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UNICEF Innocenti Report Card 16 Innocenti Report Card 16 Worlds of Influence Understanding What Shapes Child Well-being in Rich Countries Innocenti Report Card 16 was written by Anna Gromada, Gwyther Rees and Yekaterina Chzhen with contributions from Dominic Richardson, Céline Little and David Anthony. The report was fact-checked by Alessandro Carraro, supervised by Gunilla Olsson and Priscilla Idele and edited by Madelaine Drohan. The United Nations Children’s Fund Office of Research – Innocenti (UNICEF Innocenti) would like to acknowledge the generous support for Innocenti Report Card 16 provided by the Government of Italy. Any part of this Innocenti Report Card may be freely reproduced using the following reference: UNICEF Innocenti, ‘Worlds of Influence: Understanding what shapes child well-being in rich countries’, Innocenti Report Card 16, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence, 2020. The Innocenti Report Card series is designed to monitor and compare the performance of economically advanced countries in securing the rights of their children. In 1988, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) established a research centre to support its advocacy for children worldwide and to identify and research current and future areas of UNICEF work. The prime objectives of the UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights, to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and to support advocacy worldwide. The Office aims to set out a comprehensive framework for research and knowledge within the organization, in support of its global policies and programmes. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and the South, UNICEF Innocenti seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform, in favour of children. Publications produced by the Office are contributions to a global debate on children and may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches. The views expressed are those of the authors. The Office of Research – Innocenti receives financial support from the Government of Italy, while funding for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. Cover photo © Dissolve/fStop ©United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2020 ISBN: 978-92-1-103307-6 eISBN: 978-92-1-005303-7 Print ISSN: 1605-7317 Online ISSN: 2519-108X UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Via degli Alfani 58 50121 Florence, Italy Tel: +39 055 2033 0 Fax: +39 055 2033 220 [email protected] www.unicef-irc.org @UNICEFInnocenti facebook.com/UnicefInnocenti/ Graphic design: MCC Design, UK (mccdesign.com) Production: Sarah Marchant, UNICEF Innocenti Innocenti Report Card 16 Worlds of Influence Understanding What Shapes Child Well-being in Rich Countries EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INNOCENTI REPORT CARD 16 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A new look at children from the What makes a good Skills for life world’s richest countries offers a childhood? Many also lack basic academic and mixed picture of their health, skills Good mental well-being social skills by the age of 15: and happiness. For far too many, Feeling positive and being in good issues such as poverty, exclusion Two in five children (on average) mental health are key aspects of and pollution threaten their mental do not acquire basic reading and quality of life. However, a striking well-being, physical health and mathematics skills by age 15. In number of children in rich countries opportunities to develop skills. seven countries, the number do not have good mental well-being: Even countries with good social, drops to less than one in two. economic and environmental In 12 of 41 countries, less than For an equally important skill conditions are a long way from 75 per cent of children aged 15 set – feeling confident in meeting the targets set in the have high life satisfaction. developing interpersonal 2030 Agenda for Sustainable There are no reliable, comparable relationships – most children Development. Focused and data on children’s mental health agree that they make friends accelerated action is needed if across this set of rich countries. easily. But in 18 countries more these goals are to be met. But suicide is one of the most than one in four children The evidence from 41 common causes of death for disagree. Organisation for Economic adolescents aged 15 to 19. Why do all children in rich Co-operation and Development Good physical health countries not have a good (OECD) and European Union (EU) childhood? countries tells its own story: from Health indicators also highlight Poor-quality relationships children’s chances of survival, areas of concern: growth and protection, to whether Children view good relationships 1 in 15 infants in rich countries is they are learning and feel listened born with low weight – a key risk as crucial. Those with more to, to whether their parents have to survival. supportive families have better the support and resources to give mental well-being. their children the best chance for In 10 countries, more than one in Many children feel that they lack a healthy, happy childhood. This three children is overweight or obese. The number of obese opportunities to participate in report reveals children’s decisions at home and at school. experiences against the backdrop children (aged 5–19) worldwide of their country’s policies and is expected to grow from 158 social, educational, economic and million to 250 million by 2030. environmental contexts. INNOCENTI REPORT CARD 16 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bullying by peers remains a Adolescents disengaged from Consult children. They see serious problem; it has a lasting education and the labour market things from a different viewpoint negative impact on relationships face a difficult start to adult life. and express serious concern for and health. Children who are In five rich countries, more than the future of the environment, frequently bullied have lower 10 per cent of young people how much they value mean life satisfaction. aged 15 to 19 are not in relationships and participating education, training or work. in decisions. In some countries, at least 1 in 10 parents report no family or Gaps in family policy Connect policies. Carefully friends they can count on for help integrated policies that In five rich countries, parental with looking after their children. leave is less than 10 weeks (full- complement and strengthen one another are key to improving Lack of resources pay equivalent). Leave reserved for fathers makes up only one child well-being. In almost half of rich countries, tenth of all parental leave. more than one in five children Create strong foundations. The Sustainable Development Goals live in poverty. In many countries, Expectations to prioritize work the poorest children are at can lead to long hours and stress provide a roadmap to ensuring greater risk of depression, that reduce the time and energy child well-being now and for the obesity and low academic parents have for their children. future. Governments should achievement. On average, two out of five intensify and accelerate their employees in Europe found it efforts to meet these goals, Children without books at home difficult to fulfil family including: to help with school work suffer responsibilities at least several academically. 1. Reduce poverty, and ensure times per month. that all children have access to More time playing outside is The broader context the resources they need. linked to much higher levels of happiness. Yet many children say Unemployment – which affects 2. Improve access to affordable that good play and leisure family relationships and child and high-quality early years facilities are not available in their well-being – has still not dropped childcare for all children. below its pre-Great Recession neighbourhoods. 3. Improve mental health levels in some countries. Gaps in services services for children and In 11 of 41 countries, at least adolescents. Measles immunization rates have 5 per cent of households do not dropped in 14 out of 35 countries 4. Implement and expand family- have safely managed water. with available time-series data. friendly policies related to the High levels of air pollution still workplace. Public provision of high-quality threaten the physical and mental childcare provides a stimulating 5. Reduce the stubbornly high health of children – who suffer social and learning environment – levels of air pollution. the greatest harms. and helps to reduce socio- 6. Strengthen efforts to economic disadvantage. And yet, What needs to be done? immunize children against on average, across 29 European For every child to enjoy a good preventable diseases. countries, one in seven parents childhood, UNICEF calls on with a child under 3 has unmet high-income countries to act childcare needs. on three fronts: 4 INNOCENTI REPORT CARD 16 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 crisis that has responsibilities of governments, the virus. But, as we know from engulfed the world during 2020 families and communities to help previous crises, they will be a presents new threats to child well- realize children’s rights and group that experiences the being. Even before the crisis, in the promote their well-being. longer-term negative impacts most world’s richest countries, the daily acutely. In this report, we present This report finds that many of the lives of millions of children fell far a baseline picture of children’s wealthiest countries do not short of what anyone would call a well-being in rich countries at the manage to convert good economic good childhood. They suffered start of the current crisis. In a and social conditions into stress, anxiety and depression, companion paper, we look ahead to consistently high child well-being lagged behind their peers at school, how the crisis may affect child and were physically unwell.
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