Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 757

Index Note: (ill.) indicates photos and illustrations.

A Adams, Alton Augustus, African Day Parade, 470 African-American Aaron, Hank, 639, 640 454 African Dorcas Society, Catholic Church, 543 Abbey, Charlotte, 602 Adams, Cyrus Field, 402 512 African-American Male Abbott, Cleveland, Adams, Floyd, Jr., 361–62 African Free School, 205 Empowerment Sum- 719–20 Adams, John Q., 402 African Insurance Com- mit, 509–10 Abbott, Diane Julie, Adams, Numa Pompilius pany, 85 Afro-American, 402 342–43 Garfield, 607 African Meeting House, The Afro-American Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, Adams, Oscar William, Jr., 546 Woman: Struggle and 658, 662 226–27, 227 African Methodist Episco- Images, 730 Abel, Elijah, 578 Adams, Victorine Quille, pal (AME) Church, Afro-Presbyterian Coun- Abele, Julian Francis, 1–2 247, 369 537–41 cil, 584 Abernathy, Ralph, 522 Adams-Ender, Clara African Methodist Episco- Agins, Michelle V., 89 Abiel Smith School, 205 Leach, 440–41 pal (AME) Zion Aguta, Lameck, 721 Abolition, 115–17 Adderton, Donald V., 414 Church, 541–43 Agyeman, Jaramogi Abrams, Albert, 501 Adger, William, 163, 164 African Methodist Episco- Abebe, 551 Abrams, Roslyn Maria, Advertising, 77–78 pal Conference, 541 Aiken, William, 257 497 Aframerican Women’s African missionary, 539 Ailey, Alvin, 11 Abyssinian Baptist Journal, 415 African National Con- Air Atlanta, 112 Church (New York, African American Civil gress, 340 Air Force, 427–30 NY), 545, 546 War Memorial, 473 African Orthodox Akerele, Iyombe Academic and Intellectu- African American Poetry Church, 542–43, 583 Botumbe, 344 al Societies, 489–93 Archive, 204 African Street Baptist Alabama Christian Mis- Act to Prohibit the African Baptist Church Church (Mobile, AL), sionary Convention, Importation of Slaves (Albany, NY), 546 547 560 (1808), 117 African Baptist Church African Union American Alabama county and Actor’ Equity Association, (Lexington, KY), 545 Methodist Episcopal state government, 17 African Baptist Church Church, 543 225–27 Ada S. McKinley Commu- (Philadelphia, PA), 545 African Union Society of Alabama local govern- nity House, 482 African Blood Brother- Newport, Rhode ment, 347–49 Adair, Thelma Davidson, hood, 525 Island, 512, 521 Alabama Penny Savings 584 African Company, 11 African Zoar Church, 573 Bank, 81 757 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 758

758 Index

Alabama State University, Allen, Richard, 128, 471, Amo, Anthony William, Antoine, Carroll, 460 194 537, 537–38, 538 (ill.), 160 Apostolic Overcoming Alaska county and state 538, 562, 573, 573–74 Amos, John, 480 Holy Church of God, government, 228 Allen, William G., 182 Amos, Wally “Famous,” 583 Alaska Spotlight, 402 Allensworth, Allen, 434, 105 Applegate, Joseph, 186 Alcorn Agricultural and 482 Ancient Order of Glean- Archery, Oates, 243 Mechanical College, Alliance Theater ers, 525 Archibald, Julius A., 256 192 (Atlanta, GA), 20 Anderson, Charles Alfred, Archie-Hudson, Mar- Alcorn, James I., 192 Along This Way: The 464 guerite, 137, 155 Aldredge, Missouri “Big Autobiography of Anderson, Charles Architecture, 1–4 Mo,” 648 James Weldon John- Edward, 178, 190 Argrett, Loretta Collins, Aldridge, Ira Frederick, son, 726 Anderson, Charles W., 295 11 Alpha Kappa Alpha, 526, 277 Ariel Mutual Funds, 109 Alexander and Company 528 Anderson, Charles W., Jr., Arizona county and state General Insurance Alpha Lodge of New Jer- 244 government, 228 Agency, 85 sey, 525 Anderson, Edwyna G., Arizona local govern- Alexander, Clifford, Jr., Alpha Phi Alpha, 526 502 ment, 349 285 Alston, Charles Henry, 57 Anderson, George C., 402 Arkansas county and Alexander, Fritz W., II, Alston, Thomas, 637 Anderson, Hubert, Jr., state government, 273, 502, 653 228–29 258 Alvin Ailey Dance The- Anderson, James H., 405 Arkansas Freeman, 402 Alexander, Joyce London, ater, 11 Anderson, James, Jr., 449 Arkansas local govern- 309, 311 A. M. E. Church Maga- Anderson, Maceo, 8 ment, 349–50 Alexander, Karen D., 509 zine, 415 Anderson, Marian, xvi, Arlene, Herbert, 262 Alexander Pierre American Baptist, 402, 46, 477 Armstrong, Henry “Ham- Tureaud, Sr. Hall, 159 403 Anderson, Moses, 557 mering Hank,” 666–67 Alexander, Sadie T. Mos- American Baptist Mis- Anderson, Mother Leafy, Armstrong, Joan sell, 168, 169, 170 sionary Convention 586 Bernard, 246 Alexander, Walter (New England/Middle Anderson, Reuben Vin- Armstrong, Lillian “Lil” Gilbert, 255 Atlantic), 547 cent, 252 Harding, 37 Alexander, Willie Abner, American Federation of Anderson, Vinton Ran- Armstrong, Louis “Satch- 227 Musicians, 34 dolph, 528, 570 mo,” 21, 21 (ill.) Alexis, Marcus, 287 American Institute of Anderson, Violette Neat- Arnelle, Hugh Jesse, 153 Ali, Laila, 672 Architects, 3 ley, 240 Arnette, Benjamin Ali, Muhammad, 670, American Methodism, Anderson, William, 543 William, 260 670–71, 672 574 Anderson, Zack, 646 Arnwine, Barbara, The Alienated American, American Muslim Mis- Angelou, Maya, 18, 733, 124–25 400 sion, 571 742–43 Arrington, Richard, Jr., All Nations Pentecostal American National Bap- Anglican Church, 543 348, 348 (ill.) Church (Chicago, IL), tist Convention, 548 The Anglo African, 400 Asbury Methodist Church 580–81 American Negro Acade- Anita Bush Players, 13 (Lexington, KY), 574 Allen, Aris T., 247, 315 my, 489 Annan, Kofi Atta, 333 Ashanti Goldfields Com- Allen, Elbert, 218 American Revolution, (ill.), 344 pany, 109 Allen, Ethyl D., 389–90 430–31 Ansa, Tina McElroy, 411 Ashby, Helena, 353 Allen Hall (Huston-Tillot- American Seamen’s Pro- Antioch Association of Ashe, Arthur, 715 (ill.), son College), 159 tective Association, 86 Metaphysical Science, 715–16, 716 Allen, James N., 395 American Theatre of 543–44 Ashford, Emmett, 638 Allen, Karen, 534 Harlem, 466 Antiracial discrimination Ashley, Maurice, 672–73 Allen, Macon B., 249, 349 Amerson, Lucius D., 225 legislation, 121 Association for the Study Allen, Marcus, 684–85 Amherstburg Association Antislavery laws, 119 of Negro Life and His- Allen, Milton B., 369 (Canada and Michi- Antislavery petition, tory, 490 Allen, Raymond “Ray” gan), 547 115–16 Association of Black W., Jr., 226 Amistad, 128–29 Anti-Slavery Society, 546 Caulkers, 87 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 759

Index 759

Atkins, Hannah Diggs, Baker, Gwendolyn Barnes, Martin G., 377–78 Bell, Arthur, 10 261 Calvert, 221–22, 518 Barnett, Ethel S., 263 Bell, Charles E., 231 Atkins, Thomas I., 370 Baker, Henry Edwin, 596 Barnett, Etta Moten, Bell, Christine, 109 Atlanta Daily World, 406 Baker, James, 348 23–24 Bell, Dennis, 433 Atlanta phone directory, Baker, James Estes, Barnett, Marguerite Ross, Bell, Derrick Albert, Jr., 122 284–85 147–48 186–87, 187 (ill.), 188 Atlanta State Savings Baker, John L., 348 “Barren Fig Tree,” 572 Bell, Hubert Thomas, Jr., Bank (Atlanta, GA), 82 Baker, Monroe, 367 Barrett, Jacquelyn “Jack- 296 Atlanta University Sys- Baker, T. Nelson, Sr.,169 ie” H., 237–38, 361 Bell, Jack, 498 tem, 195 Baker, Thurbert E., 239 Barry, Marion Shepilov, Bell, James Thomas “Cool Atlantic City Bacharach Baker, Vernon, 444–45 Jr., 123, 522 Papa,” 631, 643–44 Giants, 631 Balanchine, George, 9, 10 “Bars Fight,” 740 Bell, Juanita, 428 Atlantic Records, 53 Balas, Mary Frances, 553 Barthé, Richmond, 66 Bell, Kathleen, 228–29 Attucks, Crispus, 430, 473 Baldwin, Cynthia A., Barthelemy, Sidney John, Bell, Robert Mack, 248 The Audrey Thomas 263–64 245 Belle Meade Country Show, 70 Baldwin, John, 521 Baseball, 629–45 Club, 528 Augusta, Alexander Baldwin, Lewis V., 180 Basie, Count, 47 Belleview House, 208 Thomas, 432, 591, 601 Baldwin, William, 455 Basketball, 646–64 Belson, Jerry, 298 Aunt Jemima, 77 Baltimore Afro-Ameri- Bass, Charlotta A. Spears, Belton, Sharon Sayles, Austin, Charles, 66 can, 403 314, 405 372, 387 Bass, Sam, 372 Austin, H. Elsie, 260 Baltimore County Med- Ben Moore Hotel (Mont- Austin High School ical Society, 531 Bassett, Ebenezer Don gomery, AL), 93 Bankhead, Dan, 631–33 Carlos, 276 (Knoxville, TN), 209 Benedict the Moor, Saint, Banking, 81–85 Bates, Daisy, 216 Austin, Richard H., 554 Banks, A. A., 583 Battiste, Luther H., III, 250–51 Benezet, Anthony, 205 Banks, Anna D., 503 505 Austin, Wanda M., 101 Benham, Robert, 236–37, Banks, Ernie, 637–38 Baxter, Nathan Dwight, Autobiographies, 725–26 238 Banks, Jessie, 373, 387 567 Automobile industry, Benjamin, Miriam E., 595 Banks, Lauren, 713 Baylor, Don Edward, 644 78–81 Benjamin, Regina M., 533 Banks, Tyra, 470 Beale Street: Where the Automobile racing, Bennett, Hyram S. Banks, William Venoid, Blues Began, 737 628–29 Thomas, 480 70 Beard, Andrew Jackson, Avery, Byllye Y., 612–13 Bennett, Marian C., 295 595–96 Aviation, 463–65 Banneker, Benjamin, 618, 618 (ill.) Beard, Delawrence, 247 Berea College, 191 Ayer, Gertrude Elise Banning, James Herman, Bearden, Bessye Jeanne Bergen College, 646 McDougald, 214 464 Banks, 212–13 Berger, Nathaniel, 97 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 338–39 Bannister, Edward Beatty, Talley, 10 Bermuda government, Azusa Street Mission, 579 Mitchell, 56 Beauchamp, Lincoln T., 333 Baptism, 544 Jr., 168 Bernard, Linda D., 510 B Baptist Foreign Mission Beauty industry and Berry, Chuck, 50 Bacon, Alice M., 617 Convention of the models, 466–70 Berry, Edwin C., 481 Baety, Edward L., 360 United States of Bechet, Sidney, 38 Berry, Halle Maria, 29, 74 Bailey, Darlyne, 159 America, 548 Beck, James Garfield, 392 Berry, Leonidas H., 607–8, Bailey, DeFord, Sr., 38–39 Baptists, 544–51 Beckford, Tyson, 469 608 Bailey, John H., 451 Barack, Obama, 202 Beckham, Ruth Howard, Berry, Mary Frances, Bailey, Lawrence, Sr., 306, Barber, Elroy, 551 169 187–88 381 Barden, Don H., 97, Becton, Julius Wesley, Jr., Berry, Theodore Moody, Bailey, Margaret F., 440 101–2 289 386–87 Baird, Erica, 181 Barksdale, Don, 700 Behagan, Jessie L., 381 Bertrand, Joseph G., 364 Baker, Ella Josephine, 516 Barnes, Anthony L., 349 Belafonte, Harry, Jr., Bess, Reginald, 493 Baker, Evelyn Marie, 253 Barnes, Carletta, 134 16–17, 26 BET Holdings, 74 Baker, Gail F., 156–57 Barnes, Emery Oakland, Belcher, Jacqueline M., Bethel Church choir, Baker, Gene, 636, 638 334 143, 152 37–38 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 760

760 Index

Bethune, Mary McLeod, Black Women in America, Bonds, Bobby, 645 Bradford, Alex, 45–46 135, 137, 194–95, 201, 733–34 Bonds, Margaret Allison, Bradford Specials, 45 278, 437, 472, 473, Blackburn, Cleo W., 495 41 Bradford, Steve, 354 473 (ill.), 522 Blackburn, Gideon, 582 The Bondswoman’s Nar- Bradley, Andrew M., 262 Bethune, Thomas Blackiston, Harry S., 167 rative, 734–35 Bradley, Buddy Greene, 30–31 Blackman, Pomp, 430 Booker, James, 523 (Clarence), 8 Bibb, Henry, 400 Blackshear, Lynyetta, 451 Booker, Joe, 497 Bradley, Cheryl, 505 Bible Church of Christ, Blackwell, David Harold, Booker, Simeon S., 409 Bradley, Ed, 423, 423 (ill.) 583 491 Boone, Sarah, 595 Bradley, Kathleen, 74 Bible Way Church of Our Blackwell, J. Kenneth, Boone, Sylvia A., 188 Bradley, Roberta Palm, 96 Lord Jesus Christ 260–61 Booth, L. Venhael, 549 Bradley, Thomas, 231, World Wide, 583 Blackwell, James E., Booth, Nita, 470 346 (ill.), 350, 351, 569 Biddle, Nicholas, 445 492–93 Booze, Mary Moore, 193 Brady, Saint Elmo, 180 Biddle University, 675 Blackwell, Unita, 373, 387 Boseman, B. A., 196 Branch, Ben F., 106 Biko, Steven, 523 Blackwood, Ronald A., Bosley, Freeman Robert- Branch, Frederick C., Bilal, 570 382 son, Jr., 375, 375 (ill.) 448–49 Billings, Cora, 558 Blair, Ezell, 122 Bost, Sara, 524 Branch, Mary E., 135, 137 Binford, Warren, 89 Blair, Henry, 592 Bostic, Joe, 45 Brandford, Edward, 466 Blake, Eubie, 60 Bing, Dave, 647 Boston, A. F., 485 Brandford Modeling Blake, Robert, 454 Binga, Jesse, 81–82 Boswell, Cathy, 704 Agency, 466 Blakely, Margarite Robin- Boswell, Leviticus Lee, Binga State Bank, 81 Brandon, Barbara, 6 son, 520 586 Birch, Adolpho A., Jr., Branham, George, III, Bland, James, 31–32 Bottoms, Lawrence Wen- 268–69, 392 664–65, 665 Bland, Robert, 163 dell, 584 Bishop, Josiah, 545 Branham, Lorraine, 414 Blanton, Dain, 722 Bouchet, Edward Alexan- Bismarck, Myrick, 292 Brashear, Carl Maxie, 457 “Blind Tom,” 30–31 der, 162, 163 Black Agency Executives, Braun, Carol E. Moseley, Blue, Daniel Terry, Jr., 229 Boulogne, Joseph, 31 497 330, 330 (ill.) Blue, Thomas F., 202 Bounds, Mary, 389 Black, Alonzo D., 249 Brawley, Benjamin Grif- “Bluestone” African Bap- Bousfield, Midian Othel- Black Americans, granted fith, 732 tist Church, 544 lo, 214 citizenship, 119 Brazil government, Bluford, Guion Stewart, Bowden, Artemisia, 135, 333–34 Black Brigade of Cincin- Jr., 588, 620–21 137 nati, Ohio, 445 Bluitt, Juliann Stephanie, Bowen, Clotilde Dent, Brazile, Donna L., 317 Black Christian National- 532, 611 440 Brentwood Baptist ist Church, 551 Boateng, Paul, 343 Bowen, John Wesley Church (Houston, TX), Black Entertainment Bodybuilding, 664 Edward, Sr., 135, 190 107–8 Television (BET), 71 Boegues, Rosine, 553 Bowen, Ruth Jean, 93–94 Brewer, Jesse A., 352 Black Family Summit, 124 Bol, Manute, 653 Bowers, Joseph Oliver, Brewster, W. Herbert, Sr., Black, Joe, 635 Bolden, Charles “Buddy,” 555 42 Black Judaism, 551. See 34 Bowles, Eva del Vakia, Brice, Carol, 43 also Judaism Bolden, Charles Frank, Jr., 513–14 Bridges, Ruby, 217 Black Manifesto, 576 622 Bowling, 664–65 Briggs, James W., 534 Black Methodists for Bolden, Joyce J., 507, 511 Bowman, Laura, 25 Briggs, Kimberly, 619 Church Renewal, 576 Bolin, Gaius C., 379 Bowman, William Alton, Brimmer, Andrew Felton, Black No More, 736 Bolin, Jane Mathilda, 520 283–83 Black Patriots Founda- 172, 379 Boxing, 665–72 Briscoe, Connie, 417 tion, 473–74 Bolle, Winnie McKenzie, Boyd, Gerald M., 414–15 Briscoe, Gayle, 508 “Black Power,” 124 566 Boyd, Gwendolyn, 348 Briscoe, Marlin, 677 Black Power Conference, Bolling, Bruce C., 370 Boyd, R. F., 530 Brisco-Hooks, Valerie, 704 124 Bolton, Terrell D., 395 Boyd, William M., III, 139 Bristow, Lonnie R., 531, The Black Sleuth, 736 Bond, Horace Mann, 135 Boye, Madio, 339 533 Black Tennis and Sports Bond, Julian, 314 Boykins, Amber, 254 Broad Ax, 402 Foundation, 517 Bonds, Barry Lamar, 645 Boykins, Billie, 254 Brock, Lou, 642 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 761

Index 761

Brock, Roslyn McCallister, Brown, Jesse, 291 Buchanan, Patrick J., 317 C 521 Brown, Jesse Leroy, Buckles, Morty, 629 Cable, Theodore “Ted,” Brooke, Edward William, 456–57 Buckley, Victoria “Vikki,” 718 III, 249, 329 Brown, Jill, 487 232 Cade, Henry, 532 Brooklyn, Illinois, 363 Brown, Jim Nathaniel, “Buffalo soldiers,” 433, Cadoria, Sherian Grace, Brooklyn Uniques, 629 678 450 442 Brooks, Angie Elizabeth, Brown, Joyce, 143, 155 Bufford, Daisy, 25 Caesar, Lois Towles, 516 337–38, 343–44, 344 Brown, Kwame, 663 Buford, Kenneth L., 347 Caesar, Richard, 531 (ill.) Brown, Lee Patrick, 394, Bulah, Sarah, 197 Cain, Herman, 504 Brooks, Elmer D., 519 395, 501 Cain, Richard H., 318 Bulkley, William L., 167 Brooks, Gwendolyn, 477, Brown, Michael D., 359 Caldwell, Charles, 251–52 Bullard, Eugene, 460 742, 742 (ill.) Brown, Morris, 128, 538 Calhoun, Lee Quincy, 701 Brooks, Robert S., 436 Brown, Robert J., 112 Bumbry, Grace Ann, 48 California county and Brooks, Vincent K., 451 Brown, Ron, 291, 316, Bunche, Ralph Johnson, state government, Brotherhood of Sleeping 329 168, 185, 278, 477, 229–32 Car Porters, 86, 522 Brown, Sarah W., 163 488 (ill.), 491 California Eagle, 405 Broussard, Allen E., 496 Brown, Solomon G., 589 Burgess, John M., 536 California local govern- Brown, Ava L., 500 Brown, Thomas Edison, (ill.), 564 ment, 350–54 Brown, Ben, 315 Jr., 237 Burke, Lillian W., 386 California Owl, 405 Brown, Broadine M., 300 Brown, Tony, 421 Burke, Selma, 65–66 Caliver, Ambrose, 165, Brown, Caesar, 431 Brown, Vander, Jr., 112 Burke, Yvonne Watson 172 Brown, Charlotte Brown, Wesley A., 452 Braithwaite, 230, 230 Callender, Charles, 12 Hawkins, 210–11, 211 Brown, Willard Jessie, (ill.), 231, 322–23, 352 Callender, Clive Orville, (ill.), 473 631 Burks, Ishmon F., 245 612 Brown, Cheryl Adrenne, Brown, William Wells, Burleigh, Harry T., 36 Calloway, Blanche, 39, 467 11–12, 734 Burney, William D., Jr., 359 Brown, Cora M., 250 Brown, Willie Lewis, Jr., 368 Calloway, Cab, 52–53 Brown, Corinne, 327 231, 353–54 Burns, Diann, 74 Calloway, Deverne Lee, Brown, Dorothy Lavinia Brown, Wynston, 664 253 Burns, Francis, 575 “D,” 268, 608–9 Brown, Yvonne, 374 Calvary Methodist Burns, W. Haywood, 146 Brown, Dwayne, 243 Brown-Chappell, Willa, Church (Cincinnati, Brown, E. D., 583 464 Burrill, Mary P., 13–14 OH), 574 Brown, Elaine, 523–24 Browne, George Daniel, Burris, Chuck, 362 Calvin, Floyd Joseph, 419 Brown, Erroll M., 447–48 564 Burris, Roland Wallace, Calvin, Virginia Brown, Brown Fellowship of Browne, Marjorie Lee, 241 222, 222–23 Charleston, South Car- 175–76 Burroughs, Nannie, Camp Lejeune, 448 olina, 512 Browne, Rose Butler, 171, 548–48 Camp Meeting Shouts, 60 Brown, Frank Lewis, 362 174 Burrus, William, 89–90 Campanella, Roy Brown, Gayleatha, 519 Bruce, Blanche Kelso, Burundi government, 334 “Campy,” 635–36 Brown, George (newspa- 164, 329 Bush, Anita, 13, 22 Campbell, Carlos Cardo- per founder), 402 Bruce, Herbert L., 378 Bush, Charles Vernon, zo, 288 Brown, George (Ten- Bruce, John Edward, 736 331 Campbell, Chris, 672 nessee Supreme Court Brutus, Phillip, 359 Bush, Mary K., 98 Campbell, Cloves C., 228 justice), 268 Bryan, Andrew, 544, Campbell, Elmer Simms, Bush, William Owen, 272 Brown, George L. (Col- 545–46 4–5 Business and professional orado politician), 232 Bryant, Joe, 659 Campbell, George, 157 organizations, 493 Brown, Henry, 11 Bryant, Kobe B., 659–60 Campbell, Gertrude Sims, Butler, Gloria, 237 Brown, J. Theodore, Jr., Bryant, Roy, Sr., 583 284, 299 618–19 Bryson, Naomi, 505 Butler, Lauretta Green, 9 Campbell, Joan Salmon, Brown, Janice Rogers, Buchanan, Bessie Allison, Butler, Octavia, 739 584 231–32 224 (ill.), 256–57 Butler, Selena Sloan, 494 Campbell, Lucie, 37 Brown, Jeanette L., 293 Buchanan, Calvin D. Bynoe, Peter C. B., 654 Campbell, Mark, 484 Brown, Jefferson, 163 “Buck,” 299 Bystander, 403 Campbell, Milt Gray, 701 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 762

762 Index

Campbell, Ralph, Jr., 259 Carver, George Washing- Cheatham, Henry, 318 Christ’s Sanctified Holy Campbell, Thomas Mon- ton, 471, 472, 473, Checker, Chubby, 47 Church, 583 roe, 200 720 Cheek, Donna Marie, 696 Chukwuogo-Roy, Chin- Camphor, Alexander P., Cary, William Sterling, Chenault, Kenneth I., 100 we, 59 575 527 Chenault, Lawrence, 22 Church of Christ, Holi- Canada government, 334 Cash, James Ireland, Jr., Cherry, F. S., 551–52 ness, USA, 583 Canada, Alexia Irene, 613 188–89 Cherry, Gwendolyn Church of Christ Holiness, Canady, Blanton Cassey, Peter Williams, Sawyer, 234 USA/Church of God in Thandreus, 502 562–63 Chesapeake Marine Rail- Christ, 583 Cannon, Katie Geneva, Catechism classes, 553 way and Drydock Church of England, 560 584 Catholic Afro-American Company, 111 Church of God and Saints Capers, Jean Murrell, 386 Lay Congress, 554 Cheshier, Isaac, 569 of Christ (Lawrence, Capital Savings Banks Catholics, 552–59 Chesnutt, Charles W., KS), 551–52, 583 (Washington, DC), 81 Catlett, Elizabeth, 174–75 735–36 Church of God in Christ Capitien, Elisa Johannes, Cato (slave), 127 Chess, 672–73 (COGIC), 580 730 Cayton, Horace R., Sr., Chess, Sammie, Jr., Church of the Good Card, Larry D., 228 402 258–59 Shepherd (Alabama), Cardozo, Francis Louis, Celebrations, 470–72 Chester, Thomas Morris, 562 196, 207–8, 265, 561 Celestin, Joseph, 359–60 401 Church of the Holy Fami- Carey, Archibald J., Jr., Chamberlain, Wilt “the ly (Nashville, TN), 555 Chestnut, Wendell, 713 280 Stilt,” 648–49 Church of the Living God Chevalier de Saint- Carey, Lott, 546 Chambers, Clarice Lor- (Christian Workers for Georges, 31 Carlos, John Wesley, 703 raine, 511 Fellowship), 583 Cheyney State College, Carmichael, Stokely, 124 Chambliss, Prince C., Jr., Church of the Living God, 191 Carnegie, Mary Eliza- 508 the Pillar and Ground Chicago Civic Opera beth, 416–17 Chandler, Cassandra, 306 of the Truth, 583 Company, 41 Carney, William Harvey, Chaney, John, 652 Church of the Living God, Chicago Defender, 404 432 Chapel, Quinn, 538 the Pillar Ground of Chicago Local 208 Carpenter, Charles E., 163 Chapman, Charles P., 713 Truth of All Nations, (union), 34 Carrillo, Sergio, 557 Chapman Company, 83 551 Childress, Alice, 16 Carroll, Diahann, 17, 68 Chapman Holdings, Inc., Church of the Redemp- Carroll, Vinnette Justine, 109–10 Chinn, May Edward, 607 tion (Chicago, IL), 586 18–19 Chapman, Nathan A., Jr., Chip Woman’s Fortune, Civil rights and political Carruthers, George 83, 156 14 organizations, 521–24 Robert, 598 Chappell, Emma Carolyn, Chisholm, Shirley Anita Church, Robert Reed, 93 “Carry Me Back to Old 83, 84 St. Hill, 1, 321, 321 Church, Sarah Roberta, Virginny,” 31–32 Chappelle, Yvonne Reed, (ill.) 267 Carson, Benjamin 586 Chisum, Gloria Twine, Cinque, 129 Solomon, 613 Charitable and civic orga- 204 Circus, 6–7 Carson, Cori, 658 nizations, 512–21 Chow, Kenneth, 410 Civil Rights Act (1964), Carson, Julia M., 328 Charitable medical orga- Christian, Barbara T., 188 121 Carter, Ammi, 552 nizations, 589 Christian, Charlie, 42 Civil Rights Act (1968), Carter, Cris, 686–87 Charles, Mary Eugenia, Christian Church (Disci- 121 Carter, Edward A., Jr., 445 334 ples of Christ), 559–60 Civil rights and govern- Carter, Eunice Hunton, Charleston, 14 Christian Herald, The, ment action, 117–21 379 Charleston, Oscar, 631 400 Civil rights and group Carter, Herbert, 519 Charles, Ray, 51 Christian Recorder, 403, action, 121–25 Carter, Pamela Lynn, 243 Charlotte Hawkins Brown 415 Civil Rights Bill (1866), Carter, Sara Lou Harris, Memorial State His- Christian, William, 583 118 466 toric Site, 473 Christian-Green, Donna Civil Rights Bill (1875), Carter, Warrick L., 157 Chase, James, 397 M., 328 119 Cartoons, 4–6 Chase, John S., 3 Christie, Linford, 707 Civil rights, miscellaneous Cartwright, Bill, 663–64 Chavis, John, 581–82 Christopher, M. J., 404 firsts, 125–26 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 763

Index 763

Civil War, 445–46 Clorindy—The Origin of College Fund/UNCF, 493 Colored Methodist Epis- Clair, Matthew W., Sr., the Cake-Walk, 12 College integration, copal Church, 583 575 Clotel; Or, The President’s 196–200 Colored Methodist Soci- Clarence and Corinne of Daughter: A Narrative College Language Associ- ety (Baltimore, MD), God’s Way, 731 of Slave Life in the ation, 489 573 The Clarion, 400 United States, 734 Collett, Wayne, 703 Colored National Labor Clark, Charles Warfield, Clyburn, Jim, 326 Colley, W. W., 548 Union, 86 531 Coachman, Alice, 700 Collier, Maxie T., 163 The Colored Patriots of Clark, Frank M., 102 Cobb, Delmarie, 316 Collier-Wilson, Wanda, the American Revolu- Clark, Hope, 20 Cobb, Jewel Plummer, 374 tion, 729 Clark, Kenneth Bancroft, 142, 143 Collins, Bernice, 7 Colored Primitive Bap- 483, 484, 492 Cobb, W. Montague, 491 Collins, Cardiss Hortense tists, 583 Clark, Kwame, 684 Coburn, Titus, 431 Robertson, 322, 323, The Colored Tennessean, Clark, Mamie Phipps, 483 Cochran, Donnie, 458–59 524 401, 402 Clark Memorial Cockell, Larry, 303 Collins, Henry Holton, Colored Young Men’s Methodist Church Coffey, Cornelius R., 350 Christian Association, (Nashville, TN), 574 464–65 Collins, Janet, 9 512, 513 Clark, Robert G., 252, 253 Coffey, Lillian B., 580 Collins, Louise, 26 Colston, James, 139 Clark, William, 474 Coffey, Maryann, 528 Collins, Robert Frederick, Commemorative coins, Clark, Yvonne, 177 Coffin, Alfred O., 165 309 472 Cofield, Elizabeth Bias, Clarke, Alyce Griffin, 252 Collins, Thelma, 373, 387 Commemorative stamps, 259 Clarke, John Henrik, Collins-Agrett, Loretta, 472 Coke, Thomas, 572–73 305–6 215–16 Commemoratives and Coker, Daniel, 538, 539 Clay, Cassius, 670 Collins-Reid, LaVerne, monuments, 472–74 Colbert, Judith Alane, 97 501 Clay, Eric Lee, 312 Commissiong, Janelle Cole, Johnnetta Betsch, Colorado county and Clay, Phillip L., 158 Penny, 467 137, 145–46 state government, Clay, William L., 321 Condition, Elevation, Cole, Kathy, 353 232–33 Clayton, Alonzo, 695 Emigration and Des- Cole, Nat King, 61–62, 67 Colorado local govern- Clayton, Eugene S., 367 tiny of the Colored Cole, R. Guy, Jr., 312 ment, 355 Clayton, Eva M., 326 People of the United Cole, Rebecca J., 602 Colored American, 400, Clayton, Helen, 516 States, Politically Con- Cole, Robert “Bob,” 12 402 Clayton, Robert L., 98 sidered, 740 Cole, Thomas Winston, Colored American Opera Clayton, Xernona, 68 Conference of Church- Jr., 146 Company, 31 workers Among Col- Cleage, Albert B., Jr., 551 Coleman, Bessie, 463, 472 Colored Baptist Society ored People, 563 Cleaver, Emanuel, II, Coleman, Charles E., 222 and Friends to Congo, Simon, 378 374–75 Coleman, James H., 256 Humanity (Illinois), Clef Club Orchestra, 36 Coleman, Michael Ben- 547 Congregationalists, Clement, Emma Clarissa, nett, 261, 389 Colored Brotherhood 560–61 477 Coleman, Tausha, 451 and Sisterhood of Congress of Racial Equali- Clement, Eufus Early, 215 Coleman, Valerie, 424 Honor, 525 ty (CORE), 122 Clemente, Roberto, 639 Coleman, William Thad- Colored (Christian) Congressional Black Cau- Clements, Floy, 240 deus, Jr., 330–31 Methodist Episcopal cus, 322 Clements, George H., 558 Coles, Anna Bailey, 617 Church, 560 The Conjure Man Dies, Clemon, U. W., 311 Coles, Edward, 363 Colored Citizen (Missis- 737 Clemson University, 199 College administrators, sippi), 402 Conley, Nellie, 22 Cleveland, James, 51 134–59 Colored Citizen (Mon- Connally, C. Ellen, 151 Clifford, Maurice C., 598 College buildings, 159–60 tana), 402 Connecticut county and Clifton, Nathaniel College degrees, 160–82 Colored Cumberland state government, “Sweetwater,” 646, College faculty, 182–91 Presbyterian Church, 233 647 College foundings, 584 Connecticut local govern- Clinton, Bill, 742 191–96 The Colored Man’s Jour- ment, 355–56 Clopton, Karen V., 354 College fund-raising, 196 nal, 400 The Conservator, 401 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 764

764 Index

Consolidated American Craig, Walter, 33 Daly, Victor, 687 Davis, Sammy, Jr., 483–84 Baptist Missionary Craig-Jones, Ellen Walker, Daniels and Bell, 108 Davis, Samuel, 581 Convention, 547, 548 351, 387–88, 389 Daniels, Hayzel Burton, Davis, Shahi, 697 Constantine, Learie, 342, Crenshaw, Sallie A., 575 349 Davis, Susan D., 312 483 The Creole Show, 12 Daniels, Preston, 367 Davis-Cartey, Catherine, Conyers, James Henry, Crescent Athletic Club, “Dark Was the Night,” 50 84 452 646 Darts, 674 Dawes, Dominique Mar- Conyers, Nathan G., 79 Cricket, 673 Dash, Darien, 110–11 gaux, 692, 692 (ill.) Cook, Celestine Strode, Crim, Alonzo A., 219 Dash, Julie, 27–28 Dawkins, Darryl “Dunks,” 496 The Crimson Skull, 22–23 Davenport, Willie, 704 651 Cook, Glenn A., 580 Crisis, 415 David Walker’s Appeal, Dawson, Alita Hawaah, Cook, Mercer, 281 Crisobal, Juan (Bob), 485 740 470 Cook, Ralph D., 227 Crittendon, Denise, 417 Davidson, Ezra C., Jr., 532 Dawson, Andre, 645 Cook, Will Marion, 33 Crockett, Deborah, 509 Davidson, Frederick E., Dawson, Mary Lucinda Cooke, Marvel Jackson, Crockett, George W., Jr., 440 Cardwell, 43 408 278 Davidson-Randall, Julia, Dawson, William L., 320 Cooke, Wilhelmina R., Crogman, William Henry, 247 Dawson, William Levi, 41 163 183 Davis, Abraham Lincoln, Day, Thomas, 90 Cooper, Algernon J., 347 Cromwell, Otelia, 168 367 Days, Drew Saunders, III, Cooper, Anna Haywood, Crosby, Fred McClellan, Davis, Allison, 184 285 167 495 Davis, Benjamin O., Sr., De Baptiste, Richard H., Cooper, Charles, 646 Crosby, Oscar, 485 436, 472 401, 403 Cooper, Chuck, 647 Cross, Alexander, 559 Davis, Benjamin Oliver, De Grasse, John Van Cooper, Clarence, 237 Cross, Dolores E., 137, Jr., 426 (ill.), 427–28 Syrly, 530 Cooper, Edward Elder, 143, 148, 156 Davis, Bettye, 220 De Porres, Martin, 403–4 Crowdy, William S., Davis, Bronco Jim, 710 555–56 Cooper, Jack L., 60–61 551–52, 583 Davis, Darrell L., 300–301 “De Sun Do Move,” 548 Cooper, Julia P., 309 Crowther, Samuel, 564 Davis, Donna P., 458 Dean, Mark E., 96–97 Coppin, Fanny Jackson, Crum, George, 480 Davis, Doris Ann, 351, Dear, Alice M., 84 208, 208 (ill.) Crummell, Alexander, 387 Dearing, James Edward, Cordery, Sara Brown, 585 489, 563 Davis, Edward, 79 236 Cormier, Chris, 664 Crumpler, Rebecca Davis Davis, Ernie, 678 DeBerry, Lois Marie, 269, Cornelius, Don, 72–73 Lee, 601 Davis, Errol B., Jr., 96 524 Cornish, Samuel Eli, 399, Cuffe, Paul, 111, 485 Davis, Frances Elliott, 617 DeChalus, Thomas, 665 402, 582 Cullers, Vincent T., 77 Davis, Gordon J., 20–21, Dee, Ruby, 17–18 Cosby, Bill, 26, 68 Curbeam, Dionne N., 529 56–57 DeFrantz, Anita Luceete, Cosby, Vivian, 25 Curry, Michael Bruce, 568 Davis, Gussie Lord, 32–33 625–26, 627 Cothran, Ralph, 392 Curry, Wayne K., 248 Davis, Henrietta Vinton, DeHart, Donald, 501 Cotter, James G., 240 Curtis, Austin Maurice, 522 DeKlerk, F. W., 340 Court of Military 604 Davis, James R., 374 Del Rio, James, 83 Appeals, 448 Cycling, 673–74 Davis, Jim, 365 Delany, Bessie, 563, 606 Courtney, Elizabeth, 26 Davis, John, 700 Delany, Henry Beard, 563 Cousin, Philip R., 527 D Davis, Larry Earl, 189–90 Delany, Martin Robinson, Cousins, Frank, Jr., 370 Dabreu, O. Lisa, 256 Davis, Lorenzo “Piper,” 399, 402, 432 (ill.), Cowan, James Rankin, Dalley, George Albert, 634 432–33, 475, 740 255 287 Davis, Marianna White, Delany, Sadie, 213, 563 Cowings, Patricia Dance, 7–11 219 Delany, Samuel R., 738 Suzanne, 620 Dandridge, Dorothy, 25, Davis, Nancy Randolph, Delarge, Robert C., 318 Cox, Elbert, 180 25 (ill.) 196 Delaware county and Cox, Minnie M. Ged- Dandridge, Ray, 631 Davis, Ossie, 18 state government, dings, 277 D’Angola, Paul, 378 Davis, Pinto Jim, 710 233–34 Craft, Samuel, 430 Dailey, Phyllis Mae, 456 Davis, Preston, 99 Delaware local govern- Crafts, Hannah, 734–35 Daily American, 404 Davis, Ruth A., 298, 303 ment, 356 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 765

Index 765

Delille, Henriette, 553 Dixon, Irma, 247 Drew, Howard Porter, E. Madison Hall (first Dellums, Ronald V., 327, Dixon, Julian C., 315 718 black excursion boat), 327 (ill.) Dixon, Margaret A., Drew, Timothy, 570 712 Deloatch, Voneree, 444 506–7 Drexel, Katherine, 195, Eads, Charlestown, 431 Demby, Edward T., 563 Dixon, Richard Nathaniel, 210 Eagleson, William Lewis, Denison, Franklin A., 363 248 Du Bois, W. E. B., 165–67, 403 Dennis, Andre L., 502 Dixon, Sharon Pratt, 316, 166 (ill.), 168, 415, Earley, Charity Adams, Denver Star, 402 358, 387 489, 490, 521, 563, 437 DePriest, James Ander- Dixson-Hobbs, Eleanor, 590, 727–28, 729 Early Christians, 562 son, 49 414 Du Burns, Clarence, 369 Early, Johnnie L., 157 DePriest, Oscar Stanton, Dixwell Congregational Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Early, Norman S., Jr., 355 319, 363 Church (New Haven, Pointe, 472 Early, Sarah Jane Wood- Destined to Witness: CT), 561 Dubuclet, Antoine, 245 son, 182 Growing Up Black in DJ Jazzy Jeff, 53 Duchemin, Mary Theresa, Easter, Marilyn, 189 Nazi Germany, 734 Dobbs, Mattiwilda, 45 553 Eato, Edward V. C., 512 DeWindt, Hal, 466 Doby, Larry, 631, 632–33, Dudley, Charles L., 163 Eatonville, Florida, 358 Dickens, Helen Octavia, 644 Ebony, 416 Dudley, Edward R., 609–10 Doctor, Henry, Jr., 443 Eboue, Madame E. T., 334 278–79 Dickerson, Chris, 664, 664 Doley, Harold E., Jr., 288 Echols, James, 154 Dudley, Sherman H., 13 (ill.) Dominica government, Eckstine, William Duhon-Sells, Rose, 505 Dickerson, Mahala Ash- 334 Clarence “Billy,” 44, Duke, Bill, 189 ley, 225, 228 Donald, Bernice Bouie, 689 Dickerson, Reginald P., 268 Dumas, Charles Everett, Ector, Moses, 239 615 Donegan, Dorothy, 43 701, 720 Edelman, Marian Wright, Dickson, Clarence, 359 Dorrington, Arthur, 692 Dumpson, James, 380 140 (ill.), 140–41 Dickson, Moses, 117 Dorsey, Edmund Stanley, Dunbar House, 471 Edgecombe Sanitarium Diggs, Charles C., Jr., 250, 419 Dunbar, Paul Laurence, (New York, NY), 591 250 (ill.), 320, 322 Dorsey, Thomas, 39–40, 12, 471, 472, 489, Edmonds, J. Terry, 295–96 Diggs, J. Daniel, 380 41 741–42 Edmondson, William, 65 Diggs, R. L., 168 Douglas, Nicholas, 228 Duncan, Robert Morton, Education awards and Diggs-Taylor, Anna, 310 Douglas, Robert J., 646 448 honors, 133–34 Dihigo, Martin, 631 Douglass, Frederick Duncan, Robert Todd, Edward Waters College, Dilday, Judith Nelson, Augustus, 114 (ill.), 43–44 191–92 249–50 130, 256, 277, 313–14, Duncanson, Robert Scott, Edwards, Frances, 222 Dinkins, David Norman, 472, 743 56 Edwards, Harry Francis 382 (ill.), 382–83 Douglass, John Thomas, Dunham, Katherine, 10 Vincent, 698 Dinwiddie Colored Quar- 31 Dunlop, James L., 302 Edwards, Marvin E., 221 tet’s Jubilee, 60 Douglass, Joseph, 60 Dunn, Oscar James, 245 Edwards, Nelson Jack, Disciples of Christ, 559 Dowdy, Lewis Carnegie, Dunnigan, Alice, 407–8 87–88 District of Columbia, abo- 496 DuPree, Johnnie, 374 Edwards, Teresa, 704, 708 lition of slavery, 118 “Downhearted Durham, Diane, 692 Eglin, Ellen F., 595 District of Columbia Bar, Blues/Gulf Coast Durham, James, 600 Eikerenkoetter, Frederick 275 Blues,” 38 Dwight, Edward Joseph, J., II, 586 District of Columbia local Downs, Sturdie Wyman, Jr., 620, 620 (ill.) Ekemam, Samuel Chuka, government, 356–58 566 Dykes, Eva Beatrice, 167, 542 Divine, M. J. “Father,” Drake, Karen L., 615 169, 169 (ill.) Elam, Harriet, 297 578–79 Drama, dramatists, and Dymally, Mervyn M., 230 Elder, Lee, 689–90 Dixie Hospital (Hampton, theater, 11–21 Elders, M. Joycelyn, 292, Dyson, Michael Eric, 190 VA), 617 The Drama of King Shot- 292 (ill.) Dixon, Dean Charles, away, 11 The Elevator, 400 42–43 Drayton, Daniel, 731 E Ellington, Edward Dixon, George “Little Drew, Charles Richard, E. G. Bowman Company, Kennedy “Duke,” 48, Chocolate,” 665 608, 608 (ill.) 86 472 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 766

766 Index

Elliott, Robert Brown, Evans, Robert Oran, Federal employees, First Colored Baptist 318, 451–52 654–55 304–6, 589–90 Church (Baltimore, Ellis, Harold, 607 Evans, W. Leonard, Jr., 62 Federal judiciary, 306–13 MD), 545 Ellis, Larry, 721 Evanti, Lillian, 39 Fellowship of Reconcilia- First Colored Baptist Ellis, Skip, 178–79, 190 “An Evening Thought...,” tion, 122 Church (Washington, Ellis, Wade, 184 740 Fencing, 674, 687 DC), 545 Ellison, Ralph Waldo, 724 Evers, James Charles, 252, Fenwick, Lila, 178 First Colored Methodist (ill.), 726–27 372–73 Ferguson, Catherine Church (Sacramento, The Emancipator, 415 Excelsiors of Philadel- “Katy” Williams, CA), 574 Embree, Elihu, 415 phia, 629 482–83 First Regiment Louisiana Exploration, 474–75 Native Guards, 431 Embry, Wayne, 651, 651 Ferguson, Roger W., Jr., Extension programs, 200 First Rhode Island Regi- (ill.) 300 Emerson Institute, 193 Ezion Methodist Church ment, 431 Ferguson, Samuel David, Emory, Frank, 528 (Wilmington, DE), First South Carolina Vol- 563, 563–64 Encore Media Corpora- 543, 574 unteers, 431 Ferguson, Vernice, 617 tion, 74 Fishburne, Laurence, Ferrit, Caesar John, 430 Endowed professorship, F 28–29 134 Fair Employment Prac- Ferrit, John, 430 Fishburne, Lillian Elaine, England, John Henry, Jr., tices Commission Fetchit, Stepin, 23, 23 459–60 227 (New York), 256 (ill.) Fisher, Ada Lois Sipuel, Enlistment of blacks into Fairbanks, Mabel, 696 Few, Ronnie, 362 196–97 Navy, 453 Fairfax, Cornelia W., 504 Field, Irving, 6 Fisher, Carl Anthony, 557 Episcopalians, 562 Faison, Gwendolyn A., Fielder, Stacey Lynn, 469 Fisher, Gail, 69 Epps, Anna Cherrie, 614 378, 387 Fielding, Herbert Ulysses, Fisher, Rudolph, 736, 737 Ericsson-Jackson, Aprille, Faith Healing, 568 265 Fisk, Clinton B., 192 181–82 Faithful Central Bible Fields, C. Virginia, 383 Fisk Jubilee Singers, 32, Erskine, George M., 582 Church (Inglewood, Fields, Cleo, 246–47 39 Ervin, Anthony, 709 CA), 568–69 Fields, Evelyn Juanita, Fisk University, 192 Erving, Julius W. “Dr. J.,” Famous Ward Singers, 47 300 Fisk University gymnasi- 106–7 Farah, Nuruddin, 738 Fifty-Fourth Massachu- um, 159 The Escape, or A Leap to Fard, W. D., 570–71, 583 setts regiment, Fitch, Clarence E., 505 Freedom, 11–12 Farley, James Conway, 431–32 Fitzbutler, Henry, 602 Espy, Ben E., 261 59–60 Fillmore, Charles W., 378 Fitzgerald, Ella, 47, 47 Espy, Mike, 291–92, 324 Fannings, Raymond W., (ill.) Film, 21–29 Estabrook, Prince, 430 518 Fitzhugh, N. Naylor, 173 Finch, Alfred J., 297 Estes, Simon Lamont, 51 Farmer, Karen Batchelor, Fitzwilliam, Wendy, 467 Finley, Clarence C., 91 Estevanico, 474 527 555th Parachute Infantry Etheridge, Richard, 446 Farmer, Sharon, 292–93 Finney, Ernest A., Jr., 266 Company, 438 Ethiopian Regiment, 430 Farmer, Walter Moran, Finney, William K., 371 Flack, Harvey, 150 Ethiopians, 568 163 Fire Baptized Holiness Flake, Floyd H., 324–25 Europe, Henry, 401 Farrakhan, Louis, 571 Church, 583 Flake, Green, 485 Europe, James Reese, 36, Farrow, Lucy, 579 First African Baptist Fletcher, Marcia, 721 435 Fatback Band, 51 Church (Savannah, Flipper, Henry Ossian, 450 Evans Chapel Methodist Fauntroy, Walter E., GA), 545 Flipper, Josephus, 450 Church (Fayetteville, 321–22 First African Presbyterian Florence, Virginia Proctor NC), 574 Faurot, Letitia, 192 Church, 582 Powell, 169–70 Evans, Grover, 350 Faurot, Randall, 192 First and Second Kansas Florida county and state Evans, Henry, 574 Fauset, Crystal Bird, 262 Colored Volunteers, government, 234–35 Evans, Joseph H., 561 Favors, Anita R., 359 431 Florida local government, Evans, Lydia Ashburne, Fayetteville State Univer- First Church of the 358–60 606 sity, 194 Women’s E. W. of A. Flournoy, Coren D., 503–4 Evans, Melvin H., 270, Federal appointees, (Queen Esther Mis- Flowers, Michael E., 510 523 275–304 sion), 569 Flowers, Tiger, 666 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 767

Index 767

Flowers, Vonetta, 710 Franciscan Handmaids of Freeman, Charles Garnet, Sarah J. Thomp- Floyd, Donald Joseph, the Most Pure Heart Eldridge, 241–42, 242 son, 207 269 of Mary, 553 Freeman, Joseph, Jr., 578 Garnier, Luc Anatole Floyd, Elson S., 153 Francisco, John, 378 Freeman, Morgan, 473 Jacques, 564 Floyd, James A. “Jim,” Frank, Shelly, 460 Freeman, Robert Tanner, Garrett, Bessie, 456 376 Franke, Nikki V., 687 601–2 Garrett, Kathryn, 534 Floyd, Otis L., 148 Franklin, Aretha, 53 Freeman-Wilson, Karen Garrett, Mike, 678 Foeman, Walter, 359 Franklin, Garromme P., Marie, 366 Garrison, William Lloyd, Foley, Lelia Smith, 351, 294 Frye, Henry E., 258 546 387, 389 Franklin, John Hope, 491, Fudge, Ann M., 92 Garrison, Zina Lynna, Follis, Charles W., 675 492, 492 (ill.) Fugitive Slave Act (1793), 716–17 Fonoimoana, Eric, 722 Franklin, Martha Miner- 115 Garrott, Homer, 230 Football, 674–87 va, 530 Fugitive slaves, 129 Garvey, Marcus, 121, 121 Foote, Julia A. J., 542 Franklin, Oliver S. C., 480 Fuhr, Grant Scott, 693 (ill.), 570 Forbes, Frank, 646 Franklin, Rosa, 273 Fulani, Lenora, 316 Garwood, George, Jr., Ford, Bowles C., 360 Franklin, Shirley Clarke, Fuller, Oscar A., 190 395 Ford Foundation, 20 363, 387 Fuller, Solomon Carter, Gary, Howard, 359 Ford, Harold Eugene Sr., Franklin, Wendell, 26 Jr., 605 Gary, Willie E., 95 323 Franklin, William H., 164 Fuller, Vivian L., 625, 627 Gaskin, Walter E., Sr., 450 Ford, Harold, Jr., 328 Franks, Gary A., 325 Fuller, W. E., 583 Gaston, Cito, 642–43 Ford, Jack, 389 Fraternal, social, and reli- Fulton, Alvenia, 104 Gaston, Gloria, 284 Ford, Justina L., 605 gious groups, 524–29 Furnace, Walt, 228 Gaston-Johansson, Fan- Ford, Madeline, 519 Frazier, E. Franklin, Futrell, Mary Hatwood, nie, 617–18 Ford, Nathaniel P., Sr., 490–91 497 Gates, Henry Louis, 735 363 Frazier, Joe, 669–70, 670, Gates, Rev. J. M., 64 Foreman, George 672 Gates, Yvonne Atkinson, Edward, 671 G Frazier-Lyde, Jacqui, 672 254 Forman, James, 576 Gadley, Jeff, 704 Gaudin, Juliette, 553 Forsythe, Albert Ernest, Frederick D. Patterson Gadsden, Marie, 518–19 Gay, David E., Jr., 227, 615 464 Research Institute, Gaines, Clarence “Big- 493 Gaynor, Florence Small, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, house,” 650–51 611 434 Frederick Douglass Gaines, Paul Laurence, Fort Mose, 358 Memorial Hospital Sr., 391 Gelasius, Saint, 552 Fort Nashborough, Ten- and Training School Gainey, Leroy, 550 The Genius of Freedom, nessee, 391 for Nurses, 590 Gaither, Alonzo Smith, 400 Forten, James, Sr., 90, 592 Free African Society, 512, 678 Gentry-Huyghe, Foster, Andrew “Rube,” 573 Gaithers quintuplets, 613 Josephine, 468 630 Free Christian Zion Gamble, Kenneth, 478 George, Barbara, 378 Foster, Ezola, 317 Church of Christ, 583 Gandhi, Mahatma, 125, George, David, 544, 545 Foster, George Washing- Freedman’s Press, 402 549 George, J. Russell, 493 ton, Jr., 1, 2 Freedmen’s Aid Society, Gans, Joe, 666 George, Sherman, 375 Foster, Laurence, 168 599 Gantt, Harvey Bernard, George, Zelma Watson, Four Step Brothers, 8 Freedom Baptist Church 199, 259, 385 16 Four Toppers, 25 (Selma, AL), 585 Gardiner, Andrea, 697 Georgia county and state Foster, Rube, 631 Freedom National Bank Gardner, James J., 141 government, 235–39 Four Saints in Three Acts, (Harlem, NY), 83 Gardner, Newport, 30 Georgia, Georgia, 18 41 Freedom ride, 122 Gardner, Terri, 98 Georgia Infirmary (Savan- Fowler, John W. “Bud,” Freedom’s Journal, 399, Garfield, James A., 591 nah, GA), 590 629 400, 402 The Garies and Their Georgia local govern- Fox, John R., 445 The Freeman, 403 Friends, 734 ment, 360–63 France government, 334 Freeman, Algeania, 137, Garland, Hazel B., 411 Georgia Minstrels, 12 Frances, Henry Minton, 158 Garnet, Henry Highland, Ghana government, 335 285 Freeman, Cathy, 709 313, 600 Gibbs, George, 483 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 768

768 Index

Gibbs, Mifflin Wistar, Goldsberry, Ronald Grant, Denise, 99 Grey, Harvette, 153 249, 349, 349 (ill.), Eugene, 80 Grant, George F., 183, Grier, Johnny, 681 401, 402 Goldsboro/Raleigh 596 Griffey, Ken, Jr., 642 Gibbs, Wendell N., Jr., Assembly, 560 Granville, Evelyn Boyd, Griffey, Ken, Sr., 642 567 Golf, 687–94 175–76 Griffin, A. D., 402 Gibson, Althea, 624 (ill.), Good Samaritan Hospital Gravely, Samuel Lee, Jr., Griffin, Bessie, 47 689, 714–15, 718 (Charlotte, NC), 590 455–56, 456, 458 Griffin, Chanté Laree, Gibson, Benjamin F., 310 Goode, Mal Russell, 420 Graves, Earl G., 102–3, 469 Gibson, Eugene L., Sr., Goode, Sarah E., 595 733 Griffin, Floyd Lee, Jr., 238 529 Goode, W. Wilson, 390, Graves, Jesse, 25 Griffin, Lavert, 664 Gibson, Johnnie Mae M., 390 (ill.) Gray, Arthur D., 135, 138 Griffith, D. W., 22 304 Goodlett, Carlton, Gray, Fred Davis, Sr., Griffith, Emile, 669 Gibson, Josh, 631 229–30 225–26, 529 Griffith-Joyner, Florence Gibson, Kenneth Allen, Gordon, Armedia, 355 Gray, William H., III, 324 Delorez, 706–7 377 Gordon, Pamela, 332 Great Western Revival, Grimké, Angelina, 13 Gibson, Paul, Jr., 381 (ill.), 333 581 Gross, Barbara Rudd, 500 Gibson, Reginald Walker, Gordone, Charles, 18 Green, A. C., Jr., 660 Group action and civil 311 Gordy, Fuller, 664 Green, Darlene, 254, 376 rights, 121–25 Giddings, Helen, 511 Gorham, Sarah E., 539 Green, Dennis, 683 Groves, Berton, 628 Gidron, Richard D. Goss, Tom A., 627 Green, Ernest, 216–17 Gruesser, John Cullen, “Dick,” 79 Gould, William Benjamin, Green, Frank N., 506 736 Giles, Gwen B., 253 IV, 294–95 Green, Gilbert, 510 Guerrero, Vincente, 338 Giles, Roscoe Conklin, Gourdin, Edward Orval, Green, James, 659 Guilmenot, Richard A., III, 606 718–19 Green, Lisa A., 391 78 Guinier, Ewart, 187 Gillespie, Dizzy, 46 Gourdine, Simon Peter, Green, Marlon, 486 Green, Nancy, 77 Guinier, Lani, 187, 189 Gilliam, Joe, Jr., 680–81 651, 651 (ill.) Government action and Green, Paul Stewart, 449 Gumbel, Bryant Charles, Gilliam, Joel, 348 civil rights, 117–21 Green, Pumpsie, 638 71–72, 423–24 Gillis, Gregory B., 375 Government Contract Green, Richard, 221 Gunn, Howard A., 228 Gilmore, Vanessa D., 311 Commission, 120 Greenberg, Reuben M., Gymnastics, 692 Gilpin, Charles Sidney, 14 Gracia Real de Santa 391 Girl Scouts, 515 Teresa de Mose, 358 Greene, Belle Da Costa, H Gist, Carole Anne-Marie, Graham, Joseph “Joe,” 202 Hadley, Sybil Carter, 238 468, 468 (ill.) 373 Greene, Maurice, 709, Hailey, Richard D., 509 Gladman, Charles R., 388 Graham, Rhea L., 294 721 Hairston, Harold B., 390 Gladwin, Walter, 256 Grammy Awards, 47, 52 Greener, Richard Hairston, Sam, 635 Glass, Robert Davis, 233 Grand Ole Opry, 38–39, Theodore, 162, 163, Haiti government, 335 Gleason, Eliza Atkins, 190 50 202 Hale, Cynthia Lynette, Glenn, Mildred, 83 Grand Order of Galilean Greenfield, Elizabeth 559 Glickman, Loretta Fishermen, 525 Taylor, 30 Haley, Alex, 70–71, 71 Thompson, 352, 387 Grand United Order of Greenlee, Gus, 631 (ill.), 447, 474 Glory, 473 Brothers and Sisters, Greensboro (NC) sit–in, Haley, George Williford Gloster, Hugh Morris, Sons and Daughters, 122–23 Boyce, 291 489–90 525 Greer, Cherie, 697 Hall, Anna, 540 Gloucester County (VA), Grand United Order of Greer, Hal, 697 Hall, Arsenio, 73 slave revolt, 127 J. R. Gidding’s and Gregg, Eric, 641, 643 Hall, Charles B., 438 Gloucester, John, Sr., 582 Jolliffe Union, 525 Gregory, Ann, 688 Hall, David, 145 Glover, John D., 287 Grand United Order Sons Gregory, Frederick D., Hall, Edgerton, 171 Glover, Nat, 235 and Daughters of 621 Hall, Elliott Sawyer, 80 Goldberg, Whoopi, 28, Peace, 525 Gregory, George, 646 Hall, Ethel Harris, 221 29 Grant, Alfred, 25 Gregory, Roger Lee, 313 Hall, Josie Briggs, 732 “Golden Thirteen,” 455, Grant, Charles, 630 Gregory, Wilton D., 529, Hall, Juanita, 16 456 Grant, Darlene, 312 559 Hall, Lloyd Augustus, 494 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 769

Index 769

Hall, Mary, 360, 374, 387 Harrington, Oliver, 5 Hastie, William Henry, Henderson, Cornelius L., Hall, Prince, 524 Harris, Alonzo, 246 307, 307 (ill.) 577 Hall, Sarah N., 510 Harris, Arthur L, Sr., 520 Hastings, Alcee Lamar, Henderson, Edwin Ban- Hall, Vera, 248 Harris, Barbara Clemen- 325 croft, 514 Hallelujah, 23 tine, 566 (ill.), 566–67 Hatcher, Andrew T., 280 Henderson, Elmer, 120 Halsey, Samuel, Jr., 163 Harris, Bernard, Jr., 622 Hatcher, Richard G., 386 Henderson, Erskine, 695 Hamblin, Ken, 60 Harris, Charles F., 102 Hatchett, Glenda, 237 Henderson, George Hamilton, Bobby, 629 Harris, Colleen, 343, 418 Hatchett, Joseph Washington, 489 Hamilton, Grace Towns, Harris, Gayle Elizabeth, Woodrow, 235 Henderson, H. Len, 505 235–36 566 Hathaway, Isaac S., 471 Henderson, Harold, 683 Hamilton, Harriet, 625 Harris, Jean Louise, 271, Hatton, Barbara, 529 Henderson, John L., 507 Hamilton, Virginia Esther, 372, 387 Hawkins, Augustus Free- Henderson, Rickey, 642, 738–39 Harris, Kelly C., 520 man, 320–21 645 Hammon, Briton, 725 Harris, Louisa, 652 Hawkins, Edler Garnet, Henderson, Thelton Hammon, Jupiter, 740 Harris, Marcelite Jordan, 584 Eugene, 307, 311 Hammond, Wade, 434 429, 429 (ill.) Hawkins, Gail Marie, 181 Hendon, Belle, 526 Hammonds, Garfield, Jr., Harris, Margaret Rosezar- Hawkins, W. Lincoln, 618 Henry, Aaron “Doc,” 252 238 ian, 18 Hayden, Carola Diane, Henry, I. Patricia, 97 Hammons, George, 228 Harris, Mary Mitchell, 163 506 Henry, Lenny, 27 Hampton, Delon, 510 Hayes, Isaac, 49 Harris, Patricia Roberts, Henry, Margaret R., 234 Hampton Institute/Uni- Hayes, Roland, 36–37 283, 286, 472 Henry, Robert Clayton, versity, 204, 646 Haynes, George Edmund, Harris, Paul Clinton, Sr., 386 Hampton, Lionel, 44–45 522, 522 (ill.) 272 Henry-Fairhurst, Ellenae, Handy, W. C., 35, 39, 472 Haynes, Lemuel, 200, Harris, Reggie, 424 81 Hannibal, Alice Priscilla 430, 561 Harris, Richard H., II, 507 Henson, Matthew Stateman, 384 Haynes, William J. “Joe,” Harris, Robert L., 270 Alexander, 472, 475, Hansberry, Lorraine, 17, Jr., 312 Harris, Roosevelt, Jr., 362 475 (ill.) 17 (ill.) Hayre, Ruth Wright, 215 Harris, Sidney E., 154 The Herald of Freedom, Hansberry, William Leo, Haywood, Garfield Harris, Solomon Parker, 400 477–78 Thomas, 580 392 Herbert, Adam W., Jr., Happy Pappy, 67 Haywood, Margaret Harris, Walter, 672 155 Haralson, Jeremiah, 318 Austin, 561 Herenton, Willie W., Harambee House (Wash- Harris, Walter G., 518 Healy, Alexander Sher- 219–20, 393 ington, D.C.), 95 Harrison, Alvin, 709 wood, 554 Heritage, John W., III, 258 Harding, Lil, 21 Harrison, Calvin, 709 Healy, Eliza, 554 Hargo, Gabriel F., 163 Harrison Street Baptist Healy, James Augustine, Herman, Alexis M., 293, Harlem Broadcasting Cor- Church (Petersburg, 553–54 298 poration, 61 VA), 545 Healy, Michael Alexan- Hernandez, Aileen Harlem Globetrotters, Harris-Trowell, Irene, 452 der, 554 Clarke, 283 648 Harsh, Vivian Gordon, Healy, Michael Augustine Hernandez, Juano, 61 “Harlem Rag,” 33 202–3 “Mike,” 446, 447 “The Heroic Slave,” 743 Harlem riots, 124 Hart, Christopher Alvin, Healy, Patrick Francis, Herriman, George, 4 Harlem School of the 295 161, 554 Hewlitt, Abraham Molin- Arts, 217 Hart, Frank, 697 Hearns, Thomas “Hit eaux, 674 Harlem-Dowling Chil- Hartley, Sharon B., 500 Man,” 671 Hickerson, John A., 579 dren’s Services, 484 Harts, Charles, 391 Hearts in Dixie, 23 Hickman, Elnor B. G., Harley, Sharon, 730 Hartshorn Memorial Col- Hedgeman, Anna Arnold, 500, 504 Harper, Conrad Kenneth, lege, 193–94 380 Hicks, Charles “Barney,” 502 Harvard, Beverly Joyce Height, Dorothy Irene, 12 Harper, Frances Ellen Bailey, 361 378 Hicks, James L., 407 Watkins, 743 Harvey, Claire Collins, 576 Hemmings, Anita, 167 Hicks, John, 680 Harper, Thelma Marie, Harvey, L. Warren, 558 Henderson, Anna Martin, Hicks, Sherman G., 572 269 Harvey, William R., 92 567 Hicks, William H., 376 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 770

770 Index

Higginbotham, Leon, Jr., Holdsclaw, Chamique, The Hope of Liberty, 741 Hughes, Langston, 15, 15 132 (ill.), 139–40 662 Hopkins, Albert, Sr., 269 (ill.), 472, 732, 733 Highsmith, Charles Holiday, Billie, 41–42 Horn, Edwin F., 402 Humphrey, Lucinda, 206 Albert, 220 Holiness, 569–70 Horse racing, 694–96 Humphreys, Richard, 191 Hill, Deirdre Hughes, 503 Holiness movement, 569 Horse riding, 696 Hunter, Alberta, 50 Hill, Henry Aaron, 492 Holland, Cheryl, 254 Horton, George Moses, Hunter-Gault, Charlayne, Hill, James “Jim,” 262 Holland, Jerome 741 160, 198, 305, 421 Hill, Jesse, Jr., 106, Heartwell “Brud,” Horton, Joann, 137, 150 (ill.), 421–22, 495 141–42, 498 108–9 Horton, Odell, 310–11 Hunton, Addie D. Waites, Hill, Julius, 610 Holland, John Heartwell, Hosier, Harry “Black 514, 514 (ill.) Hill, Mary Lark, 569 531 Harry,” 572–73 Hunton, Benjamin L., 440 Hill, Napoleon, 733 Holland, Wallace E., 370 Hospitals, 590–91 Hunton, William Hill, Oliver White, 395–96 Holley, Sandra Hosten, Jennifer Alphaeus, 512–13, 514 Hill, Peter, 591–92 Cavanaugh, 501 Josephine, 467 Hurd, Babe, 695 Hilliard, Earl Frederick, Hollis, Michael, 112 Hotel Berry (Athens, OH), Hurston, Zora Neale, 358, 227, 326 Holloman, John 481 732–33 Hilliard, Terry, 365 Lawrence Sullivan, Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, Hurt, Patricia, 256 Hilliard, Wendy, 626 611–12 335–36, 336 (ill.) Hutchinson, Barbara B., Hilliard, William A., 411 Holloway, George L., Jr., Houston, Charles Hamil- 88 88 ton, 121–22, 122 (ill.), Himes, Chester, 736 Hyers Sisters Comic Holloway, Herman M., 159, 190 Hine, Darlene Clark, 730, Opera Company, 7 Sr., 233 Houston, Christina, 529 733–34 Hyman, John A., 318, 319 Holloway, Hiliary H., Houston, Wade, 654 Hines, Garrett, 710 Hymes, Lulu, 720 528–29 Houtman, Barbara, 370 Hinson, Eugene T., 605 Holloway, Josephine Howard, Elston Gene Hinton, James Sidney, Groves, 515 “Ellie,” 637 I 243 Holly, James Theodore, Howard, John, 163, 175 Ice skating, 696–97 Hinton, Jane, 609 563 Howard, Michelle, 458 Ifill, Gwen, 425 Hinton, Shauntah, 470 Holmes, Dwight Oliver, Howard, Oliver O., 192 Iginla, Jarome “Iggy,” Hinton, William Augus- 135, 136 Howard, Paul Lawrence, 694 tus, 185, 609, 609 (ill.) Holmes, Hamilton Earl, Jr., 237, 239 Illinois county and state History books, 728–30 160, 198, 305, 421 Howard, Robert Berry, Jr., government, 240–42 The History of Mary Holmes, J. O., 712 379 Illinois local government, Prince, West Indian Holmes, Oscar Wayman, Howard University, 192 363–66 Slave, 725 304, 455 Howard University School The Impartial Citizen, 400 History of the Negro Holmes, Tally, 714 of Architecture, 3 Improved Benevolent Race in American Holmes-Hunter Academic Howell, James R., 583 and Protective Order from 1619 to 1880, Building (University of Howze, Joseph Lawson, of Elks of the World, 729 Georgia), 160 556 525 Hobby, Oveta Culp, 437 Holt, Nora Douglas, 44 Hubbard, Arnette Rhine- In Dahomey, 34 Hobson, Charles, 69 Home to Harlem, 736 hart, 499, 503 In Old Kentucky, 23 Hockey, 692–94 Honorary degrees, Hubbard, Charlotte Independent Order of Hodge, J. A., 267 200–201 Moton, 282 Saint Luke, 525 Hodge, William C., 267 Honors and awards, Hubbard, George Whip- Indiana county and state Hoffler, Dan, 29 475–80 ple, 208, 599 government, 243 Hoffman, Elise, 33 Hood, Denise Page, 561 Hubbard, Marilyn French, Indiana local govern- Hogan, Beverly Wade, Hood, James, 199–200 498 ment, 366 252–53 Hooker, Olivia, 446–47 Hubbard, William Indianapolis Recorder, Hogan, Ernest, 34 Hooks, Benjamin Lawson, DeHart, 698 403 Hoggard, Dennie, 676 267, 267 (ill.), 285 Huggins-Williams, Nedra, Ingram, Robert B., 359 Holden, Richard, 259 Hooks, Julia Britton, 183 188 Ingram-Grant, Edith Holder, Eric H., Jr., 311, Hoover, Denise H., 449 Hughes, Catherine Lig- Jacqueline, 236 312 Hope, John, 136 gins, 63–64, 110 Insurance, 85–86 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 771

Index 771

Interchurch Organiza- Jackson, Maynard Hol- Jenifer, Franklyn Green, Johnson, Frank (compos- tions, 570 brook, Sr., 360 506 er), 30 Interscholastic Athletic Jackson, Michael, 52 Jenkins, Augustus G., Jr., Johnson, Fred, 253 Association, 627 Jackson, Nell Cecilia, 701, 517 Johnson, George Ellis, Inventions and patents, 704 Jenkins, David, 402 109 591–98 Jackson, “Papa” Charlie, Jenkins, Ferguson, 639 Johnson, Gregory, 615 Iowa county and state 38 Jenkins, Howard, Jr., Johnson, Hall, 15, 41 government, 243 Jackson, Perry B., 385 281–82 Johnson, Halle Tanner Iowa local government, Jackson, Peter “The Black Jenkins, John T., 368 Dillon, 603–4 366–67 Prince,” 665 Jenkins, Joseph C., 446 Johnson, Harry S., 529 Irbis, K. Leroy, 262–63 Jackson, Rebecca Cox, Jenkins, William R., 505 Johnson, Harvey, Jr., 374 Ireland, Roderick Louis, 587 Jennings, Paul, 731 Johnson, Hazel Winifred, 250 Jackson, Robert Tanner, Jennings, Thomas L., 592 441 Irvin, Monte, 634–35 161 Jessye, Eva, 39 Johnson, Henrietta, 233 Isaac, Teseforo Alexan- Jackson, Shirley Ann, 143, Jethroe, Sam, 634 Johnson, Henry, 435 der, 565 156, 179–80, 296 Jewell, Jerry Donal, 229 Johnson, Hilda, 163 Isham, John, 12 Jackson State University Johnson, I. S. Leevy, 499 Jews, Marsha, 528 Islam, 570–71 mens’ golf team, 691 Johnson, Isabella, 544 Jews, William, 528 Israel government, 335 Jackson State University Johnson, Jack, 666, 666 Jim Crow law, 267 Iverson, Allen, 660, 663 womens’ golf team, (ill.) “John Henry: Black River Iverson, Johnathan Lee, 7 691 Johnson, James A., 459 Giant,” 61 Ivory Coast goverment, Jackson, William Tecum- Johnson, James E., 448 “Johnny B. Goode,” 50 335–36 seh Sherman, 674–75 Johnson, James Weldon, Johnson, Albert William, Jacobs, Francis, 541 183–84, 234, 404, 726 79 J Jacobs, JoAnn M., 382 Johnson, John H., 102, Johnson, Amelia E., Jack, Hulan, 380 Jamaica government, 336 416, 733 731–32 Jack, Rojo, 628 James, Daniel H. “Chap- Johnson, Johnny, 348 Jackson, Algernon B., 605 pie,” Jr., 429, 429 (ill.) Johnson, Anthony, 129, Johnson, Joseph A., Jr., Jackson, Bobby, 661 James, Dennis Tyrone, 544 197 Jackson, Carlos, 233 664 Johnson, Bernette Johnson, Joy Joseph, 384 Jackson, Corabelle, 163 James, George, 388 Joshua, 246 Johnson, Julia L., 235 Jackson, Dexter, 664 James, Joseph J., 248 Johnson, Beverly, 467 Johnson, Katherine, 107 Jackson, Gilda, 449 James, Reginald G., 163 Johnson, Blind Willie, 50 Johnson, Leroy Reginald, Jackson, Hal, 62 James, Willy F., 445 Johnson C. Smith Univer- 236 Jackson, Harry, 688 Janney, Eli H., 595 sity, 675 Johnson, Lewis, 544 Jackson, Ira, 500 Jarboro, Caterina, 40 Johnson, Charles S. Johnson, Linda Dianne, Jackson, Irene Dobbs, 360 Jarvis, Mike, 662 (Georgia Board of 612 Jackson, Isaiah, 52 Jasper, John, 548 Examiners), 236 Johnson, Lonnie (aero- Jackson, J. H., 549 Jeanes, Anna T., 212 Johnson, Charles S. space engineer), 598 Jackson, Jacquelyne Jefferies, Willie, 681 (National Urban Johnson, Lonnie (labor Johnson, 186 Jefferson, Butell, 357 League), 522 leader), 88 Jackson, James, 730 Jefferson, Mildred Fay, Johnson, Charles Spur- Johnson, Mal, 420–21 Jackson, Jesse Louis, 227, 610 geon, 135, 136 (ill.), Johnson, Marguerite, 18 315–16 Jefferson, Wallace B., 270 136–38, 490 Johnson, Mary, 129 Jackson, Lee, 89 Jefferson, William Jen- Johnson, Cornelius, 699 Johnson, MaryAnn, 74, Jackson, Leo Edwin, 355 nings, 325 Johnson, Eddie Bernice, 100 Jackson, Levi, 676–77 Jefferson-Jenkins, Car- 327 Johnson, Merle, 168 Jackson, Lorenzo olyn, 524 Johnson, Edward A., 256 Johnson, Michael Duane, “Sonny,” Jr., 349 The Jeffersons, 70 Johnson, Erma Chansler, 707–8, 721 Jackson, Mannie L., 648, “Jelly Roll Blues,” 36 465 Johnson, Mordecai 655 Jemison, Mae C., 621–22, Johnson, Ernest H., 163 Wyatt, 136 Jackson, Maynard Hol- 622 (ill.) Johnson, Frank (basket- Johnson, Norma Hol- brook, Jr., 360 Jenifer, Carol, 296 ball coach), 664 loway, 288, 312 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 772

772 Index

Johnson, Pamela McAllis- Jones, Scipio Africanus, Kamba, Walter J., 143 Kershaw, Joe Lang, 234 ter, 413 228 Kansas county and state Keyes, Gwendolyn R., 239 Johnson Products, 109 Jones, Sharon Richard- government, 244 Khanga, Yelena, 412–13 Johnson Publishing Com- son, 640 Kansas Herald of Free- Kilgore, Maurice “Ace,” pany, 94–95 Jones, Sherman Jarvis, dom, 402 664 Johnson, Rafer Lewis, 518 Kanter, Dee, 660 Kilgore, Thomas, Jr., 550 701–2 Jones, Vera Massey, Karenga, Maulana, Killingsworth, Frank Rus- Johnson, Raymond L., 508–9 470–71 sell, 583 231 Jones, Vernon, 239 Karriem, Elijah, 571 Kimbro, Dennis, 733 Johnson, Robert L., 71, 98 Jones, Virginia Lacy, Kates, David, 397 Kimbrough, Kenneth R., Johnson, Robert T., 383 172–73 Katy Ferguson Home (for 292 Johnson, Sheila, 468 Jones, Woodrow, 151 unwed mothers), King, B. B., 201 Johnson, Suzanne Joplin, Scott, 35–36 482–83 “King Biscuit Time,” 61 Denise, 550 Jordan, Ann Dibble, Kaunda, Kenneth David, King, Charles, 6–7 Johnson, William “Judy,” 298–99 344–45, 345 (ill.) King Charles Troupe, 6–7 631 Jordan, Barbara Charline, Kearney, Jesse L., 228–29 King, Coretta Scott, 560 269, 315, 323 Johnston, Ernest, 410 Kearse, Amalya Lyle, 310 King, Gwendolyn Stew- Johnston, Joshua, 56 Jordan, Carolyn D., 300 Keeble, Sampson W., 266 art, 289 Jonas, R. D., 568 Jordan, Claudia J., Keinhans, Amy, 469 King, Henry, 695 Jones, Absalom, 562, 573, 232–33 Keith, Damon J., 479 King, James, 577 574 Jordan, David Lee, 253, Keith, Karen C., 721 King, Jerry, 6 Jones, Anna F., 518 373 Keith, Kenton, 306 King, John B., 381 Jones, Bert, 629 Jordan, Denise M., 511 Kelley, George B., 526 King, Martin Luther, Jr., Jones, C. P., 583 Jordan, Jack, 497 Kellogg, Junius, 647–48 66, 473, 474, 477, 522, Jones, Carlette “CJ,” 430 Jordan, Larry, 444 Kelly, Leontine Turpeau 728 Jones, Caroline Robinson, Jordan, Leria Lowe, 519 Current, 577 King, Rodney G., 353 78 Jordan, Michael Jeffrey, Kelly, Sharon Pratt Dixon. “King Tim III (Personality Jones, Clara Stanton, 497 656–57, 662 See Dixon, Sharon Jock),” 51 Jones, David R., 519 Jordan, Vernon E., 305 Pratt Kirk, Gordon W., 520 Jones, E. P., 549 Joubert, James, 553 Kemp, Ray, 676 Kirk, Ron, 269, 330, 394 Jones, Eddie, 373 Journal of Negro History, Kennard, William Earl, Jones, Elaine R., 179, 501, 729–30 297 Kittrell, Flemmie P., 190 520 Joy Street Baptist Church Kennedy, Cain James, 226 Knapp, Seaman A., 200 Jones, Eugene Kinckle, (Boston, MA), 545, Kennedy, Yvonne, 137, Knight, Hiawatha, 671 522, 522 (ill.) 546 143 Knight, Richard, Jr., 394, Jones, Frederick McKin- Joyner, Marjorie Stewart, Kent, Deborah Stewart, 501 ley, 597–98 596–97, 597 (ill.) 80 Knights and Daughters Jones, George M., 190 Joyner-Kersee, Jacqueline Kent-Barry-Eaton Con- of Tabor, 525 Jones, Gilbert H., 168 “Jackie,” 705–6 nection Railway Com- Knights of Liberty, 117 Jones, Iris J., 394 Jubilee Songs of the pany, 111 Knights of Peter Claver, Jones, J. Raymond, 383 United States of Kentucky Christian Mis- 526 Jones, Jennifer, 54 America, 36 sionary Convention, Knights of Pythias, 525 Jones, John, 240 Judaism, 551–52. See also 560 Knights of the Invisible Jones, Lois Mailou, 58 Black Judaism Kentucky county and Colored Kingdom, 525 Jones, Marion, 708, 721 Julian, Anna Johnson, state government, Knox, Clinton Everett, Jones, Nathaniel R., 312 168, 174 24–45 280 Jones, Quincy Delight, Jr., Julian, Percy Lavon, 597, Kentucky Derby, 695–96 Knox, Simmie, 59 48, 134, 480 597 (ill.) Kentucky local govern- Knoxville Freedmen’s Col- Jones, Randy, 710 Just, Ernest Everett, 166, ment, 367 lege, 194 Jones, Robert E., 575 475–76 Kenwood Commercial Kodesh Church of Jones, Rufus, 549 Furniture, 95 Immanuel, 583 Jones, Samuel “Toothpick K Kenya government, 336 Koontz, Elizabeth Dun- Sam,” 637 Kaiser, Inez Y., 98 Kenyatta, Jomo, 336 can, 495, 495 (ill.) Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 773

Index 773

Kountz, Samuel L., Lay, Hank, 485 Lewis, Edmonia “Wild- Locke-Mattox, 610–11 LeCount, Joseph G., 265 fire,” 64–65 Bernadette, 657, 660 KPOO–FM (San Francisco, Ledo Road, India, 437–38 Lewis, Edward S., 495 Lofton, William, Jr., 531 CA), 63 Lee, Aubrey W., 615 Lewis, George, 695 Lomas, Louis Emanuel, Krazy Kat, 4 Lee, Bertram M., 92, 92 Lewis, Henry Jay, 49 419–20 Kwanzaa, 470–71 (ill.), 654 Lewis, Isaac, 695 London, Denise, 369–70 Kwelagobe, Mpule, 467 Lee, Charles, 578 Lewis, James, 275–76 Long, Fred “Pop,” 677–78 Lee, El Franco, 269 Lewis, Jannie, 253 Long, Jefferson Franklin, L Lee, Everett, 46 Lewis, Jesse J., 226 318 La Tribune de la Nouvelle Lee, Fitz, 433 Lewis, John Robert, 126 Long, Howard H., 171 Orléans, 401 Lee, Gabriel S., Jr., 519 Lewis, Julian H., 190 Looby, Z. Alexander, 268, Labor unions, 86–90 Lee, George, 737 Lewis, Michael A., 533 392 Lacrosse, 697 Lee, Howard N., 385 Lewis, Oliver, 695 Lord, Kelly, 470 Lafon, Thomy, 104 Lee, Irvin B., 397 Lewis, Reginald F., 95–96, Los Angeles, California, Lafontant, Jewel Strad- Lee, Jarena, 538, 725–26 159 black population, 350 ford, 279 Lee, John Robert Edward, Lewis, Robert Benjamin, Lost-Found National of LaGrange, Vickie Miles, 493 728 Islam in the West 261 Lee, Laura Murphy, 524 Lewis, Sherman, 686 (Black Muslims), 583 Lakes, Charles, 692 Lee, M. David, Jr., 502–3 Lewis, Shirley A. R., 137, Lott, Brigette, 458 Lambert, Samuel Lee, Maurice W., 190 151–52 Lott Carey Foreign Mis- Fredrick, 499 Lee, Mollie Huston, Lewis, William Henry, sion Convention, 546 Lane, William Henry, 7 203–4 277, 674, 677 Loudd, Rommie, 679 Lange, Elizabeth, 553 Leffall, LaSalle Doheny, Liberia government, Louis, Joe, 472, 667, 667 Lange, Laura J., 575 Jr., 532–33 337–38 (ill.), 667–68 LeFlore, John L., Sr., 329 Liele, George, 544 Langford, Anna Riggs, Louisiana county and Leftenant-Colon, Nancy, Life and Religious Experi- 364 state government, 439, 519 ences of Jarena Lee, a Langston, John Mercer, 245–47 135, 201 (ill.), 201–2, Leidesdorff, William, Colored Lady, 725 Louisiana local govern- 259, 318, 319 92–93, 93 (ill.) Light-House, 402 ment, 367 Langston Terrace (Wash- Leland, Joyce F., 357 Lillard, Joe, 676 Louisville Branch Library, ington, DC), 2–3 LeMoyne Normal and Lillard, Robert Emmitt, 202 Lankford, John A., 1 Commercial School, 392 Loury, Glenn Cartman, Lanusse, Armand, 741 206–7 Lincoln, Abraham, 480 188 Larke, Charles, 222 LeNoire, Rosetta, 26 Lincoln Center for the L’Ouverture, Toussaint, Larsen, Nella, 476, 726 Leon, Kenny, 20 Performing Arts (New 127 Las Vegas Voice, 402 Leonard Medical School, York, NY), 20–21 Love, J. Gregory, 371 Lashley, Joe, 665 598 Lincoln Chapel, 206–7 Love, Nat, 710 Latifah, Queen, 53 Leonard, Walter “Buck,” Lincoln Motion Picture Love, Ruth Burnett, 220 Latimer, Catherine Ann, 631 Company, 22 203 Les Cenelles, 741 Lincoln University, 191, Lovejoy, Illinois, 363 Latimer, George W., 130 Leslie, Lisa Deshaun, 662 646 Loveless, Theresa E., 520 Latimer, Lewis Howard, Levingston, William, 562 Lipman, Winona, 255 Loving, Alvin Demar, Sr., 593–94 Lewis and Clark Expedi- Lislet-Geoffrey, Jean-Bap- 214 Lautier, Louis, 407 tion, 474 tiste, 489 Lowe, Jack, Jr., 348 Law, Barzillai, 431 Lewis, Annelle, 506, 520 “Little Rock Nine,”216 Lowery, Joseph E., 522 Law schools, 201–2 Lewis, Arthur, 381, 478, Littlepage, Craig, 627 Lowery, Robert O., 381 Lawrence, Jacob, Jr., 57, 478 (ill.) Lloyd, Earl, 646–47 Lowery, Samuel R., 330 58, 58 (ill.) Lewis, Aubrey, 720 Lloyd, John Henry “Pop,” Lucas, Bill, 645 Lawrence, Janice, 704 Lewis, Bettye, 578 631 Lucas, Ruth, 428 Lawrence, Robert H., Jr., Lewis, Carl, 704 Locke, Alain, 133 (ill.), Lucas, Sam, 22 620 Lewis, Carolyn B., 534 133–34 Lucy, Autherine Juanita, Lawson, Jennifer Karen, Lewis, David Levering, Locke, Mamie Evelyn, 198, 199 73 727–28 387, 396 L’Union, 401, 402 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 774

774 Index

Lushington, Augustus Malone, Vivian, 199 Marvelettes, 48 McCabe, Edward (Edwin) Nathaniel, 604–5 Malone-Mayes, Vivienne, Maryland Colonization P., 244 Lusitano, Vincente, 30 186 Society, 539 McCain, Franklin, 122 Luter, Fred, Jr., 586 Mance, Alphonso C., 510 Maryland county and McCall, H. Carl, 258 Lutherans, 571–72 Mandela, Martin, 477 state government, McCarty, Oseola, 134 Luthuli, Albert J., 477 Mandela, Nelson Rolih- 247–49 McCormick, Larry Lyke, James P., 556 lahla, 340 Maryland, 368–70 William, 421 Lyle, Ethel Hedgeman, Mandela, Winnie, 125 Maryland, slavery, 129 McCoy, Albert B., 584 526 Manley, Albert Edward, Mashow, John, 111 McCoy, Elijah, 593 Lyle, Marcenia, 636–37 135, 138–39 Mason, Biddy, 103 McCree, Floyd, 370 Lyman, Frankie, 46 Manley, Audrey Forbes, Mason, Charles Harrison, McCullum, Donetta, 469 Lynch, John Roy, 314, 289–90 579, 580, 583 McCurdy, Merle M., 260 318–19 Mann, Thomas J., Jr., 243 Mason, James, 481 McDaniel, Hattie, 24, 24 Lynch, Leon, 88 Manning, John W., 209 Mason, James W., 276 (ill.) Lynk, Miles Vandahurst, Manning, Madeline, 703 Massachusetts county McDaniel, Myra Atwell, 604 Manuel, Jerry, 644 and state govern- 269–70 Lyons, Jane Morgan, 613 Manuel, Wiley E., 230 ment, 249–50 McDaniels, Warren E., Lyons, Maritcha, 513 Manufacturing, 90–92 Massachusetts, legalized 367 Lytle, Lutie A., 167 Mapps, Grace A., 160 slavery, 129 McDemmond, Marie V., Marathon walking, 697 Massachusetts local gov- 137, 154, 505 M March on Washington, ernment, 370 McDonald, Lynette Mabley, Moms, 64 123–24 Massaquoi, Hans J., 734 Boggs, 376 Mabrey, Vicki L., 424 Marines, 448–49 Massey, Walter Eugene, McDonald, R. Keith, 354 Machel, Samora Moises, Marino, Eugene Antonio, 616 McDonald, Rufus “Flash,” 338 557 Massie, Samuel Proctor, 8 Mack, Kelvin, 304 Marr, Carmel Carrington, Jr., 186, 452–53 McDonald’s, 107–8 MacVicar Hospital 257 Master Juba, 7 McDougall, Gay Johnson, (Atlanta, GA), 617 Marsalis, Wynton, 52, 55, Mather, Cotton, 560–61, 125 Madison, James, 731 479 599–600 McFadden, Vivian, 458 Mahlangu, Esther, 58 Marsh, Henry L., III, 396 Mathews, Robert L., 510 McFarlin, Emma Daniels, Mahone, Paula R., 615 Marshall, Abraham, 546 Matney, William C., 409 285–86 Mahoney, Barbara J., Marshall, Bella, 370–71 Matthews, Victoria Earl, McFerrin, Robert, 46 288–89 Marshall, Bobby, 676 513 McGee, Benjamin Lelon, Mahoney, Charles H., 279 Marshall, Harriet Aletha Matthews, Vincent, 703 142 Mahoney, Mary Eliza- Gibbs, 165 Matzeliger, Jan E., 472, McGee, Henry W., 363–64 beth, 616 Marshall, Helen M., 384 594 McGee, Henry Maine county and state Marshall, John W., 272, Mauldin, Al, 294 Wadsworth, III, 96 government, 247 301 Mayers, Harold, 646 McGee, Pam, 704 Maine local government, Marshall, Raymond C., Maynard, Robert C., 411 McGhee, Dolores G., 500 368 504 (ill.), 411–12 McGowan, John, 348 Majors, Monroe Alpheus, Marshall, Thurgood, 274 Maynor, Dorothy, 45, McGruder, Robert G., 602–3 (ill.), 283, 308, 331 217, 496 410, 413–14, 504–5 Malawi government, 338 Marshall, Thurgood, Jr., Mays, Benjamin Elijah, McGuire, George Alexan- Malcolm, Benjamin J., 297 217–18, 549 der, 542–43, 583 381 Martin, Janice R., 245 Mays, Willie, 645 McIntyre, B. Barton, 585 Mallett, Conrad L., Jr., Martin Luther King, Jr., Mayson, H. Irving, 565 McIntyre, Edward M., 251 national holiday, 473, McAfee, Walter S., 618 360–61 Mallory, Arenia Conelia, 474 McAllister, Jane Ellen, McJunkin, George, 580 Martin, Mahlon, 519 171 481–82 Malone, Annie Turnbo, Martin, Montez Cor- McAlpin, Harry S., 407 McKay, Claude, 406, 732, 90–91, 91 (ill.) nelius, Jr., 500 McAnulty, William 736 Malone, Karl A., 662, 663 Martin, Ralph C., II, 250 Eugene, 244 McKee, Clarence Van- Malone, Moses, 652 Martin, W. A., 595 McBride, Bryant, 693 zant, Jr., 99 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 775

Index 775

McKee, Lonette, 19 Melancholy Dame, 23 Milla, Roger, 712–13 Mississippi Christian Mis- McKenzie, Vashti Mur- Memoir of James Jack- Millender-McDonald, sionary Convention, phy, 540–41 son, the Attentive and Juanita, 352–53 560 McKinley, Ada Sophia Obedient Scholar..., Miller, Agaliece, 241 Mississippi county and Dennison, 482 730 Miller, Cheryl De Ann, state government, McKinney, Cynthia, “Memphis Blues,” 35 704–5 251–53 325–26 Memphis Students, 34–35 Miller, Cylenthia Latoye, Mississippi local govern- McKinney, Gene C., 444 Men of Honor, 457 181 ment, 372–74 McKinney, Nina Mae, 23 Menard, John Willis, 317, Miller, Debra A., 508 Missouri county and state McKissick, Floyd Bixler, 318 Miller, Debra W., 504 government, 253–54 176–77 Mendez, Arnaldo Miller, Diane M. W., 586 Missouri local govern- McKnight, Michael D., Tamayo, 620 Miller, Dorie, 454 (ill.), ment, 374–75 366 Mendez, Denny, 469 454–55 Mitchell, Adrienne, 460 McLean, Mabel Parker, Mennonite Quakers, 115 Miller, Harriet Amanda, Mitchell, Arthur, 9–10, 137 Mercer, William Roscoe, 193 120 McLendon, Johnny, Jr., 62–63 Miller, Harry, 658 Mitchell, Arthur W., 319 648, 649–50 Meredith, James Howard, Miller, Helen, 359, 387 Mitchell, Bert Norman, McLeod, Gustavus “Gus,” 198–99 Miller, Kelly, 489 500 465 Merry, Nelson Grover, Miller, Leonard, Jr., 629 Mitchell, Charles Lewis, McLin, Rhine, 387, 389 547 Miller, M. Yvette, 238, 249 McMichael, Alford, 449 Messele, Addisu, 335 239 Mitchell, Corinne McMillan, Elridge W., 144 Metcalf, Ralph, 240 Miller, Ross M., Jr., 532 Howard, 58 McNabb, Donovan, Metcalfe, Ralph H., 719 Miller, Thomas E., 318 Mitchell, Edward, 163 685–86 Methodists, 572–78 Miller, Yvonne Bond, 271 Mitchell, John R., Jr., 493 McNair, Ella, 384 Metropolitan Applied Million Man March, 125 Mitchell, Juanita E. Jack- McNair, Ronald, 621 Research Center, 484 Million Woman March, son, 176 McNeil, Joseph, 122 Metropolitan Opera, 46, 125 Mitchell, Michelle Bur- McNeil, Lori Michelle, 48 Mills Brothers, 61 ton, 272 717 Metropolitan Opera Mills, Florence, 14–15 Mitchell, Parren James, McPhail, Sharon, 499–500 House, 10 322 McPherson, Gertrude Mexico government, 338 Mills, Lois Terrell, 502 Mitchell, Sophia, 351 Elizabeth Curtis, 606 Meza, Carolyn Williams, Mills, Walter S., 215 Mitchell, Therese L., 263 McQuater, Patricia A., 366 Milner, Thirman L., Mitchell, Zinora M., 357 354 Michael, Ivan, 381 355–56 McQuay, James Phillip, 91 Michaux, Henry M., Jr., Miltiades, Saint, 552 Mitchell-Bateman, Mil- McSmith, Blanche Pre- 281 Mines, Janie L., 453 dred, 273 ston, 228 Michaux, Solomon Light- Mingus, Nathan, 525 Mix, Elizabeth, 568 McSween, Cirilo A., 85 foot, 569–70 Minnesota county and Mobile Nationalist, 401 McVea, Jack, 60 Michigan county and state government, Mobley, Sybil Collins, 106 Means, Tyrone, 511 state government, 251 Mofokeng, Jacqui, 469 Medical agencies and 250–51 Minnesota local govern- Mollison, Irving Charles, schools, 598–99 Michigan local govern- ment, 371–72 306–7 Medical and dental asso- ment, 370–71 Minoso, Minnie, 635 Monroe, Earl “The ciations, 530–35 Middlebury College, 200 Minton, Henry McKee, Pearl,” 651 Medici, Giulia de’, 56 Milady, Samuel, 22 525–26, 590, 605–6 Monroe, George, 485 Medicines, 599–61 Miles, Ben, 503 The Mirror of Liberty, 415 Monroe, Loren Eugene, Medico-Chirugical Soci- Miles, Leo, 680 The Mirror of the Times, 251 ety of the District of Miles, W. H., 560 400, 401, 402 Montana county and Columbia, 530 Milford, George Wash- Miscellaneous industries, state government, Medley, Tyrone E., 270 ington, 163 92–102 254 Meek, Carrie, 234, 324 Military Academy (West Miss America Pageant, Monte, Hy, 646 Meharry Medical College, Point), 450–51 467 Montgomery (AL) bus 599 Militia, 451 Miss South Africa, 469 boycott, 123 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 776

776 Index

Montgomery, Simon Morrison, Trudi Michelle, Muhammad, Wallace J., National Association for Peter, 575 329–30 571 the Advancement of Moon, Molly, 514 Morrow, E. Frederic, Mulatto, 15 Colored People, 521 Moon, Warren, 683, 684 279–80 Mules and Men, 732, 733 National Association of Moore, Archie, 669 Morton, Azie B. Taylor, Muluzi, Bakili, 338 Colored Graduate Moore, Charles, Jr., 701 286 Mulzac, Hugh, 87, 483, Nurses (NACGN), 530 Moore, Emerson J., Jr., Morton, Jelly Roll, 36 483 (ill.) National Association of 557 Morton, Lorraine H., 365, Mumford, Arnett W., Colored Physicians, Moore, Fred, 440 387 677–78 Dentists, and Pharma- Moore, Juliette R., 507 Moses, Edwin Corley, 705 Murphy, Isaac, 694, 695 cists, 530 Moore, Lewis B., 167 Moses the Black, Saint, Murray, Archibald R., 503 National Association of Moore, Matthew F., 93 552–53 Murray, Daniel Alexander Radio Announcers, 62 Moore, Minyon, 316 Mosley, Archibald, 518 Payne, 276 National Baptist Conven- Moore, Roscoe Michael, Mosley, Donna Lynn, 692 Murray, George Washing- tion, U.S.A., 39, 548 Jr., 290 Mosley, James Earl, Sr., ton, 318 National Baptist Evangel- Moore, Ruth Ella, 173 377 Murray, Jacqueline, 365 ical Life and Soul Sav- Moore, Thelma Wyatt- Moss, Carlton, 25 Murray, Joan, 420 ing Assembly of USA, Murray, Pauli, 229, Cummings, 237 Moss, Elizabeth B. Mur- 583 565–66 Moore, Walthall M., 253 phy, 407 National Black Arts Festi- Moore, Wenda Weekes, Murray, Peter Marshall, Mossell, Aaron Albert, Jr., val, 21 141 531 164–65 National Black Catholic Moore, William “Mugsy,” Murray, Willard H., 232 Mossell, Gertrude Bustill, Congress (NBCC), 554, 390 Museums, 615–16 403 557–58 Moore, Willie Hobbs, 179 Music, 30–56 Mossell, Nathan Francis, National Black Feminist Moore, Winston E., 364 Music and Some Highly 590 Organization, 517 Moorish Science Temple, Musical People, 731 Moten, Lynette, 418 National Center for 570 Music Critics Circle, 44 Moten-Foster, Beatrice Bioethics in Research Moral and Mental Cap- Music festivals, 21 “Bea,” 419 and Health Care, 619 sule for the Economic Music organizations, 56 National Colored Spiritu- and Domestic Life of Mother Academy, 210 Mutombo, Dikembe, 663 al Association of the Negro, 732 Motley, Archibald J., Jr., Mutual Bank and Trust Churches, 586 The Moral Reform Maga- 57 Company (Chat- National Conference of zine, 400 Motley, Constance Baker, tanooga, TN), 81 Colored Women, 521 Moret, Curtis J., 498 257, 257 (ill.), 309, 381 Myles, William “Bill,” 685 Morgan, Aletha, 266 Motley, Marion, 676 Myller, Ida Mae, 526 National Convention of Morgan, Garrett A., 596 Motley, Pearline, 96 The Mystery, 399, 400, Disciples, 560 Morgan, Irene, 120 Mott, Robert, 13 402 National Convocation of Morgan, J. P., Jr., 202 Mount Hope Methodist the Christian Church, Morial, Ernest Nathan Church (Salem, NJ), N 559 “Dutch,” 245, 367, 574 Nabrit, James Madison, National Council of 368 Mt. Olivet Baptist Church Jr., 139, 139 (ill.), 283 Negro Women, 484 Mormons, 578 (Chicago, IL), 547 Nabrit, Samuel Milton, National David Spiritual Morón, Alonzo G., 135, Mount Sinai Holy Church 139, 589–90 Temple of Christ 138 of America, 581 A Narrative of the Life Church Union, USA, Morris, Carolyn G., 296 Mount Zion Methodist and Adventure of 583 Morris, E. C., 548 Church (Washington, Venture..., 725 National Federation of Morris, Earl J., 25 DC), 574 NASCAR, 629 Community Broad- Morris, Herman, Jr., 393 Mozambique govern- Nash, Bob J., 296 casters, 63 Morris, Samuel, 579 ment, 338 Nash, Charles E., 318 National Guard, 451–52 Morris, Walter, 438 Muhammad, Elijah, 571, Nashville, Tennessee, 391 National Medical Associa- Morrison, George, 38 571 (ill.) Nation of Islam, 571 tion, 530 Morrison, Toni, 727, 727 Muhammad, Imam National Airmen’s Associ- National Negro Congress, (ill.) Abdul-Rasheed, 444 ation of America, 464 87 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 777

Index 777

National Negro Conven- Nevada local govern- Newton, Huey P., 523 “Not a Man and Yet a tion, 121 ment, 376 Newton, Lloyd W. “Fig,” Man,” 741 National Negro Network, New Age (New Mexico), 428–29 Novels, 734–39 62 402 Nichols, George, III, 511 Nubian eunuch, 562 National Negro Newspa- New Age (Oregon), 402 Nigeria government, Nunn, Annetta W., 349 pers Association, 494 New England Confedera- 338–39 Nursing, 616–18 National Negro Opera tion, 129 Nigger Add” (range Nutt, Maurice Joseph, Company, 43 New Era, 402 boss), 481 375 National Order of Mosaic New Hampshire county Ninth Regiment, U.S. Col- Nutter, Adele, 674 Templers of America, and state govern- ored Troops, 431 Nyanda, Siphiwe, 341 525 ment, 255 Nix, Robert N. C., Jr., 263, Nyerere, Julius, 341 (ill.), National Primitive Baptist New Jersey county and 263 (ill.), 320 341–42 Convention of the state government, Nix, Robert Nelson C., USA, 583 255–56 320 O National Science Founda- New Jersey local govern- Nkomo, Joshua, 345 O’Banner-Owens, tion, 616 ment, 376 Nkrumah, Kwame, 335 Jeanette, 508–9 National Urban League, New Jersey Symphony No Place to Be Some- Oberlin College, 191 521–22 Orchestra, 49 body, 18 Oblate Sisters of Provi- The National Watchman, New Millenium Studios, No Time for Romance, 25 dence, 205, 553 29 400 Noah, Yannick, 716 O’Bryant, Henri, 350 New Thought Church, Nationalist, 402 Nobel Peace Prizes, 55 O’Bryant, John D., 219 543–44 Odds Against Tomorrow, Native Son, 737 Nobel Prize, 477 New York Amsterdam 26 Naval Academy, 452–53 Noble Drew Ali, 570 News, 405 Off to Bloomingdale Asy- Navy, 453–60 Noble, Ronald K., 294, New York antiracial dis- lum, 21 Ndadaye, Melchior, 334 510 crimination legisla- Ofili, Elizabeth O., 534 Neal, Audrey, 487 Nobles, Walter, 453 tion, 121 Ogden, Jonathan Philip, Neal, Levi, 393 Noel, Monje Malak Abd New York City Ballet, 685 Neau, Elias, 560 al-Muta Ali, Jr., 459 9–10, 10 Ogden, Peter, 525 Nebraska county and Nonfiction, 730–34 New York county and O’Hara, James E., 318 state government, state government, Norford, George E., 67 Ohio county and state 254 256–58 Norman, William S., 504 government, 259–61 Neely, C. Daryl, 374 New York Lincoln Giants, Norris, Donna M., 534 Ohio local government, “Negress,” 406 631 Norris, Lonnie H., 614 385–89 “Negro,” 406 New York local govern- North America, slave Okino, Elizabeth Anna, Negro Actors Guild, 24 ment, 378–84 revolt, 127 692 Negro Folk Symphony, 41 New York Opera, 46 North Carolina Agricul- Oklahoma City (OK) sit- Negro Gospel and Reli- New York Philharmonic, tural and Technical in, 122 gious Music Festival, 42 College sit-in, 122 Oklahoma county and 45 New York slave revolt, North Carolina Central state government, The Negro Inventor, 596 127 University, 195 261 “Negro Jig,” 30 Newcombe, Don North Carolina county Oklahoma local govern- Negro League reunion, “Newk,” 634, 635 and state govern- ment, 389 642 Newman, Constance ment, 258–59 Oklahoma State Universi- Negro World, 402 Berry, 290 North Carolina local gov- ty, 196 Nell, William Cooper, Newman, J. T., 602 ernment, 384–85 O’Leary, Hazel Rollins, 275, 729 Newman, Theodore Roo- North Carolina Mutual 293 Nelson, Harold E., 365 sevelt, Jr., 357 Life Insurance Compa- Olden, Georg, 473 Nelson, Mary Ann, 520 Newnan Station ny, 85 Oliva, Tony, 637 Nesmith, Steven B., 508 Methodist Church The North Star, 400 Olive, Milton L., III, 440 Nesty, Anthony, 707 (Newnan, GA), 574 Northwest and Southern Oliver, King, 21, 38 Nevada county and state Newport Jazz Festival, 47 Baptist Convention, Olympics, 697–710 government, 254 Newspapers, 399–415 547 Omega Psi Phi, 526 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 778

778 Index

“One Church—One Page, Alan Cedric, 251, Patterson, Joyce, 395 Pennsylvania Society for Child,” 558 679 Patterson, Lloyd, 388 the Abolition of Slav- O’Neal, Ernest Stanley, Page, Clarence, 412 Patterson, Mary Jane, ery, 115, 521 110 Page, Inman, 163, 164 160 Pentecostals, 579–81 O’Neal, Frederick Dou- Paige, Roderick Radnor, Patterson, P. J., 336, 336 The People’s Press, 400 glass, 17 301–2 (ill.) Perdreau, Connie O’Neil, John “Buck,” 638 Paige, Satchel, 631, 633, Patterson, Robert L., 232 Whitener, 503, 508 O’Neil, Vallorie Harris, 633 (ill.) Patterson, Rodney S., 550 Perez, Anna, 305 487 Painting, 56–59 Patterson, Roland Periodicals, 415–17 Onesimus, 599–600 Palcy, Euzham, 27 Nathaniel, 219 Perkins, Edward Joseph, Onley, D. Watson, 90 Palladium of Liberty, 402 Patterson-Tyler, Audrey 289, 290, 292 Operation Enduring Free- Palmer, Alice Freeman, “Mickey,” 700 Perkins, James, 349, 695 dom, 450 211 Patton, Vincent, III, 447 Perry, Carrie Saxon, 233, Orduna, Paul A, 352 Palmer, Douglas Harold, Paul, Nathan, 546 356, 387 O’Ree, Willie Eldon, 377 Paul Quinn College, 193 Perry, Eldo, 106 692–93 Palmer Memorial Insti- Paul, Susan, 730 Perry, Harold Robert, Oregon county and state tute, 210–11 Paul, Thomas, Sr., 546 556, 556 (ill.) government, 262 Palmer, Stephanie, 384 Payne, Claudia H., 247 Perry, Howard P., 448 Orgain, Javette C., 535 Palmer, Violet, 660 Payne, Daniel A., 134–35 Perry, Joseph, Jr., 233 Organ, Claude H., Jr., 532 Pamphlets, 740 Payne, Donald Milford, Perry, Lincoln Theodore Organ (musical instru- Parade of Stars, 196 325, 517 Monroe Andrew, 23 ment), 562 Parham, Thomas David, Payne, Gary D., 244–45 Perry, Lowell, 679 Oriental America, 12 Jr., 457 Payton, Carolyn Robert- Perry, Matthew J., Jr., 310 Original Hebrew Israelite Paris, John, Jr., 693–94 son, 287 Persian Gulf War (Opera- Nation (Abeta Parish, Robert, 658 Payton, Phillip A., 103 tion Desert Storm), Hebrew Cultural Cen- Parker, Andrea, 448 Payton, Walter Jerry, 460 ter), 552 Parker, Dave, 640 628–29, 681 Person, Waverly, 286–87 Ormes, Zelda Jackson Parker, Isaac C., 276–77 PC 1264 (submarine), 456 Peter, Dawn, 366 “Jackie,” 5 Parker, Kellis E., 179 Pea Island, North Caroli- Peters, Aulana Louise, Orr, Wallace E., 234 Parker, Kermit, 245 na, Lifesaving Station, 289 Ory, Kid, 38 Parks, Gordon A., Sr., 27, 446 Peters, Howard A., III, Osborn, Charles, 399 418, 418 (ill.) Peace Mission, 578–79 242 Osborne, Estelle Massey Parks, Rosa, 123, 479 Peake, Mary Smith Kel- Petersen, Frank E., Jr., Riddle, 184, 617 Parks, Suzann-Lori, 21 sick, 206 449 Osei, Kwame, 561 Parrott-Fonseca, Joan, Peary, Robert E., 475 Petersen, Thomas Mundy, Otis-Lewis, Alexis D., 254 296 Peck, Carolyn, 662 119 Our Age, 402 Parsons, James Benton, Peck, David J., 601 Peterson, Alan Herbert, Our Nig: Or, Sketches 307, 309 Peebles, R. Donahue, 101 500 from the Life of a Free Parsons, Richard Dean, Peete, Calvin, 690 Peterson, Coleman Hollis, Black..., 735 83–84, 101 Pekin Theater (Chicago, 106 Overby, Ethel Thompson, Partee, Cecil A., 242 IL), 13 Petry, Ann, 737–38 213–14 Patrick, Deval, 99–100 Pelgado, Laura Fitz, 295 Pettigrew, L. Eudoria, 143 Owens, George A., 176 Patrick-Yeboah, Jennie Pendleton, Clarence M., Petty, Christine Evans, Owens, Jesse, 699 R., 180 Jr., 288 720 Owens, Major, 324 Patterson, Cecil Booker, Penn, Robert, 454 Phelps, Donald Gayton, Owens, Ronald C., 511 Jr., 228 Pennick, Janet, 391 147 Patterson, Floyd, 668–69 Pennington, James Phi Beta Kappa, 491 P Patterson, Frederick D., William Charles, 728 Phi Beta Sigma, 528 Pace, Henry, 37 493, 515, 598 Pennsylvania county and Philadelphia Internation- Pace, Orlando, 684 Patterson, Frederick Dou- state government, al Records, 478 Pace Phonograph Com- glas, 78–79, 190 262–64 Philadelphia Pythons, 629 pany, 37 Patterson, James O., Jr., Pennsylvania local gov- Philadelphia Tribune, 403 Paddington, George, 553 268 ernment, 389–91 Philanthropist, 399 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 779

Index 779

Phillips, Channing E., Pointer Sisters, 50 Prattis, Percival L., 407 Purvis, Charles Burleigh, 314–15 Poitier, Sidney, 25–26 Prendergast, Shirley, 18 591, 604 Phillips, Charles U., 235 Political parties, 313–17 Preparatory High School Purvis, W. B., 594 Phillips, J. D., 577 Polk, Anthony Joseph, for Colored Youth, Phillips, Vel R., 273 589 208–9 Q Phillips, William Thomas, Polk, William, 434 Presbyterians, 581–85 Quaison-Sackey, Alex, 583 Pollard, Alice F., 375 Press secretary, 418 343, 343 (ill.) Philomethian Oddfellows Pollard, Frederick Dou- Prestage, Jewel Limar, Quassey (first known Lodge No. 646, 525 glas “Fritz,” Sr., 177–78 black baptist), 544 Photography, 59–60 675–76 Price, Florence Beatrice Queen Latifah, 53 Photojournalism, 418 Pollard, Frederick Dou- Smith, 40–41 Quintuplets, 613 Pickens, Harriet Ida, 456 glas, Jr., 675 Price, Glenda D., 143, Pickett, Bill, 22, 710–11 Pollard, Percy Edward, 155–56 R Pickett, Tydie, 698 Sr., 505 Price, Leontyne, 48–49, Rachel, 13 Piedmont Tri-State Dis- Pollard, William E., 88 51, 67, 733 Radio, 60–64, 419 trict Convention, 560 Pony Express riders, 485 Pride, Charley, 49, 55 Radio City Music Hall, 47 Pierce, Abe, III, 368 Poole, Cecil Francis, 281, Pridgett, Gertrude, 33–34 Radio One, 63–64, 110 Pierce, Samuel Riley, Jr., 287 Primus, Pearl, 8–9 Rahn, Muriel, 67 284 Poor, Salem, 430–31 Prince, Art, 712 Railway cars, 120 Pierre, Percy A., 175, 178, Porgy and Bess, 20 Prince, Mary, 725 Raines, Franklin Delano, 190 Porter, E. Melvin, 261 Princeville, North Caroli- 296, 300 “Pilgrimage of friend- Porter, Frederick M., 376 na, 384 Rainey, Joseph Hayne, ship,” 549 Porter, Jennie, 165 317, 318 Pritchard, Robert Star- Pinchback, Pinckney Ben- Porter, John T., 226 Rainey, Ma, 33 (ill.), ling, 48 ton Stewart, 246, 246 Porter, John W., 218 33–34 Proctor, Barbara Gardner, (ill.) Portuguese, Anthony, Ramphele, Mamphela, 77 Pinckney, Leo, 434 378 153–54 Proctor, Sonya T., 358 Pinkney, William “Bill,” Postles, Thomas, 233, 356 The Ram’s Horn, 400 Progress, 402 484 Poston, Ersa Hines, 257 Ramsey-Wallace, Antho- Prosper, Pierre-Richard, Pinson, Cora, 397 Potter, Myrtle Stephens, ny, 532 303 Pioneers, 485 100–101 Ramsue, Clayton Marcel- Pipkins, Robert Erik, 707 Pounds, August Wright, Prosser, Gabriel, 128 lus, 534 Pitcher, Freddie, 367 509 Protestant Episcopal Rand, A. Barry, 97 Pitt, David Thomas, 342 Powell, Adam Clayton, Church (Haiti), 563 Randolph, A. Philip, 76 Pitta, Celso, 333–34 Jr., 319–20, 320 (ill.), Protestant Episcopal (ill.), 86–87, 256 Pittman, Elizabeth Davis, 379 Church of Saint Randolph, Virginia 254 Powell, Adam Clayton, III, Thomas (Philadelphia, Estelle, 212 Pittman, Keith B., 368 419 PA), 562 Rangel, Charles Bernard, Pitts, Marshall, Jr., 385 Powell, Clilan Bethany, Prothrow-Stith, Deborah 323–24 Pitts, Robert B., 283 607 Boutin, 249 Ranier, Cathey L., 358 Plato, Ann, 730–31 Powell, Colin L., 302, 442 Providence Association Ranne, Peter, 485 Player, Willa B., 135 (ill.), 442–43, 443 (Ohio), 546 Ransier, Alonzo J., 318 “Please Mr. Postman,” 48 Powell, Debra A., 366, Provident Hospital Ransom, Lillie, 222 Plinton, James O., Jr., 387 (Chicago, IL), 590 Ransom, Reverdy C., 486–87 Powell, Renee, 691 Provident Hospital Train- 526–27 Plummer, Henry Vinson, Powell, William J., 688 ing School (Chicago, Rapier, James T., 318 433 Powell, Wilma D., 354 IL), 617 Rapier, John H., 601 Poage, George Coleman, Powers, Georgia M. Provincial Freeman, 399 “Rapper’s Delight,” 51 697 Davis, 244 Pryor, Richard, 479–80 Rashid, Michael A., 614 Poems on Various Sub- Poynter, Jonathan, 574 Publishing, 102–3 Rastafarians, 585 jects, Religious and Prairie View Bowl, 676 Pulitzer Prizes, 54, 55, 70 Ratcliff, Billy, 395 Moral, 740–41 Prater, Constance C., 413 Punch, John, 129 Rattley, Jessie M., 387, Poetry, 740–43 Pratt, Awadagin, 54 Purnell, Janet, 388 396 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 780

780 Index

Raveling, George Henry, Retailing, 103–8 Rivers, Johnny, 479 Roche, Alvin A., Sr., 652–53 Revels, Hiram Rhoades, Rivers, Ruben, 445 527–28 Raven, Ricky A., 99 135, 328–29, 329 Riverside Golf Club, Rock, John Sweat, 306 Rawlinson, Johnnie, 313 Reynolds, Humpfrey H., 687–88 Rodeo, 710–12 Rawls, Lou, 196 594 Roach, Maxwell “Max,” Rodgers, Johnathan Ray, Arthur, 25 Reynolds, Milton L., 498 51–52, 479 Arlin, 73 Ray, Charles B., 313 Reynolds, Penny Brown, Roba, Fatuma, 721 Rodman, Dennis Keith, Ray, Charlotte E., 167, 239 Roberson, Elder, 580 661 275 Reynolds, Steve, 22 Roberson, Mother Lizzie Rogers, Gwendolyn H., Ready, Stephanie, 663 Reynolds, Terry, 534 Woods, 580 388 Real estate, 103 Rhea, James N., 409 Roberts, Adelbert H., 240 Rogers, Joe, 233 Reason, Charles Lewis, Rhea, La Julia, 41 Roberts, Benjamin, 205–6 Rogers, Joel Augustus, 182, 182 (ill.) Rhode Island county and Roberts, Frederick Madi- 407 Reason, J. Paul, 459 state government, son, 229 Rogers, Thomasina, 299 Recording, 64 264–65 Roberts, John W., 575 Rogers, Timmie, 66 Redding, Grover Cleve- Rhode Island local gov- Roberts, Joseph Jenkins, Rollins, Charlemae Hill, land, 568 ernment, 391 337 478 Redding, J. Saunders, Rhodes, Audrey B., 533 Roberts, Lillian, 257–58 Rollins College, 201 184–85, 477 Rhodes, C. Adrienne, 414 Roberts, Robin, 73 Rollins, Ida Gray Nelson, Redding, Louis L., Rhodes, Ray, 686 Roberts Wireless Commu- 603 171–72, 197 Rhodman, William “Bill,” nications (RWC), Roman, Charles Victor, Redman, Don, 40 664 98–99 618 Redman, Quentin, 97 Rhone, Sylvia, 53 Robeson, Paul, 15–16 Romney, Edgar O., 89 Reed, Gregory J., 501 Ribbs, Willy T., 628, 629 Robinson, Bernard Whit- Rooks, Charles Shelby, Reed, Rosalie A., 612 Ricard, John H., 558–59 field, 455 141 Reed, Thomas J., 225–26 Rice, Condoleezza Robinson, Bishop, 369 Rooney, Covette, 311 Reed, Trudie Kibbe, 137, “Condi,” 149, 149 Robinson, Cleveland, 87 Roosevelt, Theodore, 481 155 (ill.), 290, 302–3 Robinson, Dillard, 564 Roots, 70–71 Reese, Cynthia, 234 Rice, Fred, 365 Robinson, E. R., 595 Rose, Lucille Mason, 382 Reese, Della, 69 Rice, Jerry Lee, 683–84 Robinson, Eddie G., Roseborough, Dianna D., Reeves, Alexis Scott, 406 Rice, Judith Carol, 365–66 682–83 248 Reeves, Bass, 276–77 Rice, Norman Blann, 84, Robinson, Frank, 639, 640 Ross, William H., III, 108 Reeves, Frank D., 280–81 273, 397 Robinson, Hilyard, 2–3 Ross-Lee, Barbara, 613 Reformed Dutch Church, Richard B. Harrison Robinson, Ida Bell, 581 Roudanez, Louis Charles, 585 Library (Raleigh, NC), Robinson, Jackie, 631 401, 402 Reformed Zion Union 204 (ill.), 631–32, 633, 689 Roundtree, Richard, 26 Apostolic Church, 583 Richards, Lloyd, 17 Robinson, Leonard Harri- Rowan, Carl Thomas, Reid, Daphne Maxwell, Richardson, Harry B., 255 son, 297 282, 496, 496 (ill.) 29 Richardson, Nolan, Robinson, Malcolm, 395 Rowe, William Leon, Reid, Irvin D., 154–55 653–54, 656 Robinson, Max, 422 379–80 Reid, Tim, 29 Richardson, Willis, 14 Robinson, R. Jackie, 700 Rowing, 712 Reid, William Ferguson, Richmond, Bill, 665 Robinson, Robert, 339 Royal Ballet, 52 270 Richmond, David, 122 Robinson, Roscoe, Jr., Royal Circle of Friends of Reid-Wallace, Carolynn, Ricketts, Matthew O., 441–42, 442 (ill.), 474 the World, 525 137, 158 254 Robinson, Sandra Royal Knights of King Religion, 537–87 Ridley, Florida Ruffin, 404 Hawkins, 507 David, 525 Remond, Charles Lenox, Ridley, Nathaniel, 177 Robinson, Shaun, 74 Rucker, Raleigh, 239 117 Right to vote, 118 Robinson, Spottswood, Rucker, Robert D., Jr., 243 Rens (first pro basketball Rights of All, 400 308 Rudd, Daniel, 555, 558 team), 646 Riles, Wilson Camanza, Robinson, Steve, 661 Rudolph, Wilma Republican, 402 218–19 Robinson, Sugar Ray, Jr., Glodean, 702 Research and develop- Rillieux, Norbert, 592–93 668 Ruffin, Benjamin S., 153, ment, 618–20 Rising Sun, 402 Robinson, William, 485 155 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 781

Index 781

Ruffin, George Lewis, Saint Thomas African Scurry, Briana, 713 Shaw, Robert Gould, 473 161–62 Episcopal Church Searles, Joseph L., III, 108 Shaw, Valerie L., 354 Ruffin, Josephine St. (Philadelphia, PA), 562 Sears, Earle, 272 “Sh-Boom,” 45 Pierre, 404, 521 Salem, Peter, 430, 431 Sears, Winsome, 272 Shell, Arthur “Art,” Jr., Ruffin, Paulette Francine, Salinger, Pierre, 280 Sears-Collins, Leah J., 238 682 444 Salmon, Harold, 556 Second Cumberland Pres- Sherman, C. A. “Tony,” Rugambwa, Laurean, 555 Salvation Army, 585 byterian Church, 583 270 Ruggles, David, 103–4, Sampson, Charles, 711–12 Segregation in street Shields, Henry W., 256 415, 600 Sampson, Edith Spurlock, cars, 117 Shields, Portia Holmes, Run, Little Children, 15 170–71, 240, 279, 364 Selassie, Haile, 585, 585 137 Runge, Mary, 531 Samuels, Clarence, 446 (ill.) Shippen, John, 687 Running Wild, 7–8 Samuels, Colleen, 181 Seligman, Edwin R. A., Shirley, Lemuel Barnett, Rush, Gertrude E. Dur- Sanders, Barry, 684 522 565 den, 243 Santiago, Margaret, 615 Sellers, Walter G., 509, Shockley, Dolores Cooper, Russell, Bill “Mr. Basket- Santomee, Lucas, 599 519 610 ball,” 650 Saratoga Potato Chips, Semer Paratus—Always Shores, Arthur D., 347 Russell, Harvey C., 446 480 Ready (SPAR), 446–47 Short, David William, 583 Russell, Harvey Clarence, Satcher, David, 598–99 Sendaba, Shelem S., 80 Short stories, 743 Jr., 91 Satterfield, Patricia Pol- Senegal government, 339 Shropshire, John Sher- Russell, Herman Jerome, son, 258 Senghor, Leopold Sedar, win, 264 495 Saunders, Doris Evans, 339 “Shuffle Along,” 60 Russell, Nipsey, 5 204 Sengstacke, Robert Shuften, John T., 402 Russia government, 339 Savage, Augusta Chris- Abbott, 404 (ill.), Shumate, Alex, 100 Russwurm, John Brown, tine, 65 404–5 Sierra Leone, 539 399, 402 Scales, Jerome C., 532 Service and Development Sifford, Charlie, 688–89 Scarborough, William Agency, 540 Sigma Pi Phi, 525–26 Rust College, 192 Sanders, 731 Seventy-eighth Tank Bat- Sills, James H., 356 Rust, Richard, 192 The Scarlet Claw, 22 talion, 436 Silsby, John, 402 Rutherford, Maude, 14 Schmoke, Kurt Lidell, Sewell, Mack, 498 Simmons, Bob, 684 369, 369 (ill.) Seymore, Leslie, 503 Simmons, Joseph Jacob S Schomburg, Arthur A., Seymour, Frank M., 370 “Jake,” Jr., 94 Saffold, Shirley Strick- 736 Seymour, Frederick Simmons, Leonard, 255 land, 508 Schools, 205–23 Williams, 526 Simmons, Ron, 722 Sailing, 712 Schuyler, George, 736–37 Seymour, William Joseph, Simmons, Rosie S., 253 Saint Andrew’s Science and medicine, 579 Simmons, Ruth J., 143, Methodist Episcopal 589–622 Shackelford, Lottie H., 152–53, 158 (AME) Church, 538 Scott, Bobby, 326–27 229, 350, 387 Simmons, William J., 548 Saint Augustine, Florida, Scott, Cornelius Adol- Shadd, Mary Ann, 398 Simms, Leah, 234 358 phus, 406 (ill.), 399–400 Simms, Margaret, 524 Saint Augustine’s Semi- Scott, Dred, 117–18 Shaffer, Flora Murphy, Simon, “Monkey,” 694 nary, 555 Scott, Gloria Dean Ran- 306 Simpson, Carole, 424 Saint Benedict Church dle, 517, 517 (ill.) Shakerism, 587 Simpson, Georgianna (New York, NY), 554 Scott, Gregory K., 232 Shanks, Simon, Sr., 372 Rose, 167, 169, 169 Saint Francis Academy of Scott, Hazel, 66 Shannon, David Thomas, (ill.) Rome, 205 Scott, Isaiah B., 575 Sr., 148 Simpson, O. J., 678, Saint Francis Xavier Scott, Osborne E., 439 Sharp Street Methodist 679–80, 680 (ill.) Church (Baltimore, Scott, Stanley S., 410 Church (Baltimore, Sims, Naomi, 467 MD), 554 Scott, Wendell Oliver, 628 MD), 539, 574 Sims, Willie, 695 Saint Julien, Marlon, 695, Scott, William A., III, 406 Sharpe, Ronald M., 263 Singleton, John, 28, 28 696 Scott, William B., Jr., 401, Shaw, Bernard, 422 (ill.), (ill.) Saint Phillip’s African 402 422–23 Sinkfield, Richard, 528 Church (New York, Scott-Ensely, Deborah, 84 Shaw, Leander J., Jr., 234 Sinkford, Jeanne Frances NY), 562 Sculpture, 64–66 Shaw, Leslie N., 282, 350 Craig, 612 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 782

782 Index

Sinkford, William G., 586 Smith, Jennifer, 333, 333 sionary Convention, Sporting News, 644 Sissle, Noble, 60 (ill.) 550 Sports administration, Sisters of Loretto, 553 Smith, Jimmy, 48 South Carolina Christian 625–27 Sisters of the Holy Family, Smith, Joshua L., 144 Missionary Conven- Sports associations, 627 553 Smith, Kelly Miller, Sr., tion, 560 Sports education, 674 Sisulu, Sheila Violet 187 South Carolina county Sports Illustrated, 470 Makate, 341 Smith, Lucy Madden, and state govern- Spratlin, Valaurez B., 167 Sit-ins, 122–23 580–81 ment, 265–66 Sproles, Tommy, 229 Sivart Mortgage Compa- Smith, Mamie, 64 South Carolina General Squash, 713 ny, 83 Smith, Merle J., Jr., 447 Assembly, 265 Stallings, George Augus- Sklarek, Norma Merrick, Smith, Otis M., 250 South Carolina local gov- tus, Jr., 543, 543 (ill.) 4 Smith, Patricia “Patti” G., ernment, 391 Stamps, 472 Slade, William, 304 299 South Carolina, slave Stance, Emanuel, 433 Slater, Frederick “Duke,” Smith, Renetta, 295 revolt, 127 Stanfield, Sylvia, 300 676 Smith, Rosa A., 223, 388 Southern Baptists, Stanford, John, 222 Slater, Rodney Earl, 293, Smith, Tommie C., 703 585–86 Stanley, Frank L., Sr., 494 298 Smith, Tubby, 658, Southern Christian Insti- Stanton, Lucy Ann, 160 Slave revolts, 127–29 660–61 tute, 192–93 Stanton, Robert G., 299 Slave Songs of the United Smith, Virginia L., 264 Southern Christian Lead- Star of Zion, 403 States, 31 ership Conference Smith, Will, 53 Starkes, Sheldon D., 430 Slavery, 129–30 (SCLC), 122, 522 Smith, William H., 554 Starkes, Virgil A., 430 Sleet, Gregory M., 311 Southern District of Staton, Donna Hill, 248 Smith, William M., 576 Sleet, Moneta J., Jr., 418 Churches of Christ, Staupers, Mabel Keaton, Smith-Phifer, Sylivia, 385 Sloan-Green, Tina, 697 560 530 Smithsonian Institution, Slocum, Hilton, 646 Southside Settlement Stavey, George Washing- 589 Slowe, Lucy Diggs, 526, House, 482 ton, 630 Sneed, Paula A., 107 714 Southwestern Christian Steele, Shirley Creenard, Snowden, Carolynne, 23 Small, John Bryant, 542 College, 195–96 243 Snowden, Fred “The Small, Mary J., 542 Soyinka, Wole, 727 Steele-Small, Veronica, Fox,” 651 Smalls, Robert, 318, 453 Space, 620–22 354 Snowden School, 208 (ill.), 453–54 Spaulding, Asa T., 85 Steib, J. Terry, 558 Smart Set Club of Brook- Soccer, 712–13 Spaulding, Charles Clin- Stephan, Martin, 712 lyn, 646 Society for the Propaga- ton, 85 Stephens, Charlotte Smith, Anna Deavere, 20 tion of the Gospel in Spears, Doris E., 229 Andrews, 212 Smith, Austin Stephen, Foreign Parts, 560 Spelman College, 194, Stephens, David, 81 55 Society of Colored People 196, 493 Stephens, Joyce, 383 Smith, Bessie, 38 of Baltimore, 553 Spelman Seminary/Col- Stephens, Paul A., 532 Smith, Charles, 558 Society of the Divine lege, 617 Steward, Susan Maria Smith, Charles R., 499 Word, 555 Spence-Chapin Services Smith McKinney, 602 Smith, Chelsi, 469 Society Orchestra, 36 to Children, 484 Steward, Theophylus G., Smith, Chester, 558 Sock, Karen, 98 Spencer, Peter, 543 489 Smith, E. D., 583 Somerville, Dora B., 241 Spencer, Prince, 8 Stewart, Alice Jackson, Smith, Emmitt J., III, 687 Son of Ingagi, 24–25 Spencer, Vaino Hassen, 196 Smith, Fanny Norton, 193 Sonn, Franklin, 341 350 Stewart, Ella P., 606 Smith, Ferdinand, 87 Sorrell, Maurice, 494–95 Spigner, Marcus E., 297 Stewart, John, 574 Smith, G. Elaine, 551 Soul Train, 70 Spikes, Dolores Margaret Stewart, Maria W., 116 Smith, J. Clay, Jr., 498 Soul Train Music Awards, Richard, 137, 149–50, Stewart, Pearl, 413 Smith, James McCune, 72 179 Stewart, William Wyatt, 600 Souljah, Sister, 125 Spiller, Lois, 620 606 Smith, James Webster, South Africa govern- Spingarn Medal, 475, 476 Still, William Grant, 40 450, 450–51 ment, 340–41 Spinks, Leon, 670 Stith, James H., 451 Smith, Janet K., 234 South Carolina Baptist Spiritual denomination, Stock brokerage, 108–11 Smith, Jawama, 388 Educational and Mis- 586 Stockard, Betsy, 366 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 783

Index 783

Stokes, Carl Burton, 386 Supreme Camp of Ameri- Taylor, Marshall W. Elisa Johannes Capi- Stokes, Charles M., 272, can Woodmen, 525 “Major,” 575, 673 tien, 1717–1747, 730 308 “Surely God Is Able,” 42 Taylor, Prince Albert, Jr., They That Sit in Darkness, Stokes, Lori, 74 Surles, Carol, 143, 150, 575–76 13–14 Stokes, Louis, 321, 322 223 Taylor, Robert R., 163 Think and Grow Rich: A Stokes, Louise, 698 Suthern, Orrin Clayton, Taylor, Ruth Carol, 465, Black Choice, 733 Stone, Charles Sumner 44 486 Thirteenth Amendment, “Chuck,” 496–97 Swain, Cassandra, 181 Taylor, Sampson, 431 118 Stone, James, 431 Sweatman, Wilbur, 34 Taylor, Susie King, 590, Thomas, Alfred Jack, 434 Stone, Toni, 636–37 Sweatt, James L., III, 533 616–17 Thomas, Alma Woodsey, Story, Moorfield, 521 Sweitzer, Anne, 572 Taylor, Tyrone, 7 58 Stout, Juanita Kidd, 262, Swimming, 713 Taylor, Walter Scott, 376 Thomas, Audrey, 70 263 Swoopes, Sheryl, 659 Taylor, William Frank, 586 Thomas, Charles L., 445 Stout, Louis, 504, 626 Sylvester, Odell Howard, Teague, Colin, 546 Thomas, Debi, 696 (ill.), Stoval, Mary, 387 Jr., 351–52 Television, 66–75, 419–25 696–97 Stowers, Freddie, 443 Temple, Lewis, 593 Thomas, Emmitt, 686 The Street, 737–38 T Tennessee county and Thomas (first black child Street, Shirley, 501 state government, born in White House), Taekwondo, 713–14 Streets, Fran A., 508 266–69 480 Talbert, Mary Morris Bur- Streets, Frederick J., 551 Tennessee, Jim Crow law, Thomas, Frank Edward, nett, 462 (ill.), 476 Stribling, Georgia, 267 643 Talbert, William, 476 478–79 Tennessee local govern- Thomas, Franklin A., 518 Talladega College, 192 Stringer, C. Vivian, ment, 391–93 Thomas, Isiah Lord, III, Talton, Chester Lovelle, 655–56, 658, 662 Tennessee, railway cars, 657 567 Strode, Woody, 28, 676 120 Thomas, Jacqueline Tandy, Vertner W., 452 Stroger, John Herman, Jr., Tennessee State Universi- Marie, 414 Tandy, Vertner W., Sr., 2 242 ty, 648 Thomas, James A., 380 Tanner, Henry Ossawa, Strong, Ariel Perry, 416 Tennessee State Universi- Thomas, James C., 378 57, 59, 472 Stroud, Florence, 230 ty football team, 686 Thomas, James Joshua, Tanner, Jack, 287 Stubblefield, Edith, 98 Tennis, 714–18 585 Sturdivant, John Nathan, Tanzania government, Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn Thomas, James Samuel, 89 341–42 M., 730 Jr., 575–76 Suber, Diane Boardley, Tarpley, Kevin, 370 Terrell, Mary Church, Thomas, Jesse O., 589 137, 157 Tate, Earnest L., 348 209–10, 210 (ill.), 521 Thomas, John, 720–21 Sudarkasa, Niara, 137, Tate, Eleanora Elaine, Terrell, Robert Herenton, Thomas, John Charles, 145, 507 410 356–57 271 Sugar Hill Gang, 51 Tate, Herbert Holmes, Jr., Terry, Lucy, 740 Thomas, Louphenia, 226 Sullivan, Leon Howard, 255 Terry, Wallace Houston, Thomas, Mary Maxwell, 105, 105 (ill.) Tate, Mary L., 583 II, 416 181 Sullivan, Louis Wade, Tate, Merze, 168 Texas Christian Mission- Thomas, Maxine F., 352 290, 290 (ill.) Tate, Stanley W., 91 ary Convention, 560 Thomas, S. E., 594 Sul-Te-Wan, Madame, 22 Taylor, C. H. J., 277 Texas county and state Thomas, Viola, 377, 387 Summer, Alphonso M., Taylor, Dorothy Mae, 245 government, 269–70 Thomas-Graham, Pamela, 205 Taylor, George Edwin, Texas local government, 98 Summers, Esther B., 163 314 393–95 Thompkins, William H., Summers, William E., III, Taylor, H. LeBaron, 50–51 Text Book of the Origin 433 695 Taylor, James H., 143 and History ... of the Thompson, Betty Lou, Summers, William E., IV, Taylor, John, 343 Colored People, 728 499 696 Taylor, John Baxter, Jr., Tharpe, “Sister” Rosetta, Thompson, Charles H., Sumner, Francis Cecil, 169 698 42 165 The Suppression of the Taylor, Julius F., 402 Theater, 11–21 Thompson, Don, 108 African Slave Trade, Taylor, Kristin Clark, 305 Thesis on Slavery by the Thompson, Egbert, 434 1638–1870, 729 Taylor, Lawyer, 163 Former Slave, Jacobus Thompson, Frank P., 630 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 784

784 Index

Thompson, Frazier L., Tougaloo College, 201 Turner, James Milton, 276 Union Methodist Church 163, 175 Toussaint, Ed, 251 Turner, John B., 159–60 (Massachusetts), 574 Thompson, Henry (Hank), Towery, Vecepia “Vee,” Turner, Morrie, 5–6 Unitarian-Universalists, 631, 634 74–75 Turner, Nat, 128 586 Thompson, John Robert, Towles, Dorothea, 466 Turner-Kuralt-Tate Build- United Brothers of Jr., 652 Townsel, Ronald, 241 ing (University of Friendship and Sisters Thompson, John W., 92 Track and field, 718–22 North Carolina, of the Mysterious Ten, Thompson, Marie, 688 Transportation, 111–13, Chapel Hill), 159–60 525 Thompson sextuplets, 485–87 Turnipseed, Carl Wendell, United Church and Sci- 614–15 Travis, Geraldine, 254 301 ence of Living Insti- Thompson, Theophilus, Treemonisha, 35–36 Turpin, Thomas Million, tute, 586 672 Trevigne, Paul, 401 33 United Free Will Baptist Thompson, Wiley, III, 297 Tribble, Israel, Jr. 94, 508 Tuskegee Airmen, 486 Church, 583 Thompson, William C., Jr., Tribune (Arizona), 402 Tuskegee Institute, 193, United Golf Association, 384 Trigg, Christine E., 570 437 688 Thompson, William Trigg, Harold L., 135, 138 Tuskegee Institute School United Holy Church of Henry, 439 Trigg, Joseph E., 712 of Veterinary Medi- America, 569, 583 Thornton, Frank J., 272 A Trip to Coontown, 12 cine, 598 United Kingdom govern- 369th Infantry Regiment, Triplett, Wally, 676 Tuskegee Institute/Uni- ment, 342–43 435 Triumph the Church and versity women’s track United Nations, 343–44 Thrower, Willie, 677 Kingdom of God in team, 720 United Nations Day of Thugwane, Josia, 707 Christ, 583 Tuskegee University foot- Solidarity with South Thurman, Howard, Trotter, James Monroe, ball team, 685 Africa, 344 549–50 Tutu, Desmond Mpilo, 731 United Negro College 477, 543, 543 (ill.) Thurman, Sue Bailey, Trotter, William Monroe, Fund (UNCF), 196, 515 125–26, 415–16 521, 521 (ill.) Twenty-fourth Infantry United Negro Improve- Thurman, Wallace, 732 Trout, Nelson W., 571–72 Regiment, 438 ment Society, 543 Thurmond, Michael, 239 Troutman, Adewale, 615 Twilight, Alexander United Order of True Tillery, Dwight, 388 True Communicator, 402 Lucius, 161 Reformers, 525 Tillman, Harold Gordon, True Reformers’ Bank “The Two Offers,” 743 United Society of Believ- Sr., 393–94 (Richmond, VA), 81 Tyler, Dana, 424 ers in Christ’s Second Tillman, Joe, 376 True Southerner, 402 Tyler, Ralph Waldo, Coming (Shakers), 587 Tinner, Joseph, 514 Tubman, Harriet Ross 405–6, 407 United Theological Semi- Tinson, Lois, 505 “Moses,” 129–30, 445, Tyson, Cicely, 67–68 nary, 181 Tobias, Channing Heggie, 472 Tyson, Neil de Grasse, University of Alabama, 82–83, 516 Tucker, Cynthia, 413 615–16 198, 199–200 Todman, Terence A., 286 Tucker, Dolores Nottage, Tyus, Wyomia, 702–3 Tolan, Thomas Edward 263 University of Delaware, “Little Eddie,” 719 Tucker, Jim, 646 U 197 Toliver, Richard, 154 Tucker, Joyce, 241 Ulmer, Kenneth C., University of Georgia, Tolliver, Lennie-Marie Tucker, Petrese B., 313 568–69 198 Pickens, 288 Tunnel, Emlen “The Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 22 University of Oklahoma Tolliver, Melba, 70 Gremlin,” 678 Uncles, Charles Ran- Law School, 196–97 Tolton, Augustus, Tureaud, Alexander dolph, 555 University of South Car- 553–54, 554, 554–55 Pierre, Sr., 159 Underground railroad, olina, 196 Tomes, Henry, Jr., 249 Turner, Alfred B., 190 129–30 University of Virginia, Tookes, Hansel, 112 Turner, Benjamin S., 318 Union Association (Ohio), 196 Tools, Robert, 619–20 Turner, Carmen Elizabeth 547 Ursuline nuns, 553 Toomer, Jean, 732 Pawley, 112 Union Church of U.S. Army, 25, 431–45 Toote, Gloria E. A., 288 Turner, Debbye, 468 Africans, 543 U.S. Army Cavalry, 35 Topdog/Underdog, 21 Turner, Emmett, 393 Union Memorial U.S. Army Nurses Corps, Torbert, Ellen, 112 Turner, Henry McNeal, Methodist Church (St. 436 Torrence, Ridley, 13 276, 432, 539–40 Louis, MO), 574 U.S. Coast Guard, 474 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 785

Index 785

U.S. House of Represen- Vincent, Marjorie Judith, Walker, Maggie Lena, 82, 200–201, 471, 472, tatives, 317–28 468–69 82 (ill.) 481, 493, 521, 720 U.S. Mint commemora- Virgin Islands county and Walker, Moses Fleet- Washington, Chester tive silver dollar, 473 state government, wood, 629–30 Lloyd, 408 U.S. Patent Office, 595 270 Walker, Retia Scott, 151 Washington county and U.S. Postal Service, 471 Virginia county and state Walker, Valerie, 614 state government, U.S. Senate, 328–30 government, 270–72 Walker, Virginia E., 162, 272–73 U.S. Supreme Court, Virginia, first blacks, 129 164 Washington, David L., 330–31 Virginia, fugitive slave Walker, W. W., 714 376 Usry, James Leroy, 376–77 law, 129 Walker, William “Billy,” Washington, D.C., local U.S.S. Harmon, 455 Virginia local govern- 695 government, 356–58 U.S.S. Mason, 456 ment, 395–96 Walker, William O., 260 Washington, Denzel, 473 U.S.S. Sea Cloud, 446 Volleyball, 722 Walker-Taylor, Yvonne, Washington, Fredi, 24 U.S.S. Tortuga, 458 Voorhies, Lark, 78 137, 143–44 Washington, George, 396 Utah county and state Vormawah, Beatrice, 484 Wallace, Joan Scott, 286 Washington, Harold, 365, government, 270 Walls, Josiah Thomas, 365 (ill.) Utah local government, W 318, 402 Washington, Joseph 395 Waddy, Harriet M., Walters, Rita, 353 Reed, 575 438–39 Walton, Lester A., 406 Washington, Kenny V Wade, Melvin R., 91 Wanton, George H., 433 William, 676 Wadkins, Daniel, 391 Vaird, Lauretha, 390 War, James, 175 Washington, Leonard, Jr., Wahaj, Siraj, 571 Van Horne, Mahlon, “War on terrorism,” 450 264 Walcott, Derek, 727, 727 264–65 Ward, Benjamin, 382 Washington local gov- (ill.) Van Vechten Gallery of Ward, Doris M., 353 ernment, 396–97 Walcott, Joe, 665–66, Art, 159 Ward, Everett Blair, 259 Washington, Madison, 667–68 Van Vranken, Harriet Ward, Horace T., 236 743 Walden, Austin T., 235, Lewis, 212 Ward, Joseph H., 607 Washington, Mary T., 174 361 VanBuren, Lanore, 470 Ward, Lloyd David, 107, Washington, Ora, 714 Walden Hospital (Chat- 627 Washington, Patrice Vance, Danitra, 72 tanooga, TN), 591 Clarke, 487 Vanderbilt University, 197 Waldron, Eric, 732 Ward, Samuel Ringgold, Washington, Walter E., Vanderhorst, Richard H., Walker, Alice, 733, 739, 86, 313, 561 357, 357 (ill.), 386 560 739 (ill.) Ward Singers, 42 Waters, Ethel, 15, 66 Varick, James, 541–42 Walker, Charles, Sr., 238, Ware, Julian, 646 Waters, Kathy, 113 Vashon, George Boyer, 238–39 Warfield, Nima, 134 Waters, Maxine, 125, 322 160, 182 Walker, David, 740 Warfield, William, 67 Vaughn, Governor, 655 Walker, Dorothy, 618 Waring, Everett J., Waters, Muddy, 43, 43 Vaughn, Jacqueline Bar- Walker, Edward Garrison, 368–69 (ill.) bara, 89 249 Waring, Laura Wheeler, Watkins, Harriet Tucker, Venable, Grant D., Jr., Walker, George, 12–13, 57 585–86 163 33, 34 Warner, Mark, 29 Watkins, Levi, Jr., 611, Venture (slave), 725 Walker, George Warren, Joyce Williams, 613 Verbal, Claude A., 506 Theophilus, 54–55, 228–29, 229 Watkins, S. A. T., 363 Vermont, abolition of 479 Washington, Alonzo Watkins, Sheila, 304 slavery, 115 Walker, Herschel, 681 Lavert, 6 Watkins, Shirley Robin- Vernon, Alexander, 520 Walker, Jackie, 227 Washington, Althea, 165 son, 298 Vesey, Denmark, 127–29 Walker, James, 148–49, Washington and Norfolk Watkins, Walter C., Jr., Vick, Michael, 686 157–58 District of Churches of 84–85 Victor I, Saint, 552 Walker, John T., 566 Christ, 560 Watley, William, 527 Victor Talking Machine Walker, Leroy Tashreau, Washington, Bernadine, Watson, Barbara M., 284 Records, 60 626 63 Watson, Bob, 645 Vince Cullers Advertising, Walker, Madame C. J., 2, Washington, Booker Tali- Watson, Diane Edith, 230 77 90–91, 472 aferro, 135, 193, 200, Watson, George, 445 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 786

786 Index

Watson, James Lopez, Wesley, John, 572 White, Norma Solomon, Williams, Dixie Erma, 308 Wesley Methodist Church 55 193–94 Watson, Robert Jose (Little Rock, AR), 574 White, Philip S., 209 Williams, Doug Lee, “Bob,” 640–41, 644 West, Charles I., 402 White, Quenton, 301 681–82, 683 Wattleton, Faye, 517–18 West, Harold Dadford, White, Ronnie L., 254 Williams, Fannie Barrier, Watts, J. C., Jr., 316–17, 610 White, Ruth, 674 203 327–28 West Indies cricket team, White, Willye Brown, 703 Williams, Frank R., 511 WAVEs, 456 673 Whitehead, James T., Jr., Williams, George, 664 WDIA radio (Memphis, West, Togo Dennis, Jr., 428 Williams, George Wash- TN), 62 286 Whiteside, Larry W., 498 ington, 259–60, 729 Wearing, Melvin, 356 West Virginia county and Whitfield, Fred, 712 Williams, Helen Walker, Weaver, Audrey T., 411 state government, Whitfield, Malvin Gre- 217 Weaver, Jonathan L., 540 273 ston “Mal,” 720 Williams, Herman, Jr., 369 Weaver, Robert Clifton, West Virginia local gov- Whitman, Albery Allson, Williams, James E., Sr., 257, 281, 281 (ill.), ernment, 397 741 364 283–84, 480 Westbrook, Peter, 674 Whittemore, Cuff, 431 Williams, Jayne, 352 Weaver, Sylvester, 38 Westbrook, Scott C., III, Wicker, Lisa J. Lindsay, Williams, Ken, 644–45 Webb, Alfreda Johnson, 499 100 Williams, Linda Faye, 163 609 Westerfield, Louis, 151 Wicks, Catherine A., 480 Williams, Lois Stovall, Western Appeal, 402 Webb, Chick, 47 Widener, Warren Hamil- 137, 153 Webb, Frank J., 734 Western Colored Baptist ton, 351 Williams, Lorraine, 714 Webb, Wellington Convention, 547 Wilberforce University, Williams, Madaline A., Edward, 355 Western District of 191, 646 255 Webb, Wilma, 355 Churches of Christ, Wilder, L. Douglas, 271 Williams, Marcus Doyle, Webster, Daniel, 731 560 Wilkens, Lenny, 657–58 271 Webster, Karen Elaine, Wharton, Clifton Regi- Wilkins, Jesse Ernest, Sr., Williams, Marguerite 238 nald, Jr., 140, 142, 279 Thomas, 175, 180 Weddington, Elaine C., 178, 294 Wilkins, Roger Wood, Williams, Nat, 62 641 Wharton, Clifton Regi- 413 Williams, O. S. “Ozzie,” Wedgeworth, Robert, Jr., nald, Sr., 278 William (first black child 485 496 Wharton, Dolores Dun- baptized in colonies), Wee Pals, 5 can, 103 544 Williams, Paul Revere, The Weekly Advocate, Wheatley, Phillis, 740–41, Williams, Al, 8 3–4, 494 400 741 (ill.) Williams, Althea, 89 Williams, Peter, Jr., 562 Weems, Jeanie, 56 Whigman, James L., 301 Williams, Ann Claire, 311 Williams, Peter, Sr., 541 Weir, Reginald, 714 Whipper, Lucille Sim- Williams, Anthony A., Williams, Richard E., 458 Welcome Friend, 402 mons, 266 294 Williams, Samuel L., Welcome, Verda Free- Whitaker, Mark, 417 Williams, Archie, 699 497–98 man, 247 White, A. J., Sr., 362 Williams, Art, 639–40 Williams, Serena, 717, Wells (Barnett), Ida B., White, Barbara Williams, Williams, Avon Nyanza, 718 472 150 Jr., 268 Williams, Smallwood E., Wells, Carissa, 470 White, Bill, 641–42 Williams, Bert, 12–13, 33, 583 WERD radio (Atlanta, White, Charline, 250 33 (ill.), 34 Williams, Spencer, 25 GA), 62 White, Cheryl, 695 Williams, Betty Anne, 499 Williams, Stanley “Took- Werleigh, Claudette, 335 White, Evelyn M., 294 Williams, C. W., 664 ie,” 55 Wesley, Carter Walker, White, George H., 318 Williams, Camilla, 44 Williams, Toni, 6 494 White, Jack E., 609 Williams, Carolyn H., Williams, Vanessa Lynn, Wesley Chapel Methodist White, Janice, 383 508–9 468, 468 (ill.) Church (New Orleans, White, Jesse C., Jr., 242 Williams, Charlie, 641, Williams, Venus Ebone LA), 574 White, John, 360 643 Starr, 717, 718 Wesley, Charles H., 168 White, Lois Jean, 509 Williams, Clara B., 174 Williams, Willie Wesley, Dorothy Porter, White, Michael Jai, 29 Williams, Daniel Hale, Lawrence, 231, 353, 735 White, Nathaniel, Jr., 163 530, 590, 604, 604 (ill.) 390 Black Firsts BM 11/16/04 8:22 PM Page 787

Index 787

Williams-Bridgers, Winfrey, Oprah, 72, 72 Woodson, Carter Good- Yancy, Dorothy Cowser, Jacquelyn L., 295 (ill.) win, 490, 729–30 137, 150–51 Williamson, Carmen, 705 Wing, Adrienne Kather- Woodson, Charles, 685 Yarborough, Manny, 722 Williamson, Charles, 468 ine, 190–91 Woodson, George H., 494 Yarbrough, Marilyn Vir- Williamson, James C., 163 Winkfield, Jimmie, 695 The Wooing and Wed- ginia, 146 Willingham, Tyrone, 687 Winters, J. R., 593 ding of a Coon, 22 Yardley, William Francis, Willis, Archie W., Jr., 267 Winters, Jeannette, 450 Worford, Carolyn 267, 392 Willis, Bill, 676 Wisconsin county and Kennedy, 506 Yates, Josephine Silone, Willis, Billie Ann, 370 state government, World War I, 460 209 Willis, Frances, 456 273 Wrestling, 722 Yerby, Frank Garvin, 738 Willis, Sylvia, 385, 387 Witcher, Veroman D., Jr., Wright, Alexander, Jr., York (explorer), 474–75 Williston, David Augus- 261 248 Young, Andrew Jackson, tus, 2 Witherspoon, Fredda, Wright, E. H., 240 Jr., 285, 323, 523 Willoughby, Bill, 651 517 Wright, Earl, 61 Young, Ann E., 354 Wills, Bump, 642 Wolfe, Deborah Cannon Wright, George C., Jr., Young, Anthony, 643 Partridge, 550 Wills, Maury, 642 356 Young, Buddy, 676 Woman’s Era, 404 Wilson, Atoy, 696 Wright, Jane Cooke, 611 Young, Charles, 433–34 Women’s antislavery soci- Wilson, August, 19–20 Wright, Jonathan Jasper, Young, Coleman Alexan- ety, 116 Wilson, Barbara Jean, 80 265 der, 371 Women’s Army Corps’ Wilson, Blenda Jacque- Wright, Joset, 100 Young, Lee Roy, 270 6888th Battalion, 447 line, 143, 146–47 Wright, Louis Tompkins, Young, Maxine, 499 Women’s Auxiliary Army Wilson, Danyell Elaine, 606–7, 608, 611 Young Men’s Christian Corps, 437 445 Wright, Richard, 737 Association (YMCA), Women’s Day, 548–49 Wright, Richard Robert, 512 Wilson, Flip, 69–70 Women’s National Bas- Jr., 168 Young, Otis, 69 Wilson, Frederick D., Jr., ketball Association, Wright, Samuel D., 523 Young, Otis B., Jr., 465 105 662 Wright, Theodore Young, Perry H., 465, 486 Wilson, Harriet E. Adams, Women’s Reserve, 446–47 Sedgewick, 582–83 Young, Roger Arliner, 735 Wood, Robert H., 372 Wright, William A., 689 166, 173–74, 732 Wilson, James Davis, Wood, Thomas A., 83 Writing awards, 726–28 Young, Thomas, 282 245–46 Woodard, Lynette, 653, WSM radio (Nashville, Young Women’s Christian Wilson, John Lewis, 2 704 TN), 61 Association (YWCA), Wilson, Joseph T., 402 Woodford, Warren G., Wyatt, Addie L, 87, 88 513 Wilson, Laval S., 220–21 Sr., 367 Wyatt, Mordecai, 135 Younger, Paul “Tank,” 677 Wilson, Lionel J., 352 Woodmen of Union, 525 Wynn, LaMetta K., Yuille, Bruce, 614 Wilson, Margaret Woodruff, John, 699–700 366–67, 387 Berenice Bush, 517 Woods, Eldrick “Tiger,” Wynn, Malcolm, 373 Wilson, Pete, 175 690 (ill.), 690–91 Z Wilson, Sandra Woods, Granville T., 594 Zaire government, 344 Antoinette, 566 (ill.), 594–95, 596 X Zambia government, Wilson, Tucker, 165 Woods, Keith, 413 Xavier University, 195 344–45 Winchester, William J., Woods, Lyates, 596 Zevadia, Belaynesh, 335 233 Woods, Samuel A., Jr., Y Zimbabwe government, Winfield, Hemsley, 8 448 Yancey, Roger M., 255 345