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Seed Oil Biochemical Composition of Cultivated Cucurbita L. Species from the VIR Collections Grown in the Astrakhan Province of the Russian Federation

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Seed Oil Biochemical Composition of Cultivated Cucurbita L. Species from the VIR Collections Grown in the Astrakhan Province of the Russian Federation agronomy Article Seed Oil Biochemical Composition of Cultivated Cucurbita L. Species from the VIR Collections Grown in the Astrakhan Province of the Russian Federation Tatyana V. Shelenga * , Tatyana M. Piskunova, Leonid L. Malyshev, Aimat A. Taipakova and Alla E. Solovyeva Federal Research Center, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Bolshaya Morskaya St., 42-44, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] (T.M.P.); [email protected] (L.L.M.); [email protected] (A.A.T.); [email protected] (A.E.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-812-314-77-27 Received: 13 August 2020; Accepted: 26 September 2020; Published: 1 October 2020 Abstract: Cucurbita crops are among the most valuable and widely cultivated vegetable crops in global agriculture. Cucurbit seed oil meets the requirements of functional nutrition; it is material for the food industry and medicines based on natural ingredients. The present research was aimed at studying features of the biochemical composition of oil in seeds of the main cultivated Cucurbita L. species from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute (VIR) grown in the conditions of the Astrakhan Experiment Station (AES) of VIR. The oil content in seeds of Cucurbita L. species varied from 40 to 49.7%. Over 80% of the fatty acids (FA) composition (FAC) was represented by oleic (13.6–49.6) and linoleic (33.5–69.3%) acids. The accessions of Cucurbita mixta Pang. were noted for high values of saturated FAs (palmitic and stearic), those of Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Harz. of linoleic and linolenic, and those of Cucurbita pepo L. of oleic acid. The multiple factor analysis showed significant differences in FAC in accessions of C. pepo var. melopepo, Cucurbita maxima Duch. and C. pepo. The performed study allowed us to reveal FAC features in seeds of each Cucurbita species from the VIR collection and to identify the accessions with the best economically important indicators. Keywords: functional nutrition; oleic; linoleic; linolenic fatty acids; hull content 1. Introduction At the present time, the healthy diet concept is becoming increasingly popular and relevant. In this regard, vegetables occupy one of the main places in a person’s healthy diet [1,2]. Cucurbita L. species are among the most nutritionally valuable and widely cultivated vegetable crops in global agriculture. In terms of gross output of Cucurbita crops, Russia ranks third in the world after China and India [1,2]. In Russia alone, 152 squash and 138 pumpkin varieties are cultivated [3–5]. Cucurbita crops are among the most common food products and raw materials for manufacturing a wide range of dietetic, therapeutic and prophylactic products, as well as baby foods [5]. Their biochemical composition includes such valuable food components as different groups of vitamins, dietary fibers, as well as low calorie content [5]. Not only the flesh of Cucurbita, but also their seeds have nutritional benefits, being used in the national cuisine of Austria, Slovenia, Hungary and Africa [5–7]. The cucurbit seed oil is one of the most famous products in the modern healthy nutrition market, especially in Austria [5,7]. This oil is also becoming increasingly popular in Russia and the countries of the former USSR [5]. The use of the cucurbit seed oil as a healthy diet component, as well as for medicinal purposes, is receiving great attention in China and Japan [8–10]. The cucurbit seed oil is considered a unique remedy for preventing cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, urogenital Agronomy 2020, 10, 1491; doi:10.3390/agronomy10101491 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2020, 10, 1491 2 of 12 system disorders (prostatitis therapy), oncological and dermatological diseases [11]. Previous studies have shown that treatment of skin lesions with cucurbit seed oil with a high content (more than 50% of the total fatty acids) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) promotes wound healing and removal of inflammation [12,13]. In addition, the oil has antimicrobial properties [12,13]. At present, there is a growing demand for medicines produced based on natural ingredients, including cucurbit seed oil. Such medicines are often more effective, safer and cheaper, in comparison with synthetic and semi-synthetic analogs [5,12,13]. The cucurbit seed oil was found to contain over 30% of protein and oil, and more than 40% of α- and g-tocopherols [6,7]. The cucurbit seed oil is rich in phytosterols, of which β-sitosterol (over 39%) and the carotenoids β-carotene and lutein are the main ones [5–8]. Among the phenolic compounds, cucurbit seeds contain protocatechuic, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, paracumaric and ferulic acids, among which syringic acid predominates (up to 7.96 mg/100 g) [14]. The cucurbit seed oil is a source of essential !-3, !-6 and !-9 FAs [1,5,6]. The main FAs are palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, with a predominance of oleic acid (about 16, 44 and 35%, respectively) [11,12]. The presence of all the above-described components in cucurbit seeds ensures their useful nutritional qualities, including antioxidant activity. A higher content of oleic acid compared to that of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid ensures the stability of the oil in storage and makes it a ‘convenient’ raw material for the food industry [14]. In addition, the cucurbit seed oil, especially the cold-pressed one, is actively used in the pharmacological and cosmetic industries [11,12,14,15]. The collection of Cucurbita crops at VIR contains all five cultivated species of the genus Cucurbita L.: C. maxima Duch., C. pepo L., Cucurbita moschata Duch., Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche, and C. mixta Pang. The collection numbers about three thousand accessions from 99 countries. Squash and pattypan squash are varieties of Cucurbita pepo (L. var. giromontia and var. melopepo (L.) Harz, respectively) [5,7]. Of particular interest is the study of the fatty acid composition of the oil in different Cucurbita species grown in different regions of the world, because the influence of climatic and soil features on the biochemical composition of crops has been proved. The purpose of the study was to reveal differences in the studied parameters among representatives of the main cultivated Cucurbita species from the VIR collection grown under the conditions of AOS VIR, select accessions with a low hull and high oil content, and an optimal FAC. Thus, the VIR Cucurbita collection can be screened for accessions to be used when creating new oil cultivars of Cucurbita species with a high oil content and optimal FAC to expand the assortment of healthy, functional and therapeutic nutritional products. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials The materials for the study comprised 142 seed samples from four cultivated Cucurbita species, namely C. pepo, C. maxima, C. moschata, C. mixta, and of two varieties of C. pepo, i.e., var. giromontia and var. melopepo (squash and pattypan squash, respectively), grown under conditions of AES VIR in 2015-16 and collected at the stage of full fruit ripeness (Table1 and Table S1). The alluvial-meadow soils are characterized by a low humus content (1.87%) in the upper horizon and a sharp decrease with depth. Ground water lies low, at a depth of 1.5–2.5 m. The plants were grown on two-row plots, with 10 plants in a row, totaling 20 plants per plot. The layout of plants was 2 1.4 m. Sowing was carried out on May 15–17 each year. The emergence of seedlings was noted on × the 7–8th day. Artificial manual pollination was carried out with preliminary isolation of male and female flowers. The harvesting of fruits was carried out at the stage of full fruit ripeness. For seed separation, only fully ripe fruits typical for the variety were used. The used agricultural practices were in accordance with the VIR methodological guidelines [16]. The climate in the location of AES VIR (46.221782 N, 48.034153 E) is sharply continental, with pronounced seasonal changes. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1491 3 of 12 Table 1. List of Cucurbita L. species from the VIR collection used as a research material. Number of Species Variety Origin Accessions Russia, Ukraine, USA, Canada, Germany, Portugal, C. pepo 35 France, Australia C. pepo var. giromontia Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, USA, Bulgaria, Turkey 7 C. pepo var. melopepo Russia, France 4 Russia, Ukraine, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Argentina, Spain, Uzbekistan, Bulgaria, Turkmenistan, C. maxima 84 Congo, Peru, Turkey, China, Czech Republic, Syria, India, Japan, Hungary, Jamaica Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Japan, Canada, C. moschata 8 Zimbabwe C. mixta Mexico 4 The growing season of 2015–2016 was warmer compared with the long-term average data (from 1980 to 2018, RIHMI-World Data Center) [17]. The hottest months were June 2015 and August 2016, with air temperatures exceeding the long-term average by 3.1 and 3.6 ◦C, respectively. The coldest one was June 2016, when the temperature was almost 1 ◦C below the long-term average. The growing seasons of 2015–2016, were more arid, with 14.8 and 11.9 mm less rainfall, respectively. The driest month during our research was May 2015, when the difference between the monthly average precipitation and the long-term data reached 20.3 mm (Table S2) [17]. 2.2. Chemicals and Reagents A standard mixture of fatty acid methyl esters was used (37 components, 47885U, Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA). Petroleum ether (chemically pure, 70–100 ◦C, Technical conditions (TU) 6-02-1244-83) and sodium hydroxide (chemically pure, GOST standards of the Russian Federation-4328-77) were products of EKOS-1 (Moscow Region, Russia), methanol and n-hexane were of high-performance liquid chromatographic grade, and were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).
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