortiça 57 2.3.7. Película de vinil 63 2.3.8. Tinta de aeronáutica 67 xiii Capítulo 3 – Desenvolvimento experimental 73 3.1. Sistema de eixos 73 3.2. Modelação tridimensional. 74 3.2.1. Nariz 74 3.2.2. Chassis 74 3.2.3. Carnagens 75 3.2.4. Roda dianteira e traseira. 75 3.2.5. Cockpit. 76 3.2.6. Cobertura do motor 76 3.2.7 Asa traseira 77 3.2.8. Modelo completo 78 3.3. Elaboração de um modelo físico à escala. 78 3.4.
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