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Flame Vine (): An invasive of mature scrub and potentially other natural habitats in Florida

by Jeffrey T. Hutchinson, Center for Aquatic and Invasive , University of Florida

A PLANT TO BE WATCHED Flame vine (Pyrostegia venusta) is being watched by the FLEPPC Invasives List Committee for further spread into natural areas. It has been observed spreading slowly in a few urban parks in central Florida. If you have seen this species in other conservation lands, please submit a record of the occur- rence to the FLEPPC database (www.fleppc.org/database). If the record represents a new county of occurrence, please make a specimen as a voucher for the Plant Atlas (www.plantatlas. usf.edu). Tips on making vouchers can be found via a link at the FLEPPC database introduction page. – K.C. Burks List Committee Chair PHOTOS BY JEFFREY T. HUTCHINSON BY JEFFREY T. PHOTOS

The of flame vine has been described as the most beautiful flower in the world.

hile problematic and highly 1975), and the area with the highest den- soils (Riffle, 1998). In Florida, this invasive non-native plants sity of flame vine at ABS is an area that is species spreads vegetatively and is not are well known in Florida frequently disked for firebreaks. known to produce (Watkins and W Sheehan, 1975). (FLEPPC, 2005), other non-native plants Flame vine is an evergreen, woody may remain obscure or become locally vine native to Brazil that produces one of Flame vine is promoted as a land- invasive in small geographic areas or sin- the most beautiful in the world scape plant in Florida (Black, 2001), but gle locations. At Archbold Biological (Menninger, 1970). Its showy orange plantings are recommended with caution Station (ABS) in Lake Placid (Highlands flowers open in the winter (February to because the vine can cover and strangle County), Florida, flame vine (Pyrostegia April), making it a potentially popular (Gilman, 1999). It is documented venusta) was planted at seven locations in and highly conspicuous landscape plant. from only Brevard and Broward Counties the northeast section of the original prop- Flame vine grows rapidly, covering trees, in Florida (Wunderlin and Hansen, erty circa 1936 at the edge of scrub habi- fences, and other structures (Whistler, 2003). However, flame vine has been tat (ABS Archives). Today, those plants 2000). Its are compound, bifoliate observed in many areas of south-central still persist and have spread beyond the or trifoliate, with three part that Florida growing along fence lines, orange original introduction point into scrub facilitate its ability to climb. Flame vine groves, snags, power line poles, and old habitat. Flame vine is easily propagated thrives in open areas, is drought tolerant, homesites, often covering extensive areas from fragments (Watkins and Sheehan, and appears to tolerate a wide variety of along the ground and in the canopy.

WILDLAND WEEDS 7 Resprouts of flame vine following a prescribed burn.

Flame vine growing over scrub vegetation at Archbold Biological Station.

The author has observed the vine in Characteristics of Flame Vine in Desoto, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, and Long Unburned Scrub Habitat Okeechobee Counties, but there are no reports of flame vine invading natural areas At ABS, flame vine is prominent in the in Florida. Treatment of flame vine requires that all nodes be treat- northeast section of scrub habitat that has ed with herbicide. In January 2005, Tony Pernas and not been burned in > 75 years. It spreads Jonathan Taylor mapped the distribution of by vegetative growth both horizontally and crown growing vertically along adjacent Old World Climbing , Melaleuca, vertically, climbing into the canopy with stems and other vegetation, or horizontally Brazilian pepper and Australian pines from clasping tendrils. The vine encircles and along the ground forming new crown Lake Okeechobee northward to Orlando. covers scrub vegetation such as scrub pal- nodes. Some vines pulled from the canopy These systematic reconnaissance flights metto (Sabal etonia), scrub hickory (Carya were > 15 m in length, while the height of (SRF) are part of a joint mapping effort floridana), and various species of scrub the surrounding vegetation was < 9 m. between the South Florida Water oaks (Quercus spp.). Flame vine can form a Once flame vine reached the top of the Management District and the National Park near complete canopy over and canopy, it grew horizontally along the top Service. During these flights flame vine was trees. At ABS, flame vine quickly invades of the canopy or dropped over the edge. readily identified from the air due to its gaps created from fall or wind damage, bright and its presence in the often forming > 80% ground coverage. The Invasive Potential of Flame Vine canopy of trees. The observers noted that main lie prostrate along the ground At ABS, flame vine coverage increased the species was particularly abundant in the or just under the debris or duff layer with from less than a few square meters at seven Tampa/St. Petersburg area. Flame vine was each node developing a single descending point locations along the boundary fence not mapped during the flights but possibly tap with multiple fine roots and one to line in 1936 to 1.3 ha in 2003 based on can be added in future mapping efforts. multiple ascending stems. The three-part area coverage estimated with GPS. The Flame vine is listed as a weed in Peru tendrils attach to limbs, leaves, , and average annual rate of spread was 0.02 ha (Holm et al., 1979) and documented as other structures that allow the plant to (200 m2) per year over the last 68 years. invasive in Tanzania after fragments were climb into the canopy. The root system of Most of the coverage was both vertical and discarded along the edge of a tropical for- flame vine consists of a matrix from above- horizontal, but only horizontal coverage est (Binggeli, 2000). The potential range of ground nodes that are spaced ca. 15.0 – was calculated. From April, 2002 to this plant in the United States includes 90.0 cm apart, with roots growing over October, 2003 more than 11,500 stems warmer regions such as peninsular Florida, one another. and roots were physically removed from southern Louisiana, southeastern Texas, At ABS, continuous roots were meas- the ground, sub-canopy, and canopy lay- southwestern Arizona, and coastal ured in excess of 22 m in length with ers, and the root-crown nodes were treated California (Gilman, 1999). If ambient tem- numerous stems emerging from crowns with herbicide. However, flame vine is still peratures drop below -2.0 C, flame vine is along the main root and ascending into the present as numerous nodes went undetect- damaged or top-killed (Menninger, 1970). canopy. Several sprouts occur at each ed during treatment.

8 FALL 2005 Table 1. Weekly growth rates of flame vine under different light and moisture conditions. Weekly Growth Growth Conditions Rate (cm)

Shade (75%) and Water 12.7

Open Sunlight and Water 10.6

Shade and No Water 10.0

Open Sunlight and No Water 0.0

Observations at ABS indicate that vine, but the vine resprouted in < 6 flame vine spreads slowly and does not months. A second treatment along the appear to be a major threat to natural areas fence line with each herbicide again result- unless it is planted near or adjacent to a ed in defoliation, but subsequent resprout- natural area and allowed to persist. Since ing occurred again within 6 months. Thus, flame vine spreads exclusively by vegeta- foliar spraying is not recommended unless tive growth and no sexual reproduction followed with herbicide treatment of the Resprouts of flame vine along a frequently disked fire- has been observed in Florida, the vine nodes. lane at ABS. should not be planted within 100 meters of any natural area in Florida. Resprouting Potential and these results, the nodes of flame vine could Growth Rate easily become established at other loca- Control of Flame Vine tions at ABS during disking, especially Flame vine re-sprouted within 7 days Stems (n = 25), roots (n = 25), and during the rainy season. At ABS, numerous from all root nodes that were cut (n = 25). nodes (n = 25) were placed in sand and flame vine plants occur along a 1.2 km Prescribed burning resulted in 19 exposed to four conditions: 1) direct sun- stretch of frequently disked fire-lane that is resprouts (76%; n = 25) with resprouts light, 2) 75% canopy cover, 3) direct sun- > 0.6 km from where the initial plants were being observed after 25 days. This indi- light and watered daily, and 4) 75% planted. Similar growth rates were cates that flame vine is tolerant to fire. The canopy cover and watered daily, to evalu- observed for resprouts that were cut or use of fire was successful in removing the ate the sprouting potential of flame vine. In burned. After seven months, the growth aboveground portion of the plant and treatments under shade or watered, all rates of flame vine after cutting (n = 25) or burning off the duff layer, making subse- crown nodes re-sprouted within one week, burning (n = 25) indicated that it can grow quent herbicide treatments easier. but no stems or roots re-sprouted. For to lengths > 4.0 m (or ca. 14 cm per week). Garlon 4 (triclopyr, 10% product) treatments placed in the open sunlight and Conclusion mixed with Veg Oil (90%) was successful not watered, no sprouts were recorded for in controlling flame vine. No resprouts (n stems, roots, or nodes, indicating that At ABS, flame vine is locally invasive = 25) were recorded for stems cut and flame vine nodes need moisture or shade in long unburned scrub where it was treated at the node with 10% Garlon 4. to re-sprout. established as a landscape plant in 1936. It Vines growing vertically above the cut Vegetative growth from nodes was occurs in ruderal sites in Highlands and were not treated and died. However, observed within 6-7 days. Tendrils were other counties in south-central Florida, resprouts were observed on untreated documented at 32 days following planting. but dispersal is limited to human introduc- nodes > 0.75 m from the treated node Multiple sprouts were recorded for most tion and vegetative growth. Once estab- attached to the same root, indicating that nodes with the highest number of sprouts lished, flame vine spreads vertically creat- herbicide translocation may not occur for a single node being 18. The highest ing a closed canopy cover and altering the from node to node. Thus, every node, pos- growth rate recorded was 12.7 cm per structure and composition of the area it sibly thousands per hectare, must be treat- week for a single sprout from a node that has invaded. Its horizontal matrix of roots ed for complete control. was under shade and watered. The highest and nodes makes control very difficult Foliar spraying of flame vine along a growth rate for a sprout receiving water once the plant is established. However, fence line in the northeast section of ABS and exposed to sun was 10.6 cm per week, horizontal spread of the plant is slow pos- with Roundup (glyphosate, 3% product) while the highest growth rate for a sprout sibly due to the fact that it does not pro- or Weedmaster (2,4-D and dicamba, 3% receiving no water and placed in the shade duce seeds in Florida. At ABS, the spread product) was successful in defoliating the was 10.0 cm per week (Table 1). Based on of flame vine is more invasive vertically …continued on page 11

WILDLAND WEEDS 9 Flame Vine continued from page 9 than horizontally as it creates a shaded understory that limits sun- even for an area as small as 1.3 ha. Flame vine is not problematic light to other plants and may inhibit fire. The horizontal rate of on a landscape level like other species of invasive vines in Florida spread calculated from ABS of ca. 6.9 m / year was less than the such as Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum), skunk spread documented in Tanzania of 10.0 m / year in a tropical vine (Paederia foetida), air potato (), or rosary hammock (Binggeli, 2000). (Abrus precatorius). However, in the ever increasing urban- Flame vine is adaptable to a wide array of habitat types from wildland interface that occurs as Florida is rapidly developed, it is tropical (Binggeli, 2000) to xeric habitats such as scrub, likely that more land managers and naturalists will face increased but appears to require moisture or shade for initial establishment. numbers of non-native plants such as flame vine spreading from The extensive canopy it creates forms mesic-like habitat below in a urban into natural areas. xeric ecosystem that may facilitate vegetative spread due to increased For more information, contact Jeffrey Hutchinson at the Center for Aquatic and soil moisture. It resprouts robustly following cutting and burning, Invasive Plants, 352-392-9981, [email protected] but can be controlled using Garlon 4 (10% product) as long as each node is treated. Binggeli P. 2000. The East Usambaras (Tanzania) - The pearl of Africa. Aliens 10: 14-15. Available on line at: http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/aliens.htm At ABS, the spread of flame vine was probably facilitated by Black, R. J. 2001. Vines of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Circular the spread of root fragments with nodes during disking of fire- 860. University of Florida, Gainesville. 16 pp. lanes. Numerous sprouts are common along the fire-lanes in the FLEPPC. 2005. List of Florida’s . Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. northeast section of ABS. Binggeli (2000) noted that discarded Internet: http://www.fleppc.org/05list.htm. Gilman, E. F. 1999. Pyrostegia venusta. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fact fragments of flame vine covered a section of tropical hammock Sheet FPS-496. University of Florida, Gainesville. 3 pp. within 1 year of the fragments being discarded. In planters, small Holm, L. G. J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger and D. L. Plucknett. 1979. A geographical atlas fragments with nodes sprouted within a week under moist or of world weeds. Krieger Publishing, Florida. Menninger, E. A. 1970. Flowering vines of the World. Hearthside Press Incorporated, shaded conditions. Thus, mechanical treatment such as disking N.Y. 410 pp. may spread plant fragments such as nodes that develop and Riffle, R. L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. spread into natural areas. Flame vine exhibits the potential to Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 428 pp. become a problematic plant in xeric habitat, and possibly tropical Watkins, J. V., and T. J. Sheehan. 1975. Florida Landscape Plants. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. 420 pp. hardwood hammocks and other mesic habitats if it becomes a Whistler, W. A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 542 pp. highly popular landscape plants. Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2003. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants The invasive potential of flame vine in natural areas is mod- (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/).[S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application develop- ment), Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] Institute for Systematic erate if it is planted nearby, and eradication is difficult to achieve, , University of South Florida, Tampa.

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