Innocence Childhood With Miserable Atmosphere
A Rapid Assessment- 2007
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THARDEEP RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Innocence Childhood With Miserable Atmosphere
A Thardeep Publication
Report Compiled by Ashok Suthar
Head Office Near Dargah Hussain Shah, Siran Mithi (69230), District Tharparkar Sindh Pakistan. Tel: 0092-232-261-462 Fax: 0092-232-261-379
Child Rights Protection Project Office Near Circuit House, Behind Grid Station Kanji Colony, Mithi (69230), District Tharparkar Sindh, Pakistan Tel: 0092-232-261-577
Coordination Office F-178/3, Block-5, Kehkshan Clifton Karachi Tel: 0092-21-586-8791 Fax: 0092-21-586-8793 Website: www.thardeep.org E-mail: [email protected]
All rights reserved
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“Children must be protected from work which is harmful to their health and development, nor must such work interfere with their education”. Article 32 Conventions on the Rights of the Child.
Contents
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Abbreviations and Acronyms Acknowledgement Preface Overview Objectives Methodology Findings Age wise population and gender ratio: Household economy, livestock belongings and indebt ness Expenditures Livestock belongings Indebt ness Reasons of taking loans Period of loans Sources of loans Working status of children Other details of working children Monthly income of working children Gender wise ages, experiences and working hours of working children Marriage Ages Schooling Health problems Conclusion/Recommendations Working children views Parents’ views Conclusion Recommendations Annexure Household profile/questionnaire Names of surveyors
Abbreviations & Acronyms
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CW Carpet weaver DW Domestic worker HH Household LS Livestock NGO Non-Government Organization PDC Para (hamlet) Development Organization PP Population TB Tuberculoses TRDP Thardeep Rural Development Programme UC Union Council
Acknowledgements
This study is commissioned by Thardeep Rural Development Programme, Child Rights Protection Project office aiming to understand and create awareness of the situation of child labor in four districts of Sindh province including Thar, Umerkot, Dadu and Jamshoro. We are grateful to Sono Khangharani, CEO-TRDP, who despite of his tight schedule time to time guided us in finalizing this study. Also credit of this study goes to all the surveyors whose names are attached in annexure K- (a),
5 they all took extra efforts and made it possible to bring the data within short span of time. Indeed, we will thank to all communities and children of targeted area who took pain in the process of this study and spared their precious times in responding the questions. At last but not least we are thankful to Noor Baladi, Manager TRDP Region Sehwan, who managed all administrative and other arrangement for this study in Jamshoro and Dudu Districts. Also, thanks to staff of TRDP and particularly CRPP who time to time provided their contributions as and when required. We are also particularly gratitude of meticulous work of Ashok Suthar who designed and compiled this report in very short period of time. I will not forget here Mr. Malik Rahoom in supporting the analyses process of this study.
Abid Channa, Manager, Child Rights Protection Project, Thardeep Rural Development Programme
Preface Child labor in Pakistan is a persistent, omnipresent and slight unrecognized phenomenon at its existing tangible scale. Children particularly of Sindh province of Pakistan are not yet deeply studied of their plight in working status across all working-fields, which make them too far of their basic rights. Indeed, few of researches conducted by different entities on specific sectors of child labor have disclosed the insights of respective child labor areas. Rather knowing as a whole the working conditions of children irrespective of specific sectors is the need of hour to go in its insight and discover the secrets.
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Thardeep Rural Development Programme, a local Non-Governmental Organization, which started its work focusing to cope with child labor, issues in carpet industry of district Tharparkar. Its work started with lobbying and advocacy with concerned stakeholders besides conducting research to know the troubles of child labor in carpet industry of Tharparkar. Followed by recommendations of primary research “The Blooming Colors and Wilting Children-1999” TRDP launched a pilot project to eliminate the child labor from carpet industry in 2000. This one year long successful project carried forward with recommendations of project evaluation. The next phase of this project launched after two years of its completion at large scale coinciding with a baseline study (2003) of newly expanded carpet industry of same area. This replicable project, funded by COMIC RELIEF UK and Save the Children UK/Sweden, was found successful by third party midterm evaluation at three years after its inception. Few of the major recommendations of the evaluation strongly suggested replicating same approach to eliminate child labor even beyond the carpet industry of Tharparkar. TRDP deemed imperative to conduct an assessment in order to know and estimate the situation of working children and their families beyond the carpet industry inside four districts of its operational area. These include district Thar, Umerkot, Daud and Jamshoro. Indeed, despite of time and resources constraint TRDP tried well to manage this rapid assessment initially with its in-house capacity besides getting time to time technical assistance from external research experts. We hope that the findings of this assessment will prove base for us to proceed forward with proper way in order to cope with the issue of child labor systematically.
Sono Khangharani, Chief Executive Officer, Thardeep Rural Development Programme
1. OVERVIEW This report presents the results of child working situations, and their household socio-economic conditions focused on demographic, gender, economic, working status, marriage ages, health status and other concerned of families of working children in four district of Sindh. These include Thar, Umerkot, Dadu and Jamshoro. The study has thoroughly reflected on the household economy of working children households, which were selected on stratified sample based across the four districts in regards with the proportion of their respective populations and other relevant criterion. Study generally found that 95% of households have working children. Around 55% of children age group 5-14 years are working majority of them work for long hours with prolong experience. Children work with families earn very less
7 compared with their prolong working hours and days. Of the working children around three quarters of children are boys and one quarter are girls. Of these working children 70% don’t go to schools. Indeed most of children like the work once as they were asked this question but almost all were had compliant with the hardness and hectic situation of their works including agriculture, livestock, carpet weaving, brick kilns, rope making, embroidery, sewing, domestic work, handicrafts, factories, construction, quarries, and a long list as attached in annexure- J. Despite that majority of households’ incomes once offset their expenditures they show the savings but 65% of households found under heavy debts. Of them majority had took these loans a year back or even more than tow years of older. 91.5% of parents told that they put their children at work because of poverty rather vast majority of them like schooling for their children besides work. This study in light of findings suggested few of recommendations including make this assessment as base for future in-depth researches and instantly take appropriate steps to cope with child labor so that vast majority of children who are off the schools could enjoy schooling and get entertained with their other basic rights which are being violated at their workplaces.
2. OBJECTIVES: The assessment was supposed to set following objectives: Establish a reliable estimate of number of households and children involved in working in different works as well as hazardous occupations Highlight the status/plight and other micro details of working children Find out significant reasons that put the children into work Collect information on the socioeconomic status of sample households/families and children. Spotlighting the level of education and literacy rate of working children Find out the attitudes, opinions, concerns, expectations and future aspiration of working children. In addition, provide details on the occupational hazardous/diseases. Provide feedback on community’s perceptions about strategies and interventions required to prevent child labor and strive to pave way forward coping with sufferings of working children in order to eliminate child labor. Establish estimate of different potential occupations/sectors/and other way outs that could be possible into existing geographical areas as potential alternatives for employment by the families or/and children.
3. METHODOLOGY: The following main features were fixed as getting the data of this assessment.
8 Initially, a structured questionnaire was filled for collecting the primary information of selected households focused on socio-economic conditions, attitudes, getting views of parents and working children on working status and conditions. Also, asking alternatives from them was part of questionnaire. Secondly, surveying team conducted focus group discussions in different villages besides the interviews with teachers, nazims and village activists and documenting all their conversations, ideas and observations. Also, the available secondary data was deeply studied in order to understand the existing scenario.
4. SAMPLING: The stratified sampling methods of this rapid assessment are as bellows. Union Council coverage set out at 12% of total UCs Households coverage is around 0.2% of total house holds of four districts (Based on 1998 census) Around 4 or 5 villages per each selected UC were decided to cover in the assessment Average 15 households covered at each locality (On an average of 25% households of each locality-however, this proportion remained differed in large towns or very small villages rather basic unit followed around 0.2% coverage of total households/and average 15 households per locality)
Table: Total population of selected districts1 District Population Tharparkar 914,291 Umerkot 663,095 Dadu & (newly created Jamshoro) 1,688,811
5. FINDINGS: 5.1 Age wise population and gender ratio: The survey findings are consisted on data of 1159, as showed in annex (1a), households’ structured profiles. Rather the estimated sample size was 1200 households but 41 forms were found incomplete hence, these forms were excluded from the analyses process. The entire population of included households calculated as 8882 with the average household size of 7.61 as illustrated in annex 1(b). Of the total population the children population of up to 14years age is 55%, of youths age 15-25 is 17% and the population of adults above 25years of age is 28%, as showed in annex A in the annexure section.
1 District Census Reports 1998
9 The gender ratio of surveyed households’ population is 123males verses 83females, (as showed in annex: 2) very in equal in its comparison. Looking into age wise classified gender ratio it shows that gender sex ratio of bellow 5 years of age is 98boys: 101girls, ratio of 5-7 years of age is 124boys: 81girls, for age group of 8-14 years is 152boys: 66 girls and also of youth age group 15-25 years is 176males: 56female; these are looked as very gender discriminative age-groups that needs to be checked in detail further. On the contrary the age group of adults above 25 is found turned back with bit balanced gender sex ratio of 96males: 105females. This data is witnessed that in bellow 25 years of age group female sex is in very short comparing to the males and again in above 25 age group the males are in slight low rather than females. Of course looking this discriminative gender sex ratio one could assumes much of reason however, it needs to check whether it might be data problem but there may be other factors including missing women etc.
Annex: 1 (a) Annex: 1 (b) District Respondent Hhs District Hh pop Hh size Umerkot 211 Umerkot 1545 7.32 Dadu 393 Dadu 3107 7.91 Jamshoro 147 Jamshoro 1100 7.48 Thar 408 Thar 3070 7.52 Total 1159 Total 8822 7.61
Annex: 2 District Male Female Total Ratio Umerkot 834 711 1545 117.30 Dadu 1710 1397 3107 122.41 Jamshoro 609 491 1100 124.03 Thar 1705 1365 3070 124.91 Total 4858 3964 8822 122.55
5.1.2 Household Economy, livestock belongings & Indebt ness It is generally well know that poverty is the main reason of child labor. Once the poverty is discussed we cannot deny going insight and study to the households economy, assets and indebt ness features. As the 95% of all households have working children who by some means contribute to their economies. With this the average annual income of a household makes 52694 rupees and monthly income becomes 4391. At the other hand the average annual expenditures of a household offset the average annual income of household by 50223 rupees and monthly expenditures by 4185 rupees. This income and expenditure comparison makes variance of 2471 rupees that go into saving each month (This all is shown in Annex 3). With this statistics of income, expenditures and savings it is being not indicated any shortfall of money to fulfill the basic necessities as
10 average variance of saving reveals. However, within districts it is only Thar that’s variance goes into shortfall by 5687 rupees annually and 473 rupees monthly on an average per each household hence, with these figures it could be said that economically Thar is only district that is most vulnerable than others. Rather if we will look following at indebt ness section it shows 65% of households across the four districts take loans, of them average borrowed household is still under debt of 21335 rupees. This data arises question of either data authenticity or biased responses of communities in this regard; it may be something bonded relations or other exploitative relations between lenders and borrowers. Nevertheless, whatsoever is there behind the scenario, it strictly needs to be probed in detail further. Exploring the sources of income it appears that 41% incomes of these households come from labor in addition 10% from employment, which resembles the labor (labor and employments include here all kind of professions/occupation wherein children work/labor beside the following elaborated occupations of children). Hence it could be said that either labor or employment as a whole is major source of income followed by agriculture 26%. Then it is livestock, which brings 8% of income rather majority of children, are involved in livestock management activities but income purely from livestock is not more if it would be compared to both labor and agriculture however, rearing livestock contributes in nutrition in rural areas. Latter, there are own business, carpets, and handicrafts have source of income by 5%, 4% and 3% respectively. All other sources including pension, poultry and others have bellow 1% income source to each. Within districts Thar is at top in Agriculture and Livestock incomes than all other districts by 34% and 11% respectively and at other hand Jamshoro and Umerkot districts have lowest of income from these both sources by 16% and 2% respectively. In handicrafts Umerkot has high income at 18% and Jamshoro is at lowest at 1%. Similarly in carpets Thar gets better income by 12% while Jamshoro don’t have any income from carpets. In labor Umerkot is getting better income by 51% and Thar at lowest by 34%. While in employment Dadu is at highest by 18% and Thar is at bottom by 2% only. Simultaneously, in pensions Dadu gets income at top by 0.9% and Jamshoro at lowest 0.1%. In poultry Dadu has better income by 6% and Thar has low income by 0.1%. Dadu again is at top in business income at 7% and Thar is at lowest 3.2%. From this comparison of income sources it again reveals that despite Thar is desert having precarious rain-dependent economy but still its major source of income is agriculture and livestock even highest than all other irrigated districts. Perhaps, it is the reason of more vulnerability of Thar that needs more livelihood options in addition of agriculture and livestock dependent economy.
Annex 3 District Income Expenses Saving Umerkot 10084700 9159250 925450
11 Thar 17902600 19762300 -1859700 Dadu 22509000 20609870 1899130 Jamshoro 10576300 8677410 1898890 Total 61072600 58208830 2863770
5.1.3 Expenditures: Similarly, reviewing the expenditure side at sample analyses it emerges that 75% (three quarters) of income is directly spent in foods for subsistence. Then the spending on social events is second top by 6% followed by health 5%. Next it is transportation, which is again crosscutting for purchasing foods, and has trips regarding health and social events. Supporting the foods there is another expenditure of utility, which is 3.2%. All remaining expenditures ranging from housing, rents, education, entertainments and others have bellow 2% of expenditures to each. Within districts comparison of expenditures it seems that in foods expenses district Umerkot is at top, which consumes 82% of its income and Jamshoro, is at lowest which has 70% expenses on foods. In addition, Dadu looks more vulnerable in health expenses than other as it has upper level health expenses by 5.4% while Umerkot has less than all 4.2%. In education Jamshoro is advanced which spend 3.1% while Umerkot has less expenditures by 0.5% only. Once, looked into social events and transportation Thar has over expenditures than all others by 8% and 6% respectively however, the lower expenditures in this regard managed by district Dadu and Umerkot with 4.9% and 3.5% respectively. On the contrary the over expenditures in entertainment bear by district Jamshoro with 2% and Umerkot 1%.
5.1.4. Livestock belongings: Indeed it is revealed from the data of this assessment that livestock doesn’t bring comparatively better income rather it contributes somehow in nutrition despite the expenses over food are very high in the expenditure list as analysis showed. Making the sequence wise list of households belonging different species of livestock it seems that 60% households have goats with 6 on an average to each household. Latter, it comes cows that is owned by 30% of households with average of 2.3 to each household. At the next 18% households hold the buffaloes with average of 2 to each household. Then donkeys, camels and horses are owned by 17%, 5% and 0.37% with average of 1%, 1% and 0.37% respectively to each household. (This data is shown in Annex 4) Among districts Dadu is at top having much of households 35% own the cows while Umerkot have lowest household by 18%. Similarly, the Jamshoro have much households by 12% having sheep in bulk and Umerkot and Dadu are at lowest both having 6% households to each having sheep. In addition, Jamshoro is at top having 7.75% households own the goats; while Dadu is at lowest having 2.8% of households have goats. Simultaneously, in buffaloes Jamshoro is at top having 3% of households own the buffaloes and Umerkot is at bottom having 1.5% households possess the buffaloes. On the contrary
12 the animals mostly uses for transportation and load carrying including camels, donkeys and horses are highly owned by households of district Thar with 15%, 34% and 1% respectively. However, the lowest households of camels are in Jamshoro with 1% and donkeys in Dadu with 5% of households. Rather none of households have horses rather than Thar only.
5.1.5. Indebt ness: As the survey finding showed that around 65% households (as showed in Annex 4) took loans of worth 16713110 rupees for their subsistence and other necessities. Within districts it is Thar at the top where 80% households taking loans and Daudu at lowest taking 53% households take loans. Of total indebted households 89% took one loan, 9% took two loans, 1% took three loans and remaining 0.1% took four or more loans. In one loans category again Thar is at highest where 98% of households took one loans and Jamshoro is at lowest where 77% households took one loans. As far as concerned of two loans it is Jamshoro at highest where 18% of households took two loans and Umerkot is at lowest where only 2% of households took two loans. Again in three loans Jamshoro is at top where 5% households took three loans toppers than all and Dadu as well as Umerkot have none of households took three loans. For four or more than four loans it is only Dadu district where 0.4% households took it and all other districts don’t have such loans. However, the average loans per household found as 1.12. As, this average is highest in Thar at 1.3 and lowest in Umerkot at 1.02. The minimum loan size noted as 500 per household and maximum loan size found as 160000, rather average loan size noticed as 22598 as showed in annex 5. The maximum 160000 range of debt noticed in district Jamshoro while minimum 500 found each in Dadu and Jamshoro districts. The average retained loan size, after repayments, is highest in Jamshoro at 23648 rupees and 18570 rupees in Umerkot district lowest than all other districts. After repayments of 847523 rupees debt with average household of 1242 rupees the balance amount retains behind 15865587 rupees with average per household 21355 rupees, for all indebted households across the four districts. Annex: 4 Distrits Non- Borrower Total Borrower Household Household Umerkot 81 130 211 Thar 81 327 408 Dadu 184 209 393 Jamshoro 58 89 147 Total 404 755 1159
Annex: 5 Disrict Amount Minimum Maximum Average Umerkot 1,000 75,000 18,570 Thar 1000 80,000 19,641
13 Dadu 500 130,000 23,560 Jamshoro 500 160,000 23,648 Total 500 160,000 21,355 N=844
5.1.6 Reasons of taking loans: As, 48% the largest portion of loans have been taken to offset the expenses of foods, then second largest reason of taking loan is medical treatment which is 15% of the total loans. 12% of loans are taken either for marriages or death feasts and 11.6% of loans being taken for income generations. All remaining loans are taken for other miscellaneous reasons. (Data resembling reasons is given bellow in annex 6) Among districts it is Dadu where 61% highest than all, debt has taken for food/subsistence purpose while it is Umerkot where 37% lowest than all districts money has been borrowed for foods purpose. For medical treatment it is Umerkot district where 18% highest than all, people take the loans while it is Jamshoro where only 11% of loans being taken for medical treatment. It is very amazing and, further needs to be explored, that at expenditure side of Umerkot is at lowest in medical treatment than all other districts but here people take more loans on medical treatment than all other districts. In marriages and death feasts expenses, the Umerkot is at peak by 27% and Dadu is at lowest by 3% only. For income generation 17% of loans are taken in Dadu district at its highest than all and Thar is at lowest in this regard where only 7% loans are taken for income generation purpose as data of this assessment revealed. Annex: 6 Reasons of taking loans by districts District Reason
Food Medical Treatment Marriage Death Income Generation Other Total Umerkot 36.84 18.05 15.04 12.03 12.78 5.26 133 Thar 43.51 14.86 10.81 3.24 6.757 20.81 370 Dadu 60.89 14.67 3.11 16.89 4.44 225 Jamshoro 53.45 11.21 4.31 15.52 15.52 116 Total 409 125 72 28 98 112 844 All Districts 48.5 14.8 8.5 3.3 11.6 13.3 100.0 % N=844
5.1.7. Period of loans: The large segment of loans around 60% have been taken for last more than 1 to 2 years of period, around 33% the next highest portion of loans have been taken for last more than two years of period. Just about 3.6% of loans are taken for last 7months to one year and remaining bellow 4% loans have taken for period of bellow 7 months. This data reveals that most of loans have taken for more than one year or even more period, which have not been paid back yet. (The data regarding period of loans is portrayed in Annex 7).
14 This prolong indebt ness presumes some obscure situation that also needs to be studied further which might have direct or indict links with child labor/child working phenomenon. Amongst districts, Jamshoro is at highest where bellow 7months loans are at top by 15% and Thar is at lowest where bellow 7 months such loans are around 1%. At other hand the district where loans more than period of 7months to 2years are at top is Dadu with 83% of loans and Thar is at bottom with 48%. Loans with more than two years of period are at highest in Thar by 51% and lowest in Dadu with 14%, again in Thar the chronic loans are common which may indicate bondage relations as ‘loans taking from relatives” or interest free loans, are at lowest in Thar than all other districts as showed in following section.
Annex: 7 Indebt ness period by district District Period Less than 3 Between 3-6 Between 7- Between 1-2 More than 2 Total months months 12 months years years Umerkot 1.50 2.26 2.26 67.67 26.32 133 Thar 0.27 1.08 6.76 41.35 50.54 370 Dadu 0 2.22 0.44 82.67 14.67 225 Jamshoro 6.03 9.48 1.72 63.79 18.97 116 Total 10 23 31 503 277 844 All Field Units % 1.2 2.7 3.7 59.6 32.8 100.0
5.1.8. Sources of loans: Around 47% the biggest part of loans has been taken by shopkeepers, while at second is the landlord whereby 21% of loans have been taken. Similarly, then come contractors and relatives each of whom provide 10% of loans. Latter, it is moneylender who provide, around 7% of loans. Hence, remaining all around 5% of loans being supported by NGOs and other sources. (It is shown bellow in annex 8) Within districts, Thar is at top where contractors’ factor is common by 19% highest than all and Dadu is at lowest with 1%. Shopkeepers provide major parts of loans in Jamshoro 62% and 27% in Umerkot at lowest than all other districts. People take loans from relatives is common and at top in Jamshoro with 17% and lowest in Thar with 4%. As, relatives mostly don’t charge interest over loans. By this data it can be said that supporting brotherhoods is not so familiar in Thar than other districts. Landlords are seen active in Umerkot providing 38% of loans at highest than all other districts while in Jamshoro they are at lowest with 3% only. Moneylenders are more proactive in Umerkot with giving 11% loans and little active than all other districts are in Thar with providing only 4% of loans. The NGO loan found abundance in Thar with 6% and none of such loans found in sample of Jamshoro.
Annex: 8
15 Sources of loans in percentage by districts Districts Source Contractor Shopkeeper Relative Landlord Moneylender PDC NGOs Other Total Umerkot 6.77 27.07 11.28 38.35 10.53 0.75 5.26 133 Thar 18.92 41.62 4.05 24.59 4.05 6.22 0.54 370 Dadu 0.89 58.22 16.44 14.22 8.00 0.44 1.78 225 Jamshoro 3.45 62.07 17.24 2.59 9.48 5.17 116 Total 85.00 393.00 87.00 177.00 58.00 1.00 31.00 12 844 All Districts 10.1 46.6 10.3 21.0 6.9 0.1 3.7 1.4 100.0 N=844
5.1.9. Working Status of Children: Of this sample the population of children age group 5-14 is 3441. Of them the working children are 1861 in numbers, which is 55% across the four districts’ sample. In addition, of the total survey households 95% houses have working children. Looking this into gender perspective it finds that, of the total- working children 68% are boys and 32% are girls. It is also worth to mention here that 72% of working children work more than 4 hours a day that is very alarming for their health as well as for education and other rights. Classifying the different works with regards of children it reveals that, of all the working children majority is involved in livestock grazing, rearing and management etc that in percentage makes 17% of the total-working children with predominant majority of boys around 97%. Comparing this within districts it reveals that district Thar is at top where 27% of children are engaged in this activity as working children rather the district Jamshoro is other hand at lowest where 11.8 % children are working in livestock management activities. Simultaneously, domestic work, which is including all kind of own household chores as well working on others houses; aims at supplementing family income as one of primary reason compelling children work as domestic helper, is second top of the list wherein 15.7% of children found involved across all districts. This has high concentration of girls with 56%. However, probing into districts Jamshoro finds at top with 31.7% of children and Umerkot at bottom with 3.7% of children found involved in domestic work. It is also pertinent to mention here that Umerkot is only district where the concentration of boys is high at around 62% rather in all other districts the girls’ percentage is high involved in domestic work. Furthermore, the third highest ranking of children work of all districts is agriculture where 14.5% children (predominant percentage of boys at 69%) are reported to be involved in different agricultural activities ranging from sowing, threshing, harvesting, cutting etc where they face lot of dangers and risks including affects of pesticides, fertilizers, biting of snakes and other poisonous insects and reptiles. Among districts, the Umerkot is at peak where 29.7% children reported to be involved in different agricultural activities. At the other hand district Thar is at lowest in this regard where only 6% of children remain involved in agriculture; as rain-fed agriculture has become precarious livelihood option
16 for Thari people due to infrequent rains and declining production per acre of land. (Notwithstanding the major portion of income of families is still attributed to agriculture as showed in above section). Additionally, in odd to all other districts Thar is one of the sample districts where around 4% children (of them 52% are girls) of sample reported as regularly migrate to adjacent barrage areas where they too work in different agricultural activities including sugarcane cutting etc. Also, in district Thar other 1% of children work on private orchards (Waarris), which is irrigated through ground water. Further probing, to find out next type of working area of children, discloses “labor” at its highest that become 12% of all districts (of them 94% are boys). The labor includes children who either work as masons or other kind of casual labor ranging from quarries, short-term agricultural activities, and other “on and off” casual works on daily waging bases. In the labor Dadu district is at top where 18% children are involved and Thar is at bottom where only 6% of children work as labors. Latter, it comes embroidery, which has kept involved in 7.5% of children predominantly girls with 89%. Among districts, Thar is at top with 15.5% of children of them 96.2% are girls and at other hand Dadu is at lowest with 1% of children. Concurrently the embroidery is here next profession that involves 7.5% of children across all districts. The sewing has also made involved 6.4% of children with predominate portion of girls 95%. Followed by this the carpet weaving found at top where around 6% of children (of them 63% are boys) across all districts from within sample reported as carpet wearers. Within the districts Thar is at highest with proportionate of 20.3% of weaver children and Umerkot is at second with 6% of working children. However, both the Dadu and Jamshoro districts are found the places where none of the carpet weaver child noticed in the sample. At the same time the work of Peesh/Waan (kind of tree that’s leaves uses to make mats, ropes and other handicraft items) reported at next top, which is around 4% of children (with predominant majority of girls 74%) across all districts sample. Within districts Dadu is at upper level where 8% of children involved in this business while Jamshoro is at second where 4% children work at Peesh/Waan. Though, Thar and Umerkot are reported as districts where none of child found involve in work of Peesh/Waan. The data further reveals the work of shopkeepers and wood collectors where 3% of children are involved in each activity. Looking this from gender perspective both are predominant involving boys as 98% boys in shop keeping while 95% boy are involved in wood collection. Simultaneously, brick kiln is noted as tough and dangerous task where 2.2% of children (with 70% majority of boys) are involved with their families as bonded mostly. Within districts Umerkot is at top where 6.5% children found working in brick kilns and at other hand Thar is reported as lowest in this regard where only 0.2 children found working at brick kilns. In addition, there are few other professions, reported in questionnaire as well as in focus group discussions, where children bellow 2% with high concentration of boys work in each one included garages, garments, hawkers,
17 wild food collectors, transportation, hotels, cigarette (bidi) making, transportation, milk sellers, cooks, donkey carts, fetching water, push carts, textile factories, roads work, ceramic mines and salt mines, etc. However, these professions are despite slight insignificant once looked in overall picture of all districts rather few of them have visible significance once looking into individual district figures. Like, Garments, factories and Transportation are at top in Jamshoro district where children 3.2%, 3.2% and 2.2% respectively are working for long hours and in hectic conditions. The data regarding working children is given in annexure (E) Annex: 9
District Total children households Working children hhs Umerkot 211 210 Dadu 393 380 Jamshoro 147 131 Thar 408 382 Total 1159 1103 5.1. 10. OTHER DETAILS OF WORKING CHILDRNE: 5.1.11. Monthly income of working children: Looking into further details of working children the assessment findings reveal that 88% of total working children work with their families. The frightening discovery is that these children have 28 average working days in a month despite they work with their families. On the other hand their monthly income is 660 rupees per month is very low against the days they work. This data indicates that children are being economically exploited rather it needs to disclose the insights in this regard with detail kind of research whether they don’t have any bonded or other kind of exploitative working relations with likelihood of their masters. Simultaneously, the children who work, as employees are 22%, and these working children have average 27 working days in a month and their average monthly income noticed as 2646 rupees. (The reference data of this section is given bellow in Annex 10(a) and 10(b).
Annex 10(a): Average Working Days per Month, and Monthly Income of Children working with their families by Districts Districts Average Average Working Days per Month Monthly Income (Rs)
Umerkot 29.6 762.5 Thar 26.5 638.9 Dadu 27.8 469.6 Jamshoro 29.4 768.2 All Districts 28 660 Annex 10(b: Monthly Income of Children working as employees by Districts Districts Average Average Working Days Daily Wage Umerkot 26.8 85.3 Thar 29.9 99.4 Dadu 25 99.6
18 Jamshoro 25.8 109.7 All Districts 27 2646
10.1.12 Gender wise ages, experiences and working hours of working children: Of total 1861 working children within age group 5-14 years the 68% are boys and 32% are girls. As for as working experience is concerned the minimum as well as maximum working experience of boys is 1year & 10 years respectively while the average working experience for boys is 5 years. Simultaneously, for girls the minimum and maximum is 1year & 11 years respectively rather average is 6 years. This shows that girls are bit more experienced than boys. (The data in this regard is given bellow in Annexes 11, 12 & 13) Moreover, looking into work experiences of working boys and girls it reveal that 1year experienced boys and girls are 10% and 12% respectively, two years experienced boys and girls are 18% and 19% respectively, while 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 years experienced boys and girls are 12%-12%, 13%-27%, 7%-8%, 7%-7% and 1%-1% respectively. Concurrently, boys and girls have more than 8 years work experience are 31%-14% respectively. Regarding working hours per day the minimum time for boys per day is one hour and maximum is 12hours and average daily working time is 5hours. While for girls it is minimum 1hour, maximum 10hours and average is same 5hours. Annex 11: Working Children's Work Experience in Number of Years by Districts Districts Years Up to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 or more Total Umerkot 11 12 47 41 21 20 3 195 350 Thar 129 170 79 52 30 16 6 20 502 Dadu 45 99 65 191 62 63 5 167 697 Jamshoro 19 56 33 42 29 26 7 100 312 All 204 337 224 326 142 125 21 482 Districts 1861 N=1861
Annex 12: Working boys' Work Experience in Number of Years by Districts Districts Years Total Up to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 or more Umerkot 7 7 40 34 15 11 1 133 248 Thar 86 126 54 44 18 7 5 10 350 Dadu 29 62 41 71 48 48 5 160 464 Jamshoro 8 30 20 19 14 17 3 95 206 All 130 225 155 168 95 83 14 398 Districts 1268 N=1861
Annex 13: Working girls' Work Experience in Number of Years by Districts Districts Years Total Up to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 or more
19 Umerkot 4 5 7 7 6 9 2 62 102 Thar 43 44 25 8 12 9 1 10 152 Dadu 16 37 24 120 14 15 7 233 Jamshoro 11 26 13 23 15 9 4 5 106 All 74 112 69 158 47 42 7 84 Districts 593
5.1.13. MARRIAGE AGES This rapid assessment had also mandated to be seen into average marriage ages. 98% households of sample size were deep asked and exactly noticed the average marriage ages of males as well as females in perspective of average village marriage ages years (data is given bellow in Annex 14). The data found that the maximum age for adults/children is 30years and minimum for adult/children is 10years. Similarly, the average marriage age for same group is 18years. For males the maximum age is 30years and minimum is 10years while the average for same group is 19years. Simultaneously, the female maximum age group is 24years and minimum is 10years while average age is 17years. This data reveals that the early marriages is common in females in all districts the average is 16 to 17 for females in all districts. Even, the females of age group 10-14 also found to be married in all districts, it is top 16 cases in Thar, followed by 7 cases in Dadu, 4 cases in Jamshoro and 1 case in Umerkot. (Reference data is illustrated in annexure F) However, there is child marriage resistant act 1929, under which girls bellow the age of 16years and boys less than 18 years of age are prohibited to marry. Rather this study noticed early child marriages in the sample households and villages. Annex: 14 Average Marriage Age years by gender and district Age 10-14 15-17 17-30 District Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Umerkot 1 26 101 185 109 422 Dadu 7 5 210 368 156 746 Jamshoro 1 4 7 100 135 39 286 Thar 6 16 90 208 312 184 816 Total 7 28 128 619 1000 488 2270
5.1.14. SCHOOLING The assessment also previewed the children population of school going age from 4-16 years of age, all who were supposed to be going to schools, to see their schooling status. Data showed that of this sample 36% were school going, 14% found dropped out and remaining 50% found non-school going children. (Data is given in Annex 15) Of the mentioned school going 69% are boys and 31% are girls. And generally from all children, 41% boys found school going beside 28% girls found school going rather the drop out for boys noted as 16% and for girls found as 10%. This shows that despite girls comparatively less go to schools but their retention into schools is better than boys once they join school.
20 It is also noted that of the total-working children around 30% are school going children who work part time, rather their regularity into schools was not noted in this assessment. Of these working school going children 77% are boys and 33% are girls. Within districts the working children who go to school is 32% in Jamshoro top than all and 29.7% lowest each in Thar and Dadu districts. Similarly about girls, Jamshoro is again at highest where 35% girls go to schools while Umerkot is at lowest where only 16% girls go to schools. (Reference data is mentioned in Annexure G)
Annex: 15 Schooling data of children District School going Dropout Non-school going Total Umerkot 254 114 648 1016 Thar 458 71 490 1019 Dadu 712 367 875 1954 Jamshoro 236 94 335 665 Total 1660 646 2348 4654 % 35.7 13.9 50.5 100.0
5.1.15. HEALTH PROBLEMS The data also touches the diseases in which working children are involved. Some 13 cases found of TB, 41 cases of fever, 27 cases of weaknesses and joint pain, 9 cases of skin diseases, 21cases of cough, 13 cases of hand injuries, 1 case of head ache, 5 cases of polio and 14 other cases of different diseases including gastritis were found in the assessment. This has been only asked from working children who met during assessment as well from their parents and other villagers. Within districts the ratio of almost all diseases and particularly of TB (19cases) and Polio (3cases) is reported bulk in working children of Dadu and it resembles with the health expenses of Dadu, which are already very high.
Annex 16: Diseases & Ailments in working Children by Districts Districts TB Fever Weakness Weak Eyes Skin Cough Pain in Hand Headache Polio Other Total Disease body Injury Umerkot 6 2 1 1 10 Thar 1 1 2 4 1 9 Dadu 11 8 19 8 2 1 1 3 10 63 Jamshoro 2 26 4 1 16 1 8 4 62 Total 13 41 26 9 21 1 13 1 5 14 144
6. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Working Children views: Despite of a fact that child labor is hazardous and unfavorable for children, rather 71% working children of this sample comprised one thousand working
21 children belonging interviewed households who once asked by surveyors, mostly at homes and fewer at workplaces, said that they like the work/labor whatever they are doing presently. However, 29% were found not happy what they were doing irrespective of any specific occupations. In addition 97% of interviewed working children said that money is only attractive thing that make them compel to be involved in different occupations wherein they are engaged. Rather only 2% were found satisfied with nature of work and remaining 1% had either affection with their supervisors, friends or status they got at work etcetera. Once asked from working children about things that they dislike or which hurt them at workplace most were reluctant to respond rather numerous too responded. Of working children who responded above question 98% of children never openly disclosed the exact plight that they dislike at workplace but the common response was different difficulties, and hardness of work that they face at workplace. However, remaining 2% working children with confrontation told that they face different problems including child abuse, violence and scolding etc. Indeed, this rapid assessment was not designed to deeply study different work places in order to open up such insights of workplaces but it is learning for future to conduct in-depth study to disclose such difficulties and hardness that working children face at their respective workplaces. As despite of facing such difficulties vast majority of children like the work as already mentioned and 62% of these children are interested to have schooling facilities besides their work, other 14% like the vocation training in same occupation in which they are already working, 8% of children like alternative skills training to change their occupations, 6% like to remain in same occupation with same situation as they are at present, other 6.5%of children like both schooling and games altogether at their workplaces. All remaining 3.5% are interested in computer trainings and other recreational activities etc. (The reference data is given in annexure- H) 6.2 Parents’ views: Once it was inquired from parents of working children why you have put your children at work, the 91.5% of them had only the reason of their poverty. Remaining 8.5% were of the view that they put the children because their children like the work rather than schooling. In addition once it was asked from these parents of working children what they would prefer to arrange more for their working boy-children beside work, 80% parents were of the idea there should be schooling for their boy children besides work and 20% were of idea there should have to be work related training arrangements. On the contrary for question regarding their girl-children, 69% were willing to have schooling besides the work of girl-children, other 29% were found interested in work related training and remaining 2% were interested in both schooling and work related training if any body supports them in this regard.
6.3. Conclusion:
22 As, this study portrayed various dynamics regarding various superficial insights of families who put their children at work for long and keep them off the schools. The economic conditions and indebt ness of families indirectly showed that despite people’s income is not in shortfall once offset by expenditures but they are under heavy debts since prolong periods which indicates some thing other than what exactly data poses. It might be bonded or other exploitative relations between lenders and borrowers. As, carpet industry, brick kiln industry and in few other occupation such exploitative condition certainly exists as different other than this studies like “Blooming Colors Wilting Children-TRDP 1999” and few other have already disclosed. Despite of desert and rain-dependent zone Thar has immense income come from agriculture, where even people migrates to adjacent barrage areas with their children who work on agriculture for their subsistence where their basic right are violated. It was also observed that children who work inside families their incomes reported more than four times lower than income of children work as employees out of families rather more than three quarter of children work in family with comparatively more working hours. This shows that beside poverty, and indebt ness the culture and attitudes of families have also made the children laborer and deprived of their basic rights. To cope with this excessive situation of working children this study team with their observations and finding suggest following recommendations at its earliest. (Reference data is illustrated in Annexure –I) 6.4. Recommendations It is learnt through this study to keep on mobilizing communities in order to enhance their child rights-knowledge base and perception as well as concept regarding children besides, installing support mechanisms in light of views given by working children and their parents that would sustain the income of families to prevent the entry of children in the labor and paving way forward sending these working children to schools for wealthier future. The support mechanism should include schooling facilities, evolve marketing linkages of certain occupations and crafts by making communities the owner of their business preventing from external exploitation The steps should be taken with recurrent lobbying and advocacy in minimizing the occurrence of child labor in Sindh by ensuring the proactive involvement of relative Government authorities and other decision makers initially in recognizing that a problem exists that is institutionalized, widespread and growing. Further, the child labor problem must be seen, for its best solution, as seriously undermining the normal development of the working children. Also, facilitate and sensitize Government to take steps getting workers out of debt. For the purpose special funds might be allocated. Easy micro-financing facilities should be enhanced to those who are willing to start their own businesses.
23 Educational facilities should be scaled up with improved quality and more opportunities should be created for worker children. As study has showed that crippled economic conditions are the main cause for nonattendance. As, poverty has forced many families to withdraw children from schools. These families should be given incentives to send their children to school. Indeed, this study could be base of information to make it possible to locate the children who are most vulnerable and at greatest risk. With this information, it can also be possible to identify solutions and define policies and intervention programmes that involve the majority of community stakeholders, businesspeople, the children and their families. Also, this study found the existence of working children in 95% of sample households besides majority of children are working for long hours in hard and difficult situations. Rather it is need of hour to go through in-depth study of workplaces to investigate the high degree and coercion of child labor in detail with suggesting appropriate measures to cope with existing child labor. In addition, future researches should focus on situations where people have accumulated heavy loans and why they are unable to pay them back. Also, why children work for more hours and why they are off the schools. What exact measures could be taken to cope with situation, also highlighting other concealed and exact reasons that force parents to send their children into these situations? What are the social compulsions of these families? What is the hidden rate of interest over prolonged and chronic debts and what is its relation with child labor? Also draw roadmap to help these indebted families whose children are working and are off the schools. Sensitize government to recruit more staff in provincial labor department, which is already understaffed and unable to check gross violations of the rights of the workers. Also, keep on lobbying and advocacy to recruiting more female labor inspectors who could check the child labor situation inside homes.
24
Annexure
Annex A. District Children < 5 Children 5-7 Children 8- 14 Children 15-18 Youth:19-25 Adult > 25 Total Umerkot 238 204 453 145 81 424 1545 Dadu 553 381 783 349 222 819 3107 Jamshoro 182 151 231 124 84 328 1100 Thar 517 425 783 285 175 885 3070 Total 1490 1161 2250 903 562 2456 8822 % 16.89 13.16 25.50 10.24 6.37 27.84 100.00
Annex B-(a) Gender sex ratio of below 5 Districts Boy Girl Total Ratio Umerkot 118 120 238 98.33 Dadu 276 277 553 99.64 Jamshoro 98 84 182 116.67 Thar 249 268 517 92.91 Total 741 749 1490 98.93 B-(b) Gender sex ratio of 5-7 Districts Boy Girl total ratio Umerkot 103 101 204 101.98 Dadu 220 161 381 136.65 Jamshoro 79 72 151 109.72 Thar 241 184 425 130.98 Total 643 518 1161 124.13 B-(c) Gender sex ratio of 8-14 Districts Boy Girl total ratio Umerkot 273 180 453 151.67 Dadu 466 317 783 147.00 Jamshoro 132 99 231 133.33 Thar 485 298 783 162.75 Total 1356 894 2250 151.68 B-(d) District Gender sex ratio of 15-18 Districts Boy Girl total ratio Umerkot 86 59 145 145.76 Dadu 230 119 349 193.28 Jamshoro 84 40 124 210.00 Thar 173 112 285 154.46 Total 573 330 903 173.64 B-(e) District Gender sex ratio of 19-25
25 Districts Boy Girl Total Ratio Umerkot 50 31 81 161.29 Dadu 121 101 222 119.80 Jamshoro 54 30 84 180.00 Thar 120 55 175 218.18 Total 345 217 562 158.99 B-(f) District Gender sex ratio of above 25 Districts Male Female total ratio Umerkot 204 220 424 92.73 Dadu 397 422 819 94.08 Jamshoro 162 166 328 97.59 Thar 437 448 885 97.54 Total 1200 1256 2456 95.54 Annex B-(a) Average Annual Income in Rupees by districts District Live Stock Agriculture Handicraft Carpet Labor Employment Pension Poultry Business Any Other Total
Umerkot 208500 3143000 191700 120000 5216400 678600 60000 100000 365000 1500 10084700 Thar 1929800 6091300 748500 2130600 6033500 316000 72000 10500 568400 2000 17902600 Dadu 1964600 5413700 994200 69000 8804300 3357000 193600 124000 1503600 85000 22509000 Jamshoro 1061800 1729500 138600 0 5179800 1920400 88700 22000 415500 20000 10576300 Total 5,164,700 16377500 2,073,000 2,319,600 25,234,000 6272000 414300 256500 2852500 108500 61072600 % 8 27 3 4 41 10 1 0.4 5 0.2 100
Annex B-(b) Average Annual expenses in Rupees by districts Districts Food Health Education Housing Transport Social Rent Utility Entertain- Any Other Total Events ment Umerkot 7485300 385300 52200 17100 323550 544900 15000 241800 91300 2800 9,159,250 Thar 14719000 970500 270000 87900 1172300 1648800 6000 375400 348400 164000 19,762,300 Dadu 15539500 1130540 619840 333000 853600 1021350 32600 832240 241800 5400 20,609,870 Jamshoro 6079030 465180 277200 237900 473000 522500 16200 417700 177700 11000 8,677,410 Total 43,822,830 2,951,520 1219240 675900 2,822,450 3,737,550 69800 1,867,140 859200 183200 58,208,830 % 75.3 5.1 2.1 1.2 4.8 6.4 0.1 3.2 1.5 0.3 100
Annex C-(a) Districts Cows Sheep Goats Buffaloes Camels Horses Donkeys
Percentage Average Percentage Average Percentage Average Percentage Average Percentage Average Percentage Average Percentage Average Households Households Households Households Households Households Households
Umerkot 18.01 2.42 3.32 6.0 57.82 4.66 16.59 1.54 1.42 1 7.58 1.31 Thar 33.33 3.11 25.98 9.30 82.60 7.73 2.94 2.08 15.44 1.33 1.47 1.33 34.56 1.65 Dadu 35.88 1.61 0.51 6.0 48.35 2.84 32.32 1.65 2.54 1.2 5.34 1.14 Jamshoro 30.61 2.33 2.04 12 52.38 7.75 21.09 3.35 1.36 1 11.56 1.29 Total 30 2.3 8 8 60 6 18 2.15 5.17 1.1 0.37 0.325 17.25 1.325
Annex D –(a) Number of loans by districts District 1 Loan 2 Loans 3 Loans 4 or more Total Loans,5 Umerkot 130 3 133
26 Thar 327 37 6 370 Dadu 209 15 1 225 Jamshoro 89 21 6 116 All Districts 844 755 76 12 1
D-(b) Loan and hh ratio by districts District Loans Borrower Loans:BHH Households Ratio Umerkot 133 130 102.3 Thar 370 327 113.1 Dadu 225 209 107.7 Jamshoro 116 89 130.3 All Districts 844 755 111.8
D-(c) Average loan size District HHs Loans Average loan Umerkot 130 133 1.02 Dadu 327 370 1.13 Jamshoro 209 225 1.08 Thar 89 116 1.30 Total 755 844 1.12 D-(e) Total and rapid and balance loan amount by districts Districts Loan Amount Repaid Amount Balance Amount Total Average Total Average Total Average Umerkot 2452400 18865 38300 288 2414100 18570 Thar 6635010 20291 212323 649 6422687 19641 Dadu 5339000 25545 414900 1985 4924100 23560 Jamshoro 2286700 25693 182000 2045 2104700 23,648 Total 16,713,110 90,394 847,523 4967 15,865,587 85,420
Annex E. All Distrcits Working hours:> <4 4-6 7-9 10-12 Grand total within % Of Total % Type of work B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total Agriculture 55 2 57 75 8 83 51 6 57 60 28 88 226 42 268 84 16 100 17.9 7.1 14.5 Barrage/sugarcane 2 2 4 0 0 0 1 1 2 6 1 7 9 10 19 47 53 100 0.7 1.7 1.0 Sewing work 2 26 28 4 86 90 0 0 0 2 0 2 6 112 118 5 95 100 0.5 19.0 6.4 Vegetable/Warris 5 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 6 83 17 100 0.4 0.2 0.3
27 Brick kiln 1 0 1 6 1 7 6 2 8 16 5 21 24 8 32 71 29 100 2.3 2.0 2.2 Embroidery 3 40 43 6 55 61 2 13 15 4 17 21 15 123 138 11 89 100 1.2 20.9 7.5 Garage 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 0 3 6 0 6 6 0 6 100 0 100 0.5 0.0 0.3 Garment 1 1 2 4 0 4 16 0 16 9 0 9 21 1 22 95 4.5 100 1.7 0.2 1.2 Hawker 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 2 2 0 2 100 0 100 0.2 0.0 0.1 Wild food collection 10 0 10 5 0 5 2 0 2 0 0 0 17 0 17 100 0 100 1.3 0.0 0.9 Transport 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 4 7 0 7 7 0 7 100 0 100 0.6 0.0 0.4 Hotel 1 2 3 3 4 7 6 0 6 8 0 8 12 6 18 67 33 100 1.0 1.0 1.0 Livestock 84 1 85 99 6 105 69 1 70 83 2 85 302 10 312 97 3.2 100 23.9 1.7 16.9 Shopkeeper 12 0 12 20 0 20 17 1 18 20 1 21 60 1 61 98 1.6 100 4.8 0.2 3.3 Bidi Making 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 100 0 100 0.1 0.0 0.1 Milk seller 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 0 5 6 0 6 6 0 6 100 0 100 0.5 0.0 0.3 Cook 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 6 0 6 100 0 100 0.5 0.0 0.3 Carper Weavers 10 8 18 18 13 31 21 16 37 27 14 41 76 47 123 63 37 100 5.2 6.5 5.6 Donkey cart 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 1 7 0 7 8 0 8 100 0 100 0.6 0.0 0.4 Labor 27 3 30 50 5 55 111 4 115 44 2 46 210 12 222 95 5.4 100 16.6 2.0 12.0 Peesh Waan 3 6 9 10 40 50 4 4 8 2 0 2 18 50 68 26 74 100 1.4 8.5 3.7 Domestic Workers 89 101 190 29 55 84 6 5 11 38 2 40 127 163 290 44 56 100 10.1 27.7 15.7 Water 5 2 7 2 0 2 3 1 4 4 0 4 12 3 15 80 20 100 1.0 0.5 0.8 Wood collection 19 2 21 17 1 18 13 0 13 26 0 26 60 3 63 95 4.8 100 4.8 0.5 3.4 Push cart 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 50 50 100 0.1 0.2 0.1 Textile Factory 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 100 0 100 0.8 0.0 0.5 Road work 1 0 1 8 0 8 8 0 8 8 0 8 21 0 21 100 0 100 1.7 0.0 1.1 Total 333 197 530 364 274 638 362 55 417 398 73 471 1268 593 1861 68 32 100 100 100 100
E-(a)
28 District Umerkot Working hours:> <4 4-6 7-9 10-12 Grand total within % Of Total % Tot Tot Type of work B G Total B G al B G al B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total Agriculture 15 0 15 18 2 20 2 4 6 37 26 63 72 32 104 69.2 30.8 100 29 31.4 29.71 Barrage/sugarcane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sewing work 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable/Warris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brick kiln 0 0 3 1 4 4 2 6 8 5 13 15 8 23 65.2 34.8 100 6.05 7.84 6.571 Embroidery 2 13 15 1 11 12 0 5 5 4 11 15 7 40 47 14.9 85.1 100 2.82 39.2 13.43 Garage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 100.0 0 100 0.4 0 0.286 Garment 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 100.0 0 100 0.4 0 0.286 Hawker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wild food collection 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hotel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LS 11 0 11 15 1 16 8 1 9 20 2 22 54 4 58 93.1 6.9 100 21.8 3.92 16.57 Shopkeeper 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 0 3 7 0 7 100.0 0 100 2.82 0 2 Bidi Making 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Milk seller 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cook 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 0 4 100.0 0 100 1.61 0 1.143 CW 0 0 0 3 4 7 3 4 7 5 2 7 11 10 21 52.4 47.6 100 4.44 9.8 6 Donkey cart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 100.0 0 100 0.81 0 0.571 Labor 4 0 4 10 2 12 11 1 12 13 0 13 38 3 41 92.7 7.32 100 15.3 2.94 11.71 Peesh waan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DW 5 3 8 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 2 8 5 13 61.5 38.5 100 3.23 4.9 3.714 Water 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 5 0 5 100.0 0 100 2.02 0 1.429 Wood collection 12 0 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 7 22 0 22 100.0 0 100 8.87 0 6.286 Push cart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Textile factory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Road work 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 100.0 0 100 0.4 0 0.286 Total 53 16 69 57 21 78 34 17 51 104 48 152 248 102 350 70.9 29.1 100 100 100 100
E-(b)
Distrcit Thar Working hours:> <4 4-6 7-9 10-12 Grand total within % Of Total % Type of work B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total
29 Agriculture 9 0 9 8 0 8 12 2 14 0 0 0 29 2 31 93.5 6.5 100 8.3 1.3 6.2 Barrage/sugarcane 2 2 4 0 1 1 2 6 7 13 9 10 19 47.4 52.6 100 2.6 6.6 3.8 Sewing work 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable 5 1 6 0 0 0 5 1 6 83.3 16.7 100 1.4 0.7 1.2 Brick kiln 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 100.0 0.0 100 0.3 0.0 0.2 Embroidery 1 26 27 1 39 40 1 6 7 4 4 3 75 78 3.8 96.2 100 0.9 49.3 15.5 Garage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Garment 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 100.0 0.0 100 0.6 0.0 0.4 Hawker 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 100.0 0.0 100 0.3 0.0 0.2 Wild food collection 10 10 5 5 2 2 0 17 0 17 100.0 0.0 100 4.9 0.0 3.4 Transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hotel 2 2 1 4 5 3 3 1 1 5 6 11 45.5 54.5 100 1.4 3.9 2.2 LS 38 38 42 42 32 32 23 23 135 0 135 100.0 0.0 100 38.6 0.0 26.9 Shopkeeper 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 4 4 11 1 12 91.7 8.3 100 3.1 0.7 2.4 Bidi Making 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 100.0 0.0 100 0.3 0.0 0.2 Milk seller 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cook 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 2 100.0 0.0 100 0.6 0.0 0.4 CW 10 8 18 15 9 24 18 12 30 22 8 30 65 37 102 63.7 36.3 100 18.6 24.3 20.3 Donkey cart 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 100.0 0.0 100 0.3 0.0 0.2 Labor 4 3 7 7 7 15 2 17 0 26 5 31 83.9 16.1 100 7.4 3.3 6.2 Peesh Waan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DW 5 8 13 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 10 10 20 50.0 50.0 100 2.9 6.6 4.0 Water 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 1 6 83.3 16.7 100 1.4 0.7 1.2 Wood collection 2 2 4 3 1 4 8 8 1 1 14 3 17 82.4 17.6 100 4.0 2.0 3.4 Push cart 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.0 100.0 100 0.0 0.7 0.2 Textile Factory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Road work 0 1 1 5 5 2 2 8 0 8 100.0 0.0 100 2.3 0.0 1.6 Total 90 53 143 89 55 144 108 25 133 63 19 82 350 152 502 69.7 30.3 100 100.0 100.0 100.0
E-(c) Distrcit Dadu Working hours:> <4 4-6 7-9 10-12 Grand total within % Of Total % Type of work B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total Agriculture 29 0 29 44 4 48 29 0 29 5 0 5 107 4 111 96.4 3.6 100 23 2 16 Barrage/sugarcane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 Sewing work 1 21 22 3 72 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 93 97 4.12 95.9 100 1 40 14 Vegetable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 Brick kiln 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 100 0.0 100 0 0 0
30 Embroidery 0 0 0 4 4 8 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 4 9 55.6 44.4 100 1 2 1 Garage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 Garment 1 0 1 4 0 4 4 0 4 0 0 0 9 0 9 100 0.0 100 2 0 1 Hawker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 Wild food collection 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 Transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 Hotel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 100 0.0 100 0 0 LS 23 1 24 33 5 38 17 0 17 3 0 3 76 6 82 92.7 7.3 100 16 3 12 Shopkeeper 4 0 4 16 0 16 9 0 9 3 0 3 32 0 32 100 0.0 100 7 5 Bidi Making 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Milk seller 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cook 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Donkey cart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 100 0.0 100 0 0 Labor 17 0 17 31 2 33 67 1 68 8 8 123 3 126 97.6 2.4 100 27 1 18 Peesh Wan 2 4 6 10 32 42 4 3 7 1 0 1 17 39 56 30.4 69.6 100 4 17 8 DW 52 52 104 18 31 49 2 1 3 2 0 2 74 84 158 46.8 53.2 100 16 36 23 Water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wood collection 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 6 100 0.0 100 1 0 1 Push cart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Textile factory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Road work 1 0 1 3 0 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 7 100 0.0 100 2 0 1 Total 132 78 210 168 150 318 139 5 144 25 0 25 464 233 697 66.6 33.4 100 100 100 100
E-(d)
Distrcit Jamshoro Working hours:> <4 4-6 7-9 10-12 Grand total within % Of Total % Type of work B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total B G Total Agriculture 2 2 4 5 2 7 8 0 8 3 0 3 18 4 22 82 18 100 8.74 3.77 7.05 Barrage/sugarcane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sewing work 1 5 6 1 14 15 0 0 2 19 21 10 90 100 0.97 17.92 6.73 Vegetable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brick kiln 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 1 6 0 6 100 0 100 2.91 0.00 1.92 Embroidery 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 4 4 0 100 100 0.00 3.77 1.28 Garage 0 2 2 3 3 0 5 0 5 100 0 100 2.43 0.00 1.60 Garment 1 1 0 9 9 0 9 1 10 90 10 100 4.37 0.94 3.21
31 Hawker 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 100 0 100 0.49 0.00 0.32 Wild food collection 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Transport 1 1 0 4 4 2 2 7 0 7 100 0 100 3.40 0.00 2.24 Hotel 1 1 2 2 3 3 0 6 0 6 100 0 100 2.91 0.00 1.92 LS 12 12 9 9 12 12 4 4 37 0 37 100 0 100 17.96 0.00 11.86 Shopkeeper 5 5 1 1 3 3 1 1 10 0 10 100 0 100 4.85 0.00 3.21 Bidi Making 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Milk Seller 0 1 1 5 5 0 6 0 6 100 0 100 2.91 0.00 1.92 Cook 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Donkey cart 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 0 4 100 0 100 1.94 0.00 1.28 Labor 2 2 2 1 3 18 18 1 1 23 1 24 96 4 100 11.17 0.94 7.69 Peesh Wan 1 2 3 0 8 8 1 1 0 1 11 12 8 92 100 0.49 10.38 3.85 DW 27 38 65 8 22 30 4 4 0 35 64 99 35 65 100 16.99 60.38 31.73 1. Water 2 1 3 0 1 1 0 2 2 4 50 50 100 0.97 1.89 28 Wood collection 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3 18 0 18 100 0 100 8.74 0.00 5.77 Push cart 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 100 0 100 0.49 0.00 0.32 Textile Factory 0 0 10 10 0 10 0 10 100 0 100 4.85 0.00 3.21 Road work 0 4 4 0 1 1 5 0 5 100 0 100 2.43 0.00 1.60 Total 58 50 108 50 48 98 81 8 89 17 0 17 206 106 312 66 34 100 100 100 100
F (a) Marriage years of Adult/Children District Number of age Years Minimum Maximum Average Umerkot 14 25 18.15 Dadu 14 30 18.10 Jamshoro 10 28 17.88 Thar 10 25 18.17 Total 10 30 18
F (b) Marriage years of Male District Number of age Years Minimum Maximum Average Umerkot 15 25 18.93 Dadu 16 30 19.37
32 Jamshoro 10 28 19.04 Thar 14 25 19.22 Total 10 30 19
F (c)
Marriage years of Female District Number of age Years Minimum Maximum Average Umerkot 14 22 17.37 Dadu 14 22 16.82 Jamshoro 13 24 16.73 Thar 10 24 17.12 Total 10 24 17
G (a) Schooling data of boys District School going Dropout Non-school going Total Umerkot 188 92 327 607 Thar 318 63 260 641 Dadu 492 233 417 1142 Jamshoro 141 69 189 399 Total 1139 457 1193 2789 % 40.8 16.4 42.8 100.0
G (b) schooling data of girls District School going Dropout non-school going Total Grand Total Umerkot 66 22 321 409 1016 Thar 140 8 230 378 1019 Dadu 220 134 458 812 1954 Jamshoro 95 25 146 266 665 Total 521 189 1155 1865 4654 % 11.2 4.1 24.8 40.1 100.0
G (c) District # of working children Of them school going children Umerkot 350 110 Dadu 697 207 Jamshoro 312 101 Thar 502 149 Total 1861 567 % 30.5
G (d) District Boys Girls Total Umerkot 92 18 110 Dadu 164 43 207 Jamshoro 66 35 101
33 Thar 113 36 149 Total 435 132 567 % 76.7 23.3 100.0
H (a) Do you like work?/ You work with own interest or parents interest? A B District Yes No Total OW PW Total Umerkot 122 85 207 107 75 182 Thar 185 142 327 162 147 309 Dadu 337 38 375 269 101 370 Jamshoro 95 35 130 94 35 129 Total 739 300 1039 632 358 990 % 71.1 28.9 63.8 36.2 100
H (b) Things you like at work? District Money Friends Supervisor Nature of work Status other Total Umerkot 131 1 2 134 Thar 214 5 1 4 224 Dadu 348 1 9 358 Jamshoro 126 4 130 Total 819 2 2 18 1 4 846 % 96.8 0.2 0.2 2.1 0.1 0.5 100
H (c) Things you don’t like at work District Scolding Violence Child-abuse Hard work etc other Total Umerkot 78 78 Thar 3 1 103 2 109 Dadu 259 259 Jamshoro 1 1 105 4 111 Total 3 2 1 545 6 557 % 0.5 0.4 0.2 97.8 0.0 1.1 100.0
H (d) If you like work what u expect have more at your work District Schooling V.Traning Same Occup. Alternate V.T Games Computer others School/Game Total Umerkot 79 5 16 100 Thar 94 29 16 7 2 4 38 190 Dadu 86 44 3 47 3 2 185 Jamshoro 107 5 1 113 Total 366 83 35 47 10 2 7 38 588 % 62.2 14.1 6.0 8.0 1.7 0.3 1.2 6.5 100.0
I (a) What you like to have for your boy child at work? District Schooling Work related Other Total Umerkot 185 11 196
34 Thar 218 52 10 280 Dadu 258 104 1 363 Jamshoro 111 19 130 Total 772 186 11 969 % 79.7 19.2 1.1 100.0
I (b) C What u like to have for your girl child at work District Schooling Work related Schooling/training Other Total Umerkot 176 13 2 191 Thar 87 41 11 5 144 Dadu 183 161 344 Jamshoro 111 16 127 Total 557 231 11 7 806 % 69.1 28.7 1.4 0.9 100.0
J (a) Household Profile/Questionnaire
THARDEEP RURAL DEVELOPMENT PRORGAM “TRDP” Protection of Rights of Working Children In Carpet Industry of Thar INFORMATION ABOUT CHILD FAMILY District Name______
Family Code No.
Name of Head of the Family: ------Village: ------Deh: ------Union Council: ------Field Unit: ------1. Personal Information of the Family: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
S# Children below 5 Children 5-7 years Children 8-14 Children 15-18 Female Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Female
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Children 19-25 2.0 Female > 25 Male >25 Female Total members Marriage age (M) Marriage age (F) Male Female Total Female 2. D e
2. Detail of the Debt/ Loan
35
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Sr. # Source of Amount Reason Since Interest Repaid Balance Debt 1 Loan of Loan rate (%) Amount 2 (Monthly) 3 4 5 Total
Note: For Column of Reason, numbering as given: 1 for Food, 2 for Medical Treatment, 3 for Marriages, 4 for Deaths, 5 for Income generating Activities and 6 for any other. Note: For Column of Source of Loan, numbering 1 for Advance on Loom, 2 for Shopkeepers, 3 for Relatives, 4 for Landlords, and 5 for Moneylenders. 3.Detail of the TRDP Organizational Membership of the Family (if applicable to the family): 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Sr.# Name of PDC Male Member Female Members Children Total Members 1 2 3 Total
4. Detail of the Educational Status of the Children:
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Name of Child Sex Particular Below 5 Yrs 5-7 Yrs 8-14 Yrs 15-18 Yrs Class Class Class Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Note: For Column of Particular, numbering 1 for Non School going, 2 for Dropout and 3 for School Going. For column Sex, mention M for Boys and F for Girls. Mention Class in the columns of 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6.
5.Detail of the Labor of the Children:
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5. 5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Name of Type of Work Working Status (In Hours) Se Ag Father’ Sr.# Children Labor/ Guardian ing 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 x e s Name work Since 5.7.4 5.7.5 Relati Years Wo Lun Sch Pla HH Name onshi rki ch ool y work p ng Bre Tim Tim Time 1 Tim ak e e 2 e 3 4
36 5 6
6. (A) Detail of the Monthly Income of the Children working with the family: 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Remuneration Pocket Money to Child Sr. # Name of Children Total Working Days (Monthly in PKR) (Monthly in PKR) 1
2 3 4
6 B. Detail of the Income (Monthly) of the Children working as employee out of family:(Tick place of working: within village/other village/town/other country) 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Pocket Money to Child Sr. # Name of Children Total Working Days Wages Per day (Monthly) 1 2 3 4 5
7. Detail of the Per Annum Income & Expenses of the Family: 7.1 7.2 (A) Income (B) Expenditure Sr.# Item Amount Item Amount 1 Live Stock Food 2 Agriculture Health 3 Handicraft Education 4 Carpet Work Housing 5 Labor Transport 6 Employment Social Events 7 Pension Rent 8 Poultry Utility 9 Business Entertainment 10 Any other Any other Total (A) Total (B) Total A – Total B =
8. Detail of Assets: 8.1 8.2 8.3 Sr.# Item Qty Value Total Amount 1 Cows 2 Sheep 3 Goats 4 Buffaloes 5 Camels 6 Horses 7 Donkeys 8 Gold 9 Silver 10 11
37 12 Total
9. Detail of the Health of the Working Children for last year: 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Sr.# Name Sex Age Injuries/ Disease Since how long you are 1 suffering 2 3 4 Note: For Column of Injuries/Disease, numbering 1 for T.B, 2 for fever, 3 for weakness, 4 for eye sight, 5 for skin disease, 6 for cough, 7 body pain, 8 for hand injury and 9 for head ache. (or specify if there is other than this list)
10. Views of any one working available child about Work: a) Do you like to work? Yes/No b) You work because: (own interest/parents willing) c) Things you like at work: (Money, friends, supervisor, nature of work, status, etc. )
d) Things you don’t like at work:(Example: scolding, violence. Child-abuse, hard work, etc. )
e) If you like to work then what you expect to have more for you besides your work: Example: Schooling, vocational training for same occupation, alternate vocational training, Games, etc. f) Other views if you have about your work/also above child related data collected from family could be verified from child
------
11. Views of the Head of the Family about working children: a) Why you put your child at work: (Poverty, Child’s interest, other reason do specify here______) b) What you like to have for your boy child who is at work: (Schooling, work related training, other______) c) What you like to have for your girl child who is at work: (Schooling, work related training, other______) Other views specify here: ------
Name of Surveyor:------Date: ------
Signature of Surveyor
38 Views of Surveyor should be illustrated at back of the last page:
K-(a)
List/Names of Surveyors
1. Mr. Ghulam Hyder Brihemani
2. Mr. Mevaram Balani
3. Mr. Ameer Farooq Junejo
4. Mr. Khushal Das
5. Mis. Samtrai
6. Mis Hajiani Lanjo
7. Mr. Kanhoo
8. Ms. Sughran Bhund
9. Mr. Rafiq Kandhro
10. Mr. Gotam Meghani
11. Mr Narsingh Sodho
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