Alice Parker: American Choral Composer, Arranger, and Educator
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University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 8-1-2005 Alice Parker: American Choral Composer, Arranger, and Educator Gail H. Fleming University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Fleming, Gail H., "Alice Parker: American Choral Composer, Arranger, and Educator" (2005). Dissertations. 621. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/621 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALICE PARKER: AMERICAN CHORAL COMPOSER, ARRANGER, AND EDUCATOR by GAIL H. FLEMING M.M. - SIU-Edwardsville, 1976 B.A. - Northwestern University, 1970 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI- ST. LOUIS In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF EDUCATION In Learning-Instructional August, 2005 Advisory Committee Fred Willman, Ph.D. (Advisor) Kathleen Brown, Ph.D. John Hylton, Ed.D. Carole Murphy, Ed.D. © Copyright 2005 by Gail H. Fleming Fleming, Gail, 2005, UMSL, p. ii Abstract This investigation is an in-depth examination of Alice Parker’s philosophy of music in relation to choral teaching, arranging, and composing. The researcher proposes that within the context of multi-cultural American music, Alice Parker’s unique approach to music making and how it is manifested within her choral compositions, arrangements, and teaching techniques is a significant and valuable area of study for music educators and students. Further, it is beneficial to administrators and the general public, as well. Within the literature review, Alice Parker’s unique and effective approach to music making is related to the need for a philosophy of music, educational philosophies in general, the history of music education in American public education, and current trends in choral education, arranging, and composing. The scope of the study includes a detailed analysis and explanation of Alice Parker’s philosophy of music, a process that begins with the text and the melody, within three of her diverse choral compositions and arrangements. Her unique method of song leading, known as a SING, is thoroughly examined, utilizing the April 6, 2004, SING, hosted by the researcher, as an example. In addition to positive feedback from participants in Alice Parker’s workshops and SINGs, the constructive results of the researcher’s own implementation of Ms. Parker’s teaching techniques are scrutinized. The appendices include a complete “annotated works” list of Alice Parker’s choral arrangements and compositions, two CDs of an interview with Ms. Parker, conducted by the researcher, and a DVD of one of her SINGs. Fleming, Gail, 2005, UMSL, p. iii The research concludes with a discussion of the significance of Alice Parker’s theory of text and melody as the basis for successful music making and how music arranging, composing and teaching can be interwoven within the process. The researcher suggests that Ms. Parker’s multi-faceted approach to music making prompts questions for further research into more comprehensive-based, rather than strictly performance- oriented, music education programs. Fleming, Gail, 2005, UMSL, p. iv Acknowledgements Writing this doctoral dissertation has been an extremely rewarding and enriching personal and professional journey for me. Not only has my outlook towards music education changed, but I feel that I have been transformed personally, as well. None of this would have been possible without the help, guidance, and encouragement of some very special teachers, colleagues, family, and friends. I would like to thank my husband, Tim, for aiding me with editorial assistance and for encouraging me to attain my goal. I would like to thank my stepson, Tim, Jr., for assisting me in the tedious task of inserting and framing musical examples within the document. Thanks so much to the females in classical music, from Sister Hildegarde of Bingen to Clara Schumann to Nadia Boulanger, who paved the way for the rest of us to seek careers in music. And, thanks to several current females in classical music, e.g., Chen Yi, Williametta Spencer, and Ruth Slenczynska, who responded to my e-mails and graciously agreed to be interviewed. I am very grateful to one of my instructors, Dr. Kathleen Haywood, for her intelligent insights in assisting me to specify my proposal and outline the various aspects of the dissertation document. I would like to thank Dr. John Hylton, one of my committee members, who has been very supportive of my efforts and a valuable aid in the study of comprehensive music education. I must extend heartfelt thanks to both Dr. Kathleen Brown and Dr. Carole Murphy, members of my dissertation committee. These two dynamic instructors allowed me to join their cohort group of doctoral candidates, even though I am not in the education administration program, and have been a constant source of encouragement and support throughout the entire process. I can honestly say that I would not be writing this page of acknowledgments without their enthusiastic support. Fleming, Gail, 2005, UMSL, p. v To Dr. Fred Willman, my advisor and my friend, I extend a “heartfelt thank you” for all of his tireless service and assistance. My first class at the University of Missouri- St. Louis was with Dr. Willman, and he has served as a guide and mentor all along the way. He is an inspiring instructor and a patient advisor. I am forever indebted. This paper would not be a reality if it were not for the creative genius of Alice Parker. From my first inquiry, Ms. Parker has been a gracious and enthusiastic participant. I wish to express my thanks for her generous support of this project, the confidence that she has instilled in me and in others, and for her invaluable contribution to American choral music as an arranger, a composer, and as an educator. Fleming, Gail, 2005, UMSL, p. vi Table of Contents Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ viii Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Purpose of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Delimitations --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Limitations ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Definition of Terms --------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Significance of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Review of Literature ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Purposes of Philosophical Research -------------------------------------------------- 13 Educational Philosophies -------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Alice Parker’s Philosophy of Music Education and Educational Philosophies --------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 The History of Music Education in American Public Education ----------------- 19 Alice Parker’s Philosophy of Music Education and the Mason-Pestalozzi Principles -------------------------------------------------- 21 Music Education in American Public Schools in the 20th Century --------------- 22 The Advent of Comprehensive Musicianship in American Public Education -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Alice Parker’s Philosophy of Music Education and the Method of Music Training within American Public Education ----------------------- 26 Choral Music in American Public Education --------------------------------------- 28 Current Trends in Choral Music Education ----------------------------------------- 29 Alice Parker’s Choral Teaching Methods ---------------------------------- 33 Current Trends in Choral Arranging and Composition ---------------------------- 37 Alice Parker’s Choral Composition and Arranging Techniques -------- 38 Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Instruments to gather data ------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Procedures to analyze data ------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Historical Background ----------------------------------------------------------------- 46 Composing/Arranging Techniques --------------------------------------------------- 46 Fleming, Gail, 2005, UMSL, p. vii Results of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 Musical Examples: Two Choral Arrangements by Alice Parker ----------------- 48 “God is Seen”------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 “Come on Up ------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 An Analysis of an Original Choral Composition by Alice Parker --------------- 74 “An American Kedushah” ---------------------------------------------------- 74 Summation of “An American Kedushah” --------------------------------- 104 SING with Alice Parker ---------------------------------------------------------------