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Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe
The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka volume 74 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe By Aleksander Paroń Translated by Thomas Anessi LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Publication of the presented monograph has been subsidized by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, Modul Universalia 2.1. Research grant no. 0046/NPRH/H21/84/2017. National Programme for the Development of Humanities Cover illustration: Pechenegs slaughter prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and his “Scythians”. The Madrid manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Miniature 445, 175r, top. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Proofreading by Philip E. Steele The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://catalog.loc.gov/2021015848 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. -
History of Cartography and Exploration: from Pre-History to Modern Times
Geography 554/399 (Sections 002 and 002) History of Cartography and Exploration: From Pre-History to Modern Times Burl Self, EdD, MAPA, MGeo, AICP Fall 2013 Professor – Department of Geography Wednesday, 4:30 – 7:30 p.m. Robinson B Room 205 [email protected] Office location and hours: TBA Description This course focuses on the pivotal points of pre‐history and historical of cartographical science and a close analysis of the contributions of mapmaking to exploration. The evolution of maps, from the paleo‐period of Europe and North America, through the cartography of medieval Europe, the ancient Near and Far East to modern day computer‐driven and generated maps will be covered. Course Objectives Through the use of databases, maps and a wide range of other resources: To understand the evolution and use of maps in the pre‐historical and historical period to explore and consolidate territorial and resource control To understand the evolution of navigational science and its technological impact on cartography To understand the historical mapping traditions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, North America and Oceana Informational Resources Learning resources will include lectures, on‐line generation of credible information sources and student‐generated assignments. Weekly Research Assignments Assignment – minimum of one full page (1 ½ space, 1” margins), with a minimum of two credible sources on the following page. Submit print copy only. Do not email assignment. The Library reference staff available to assist in completing weekly assignments. I will randomly select individuals to present summary findings of their research. Weekly topics can vary if class consensus so directs. -
The Sui Dynasty and the Western Regions
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 247 April, 2014 The Sui Dynasty and the Western Regions by Yu Taishan Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc. -
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Chapter 5 Tang and the First Turkish Empire: From Appeasement to Conquest After the siege at Yanmen, Sui was on the verge of total collapse. A series of internal rebellions quickly turned into a turbulent civil war pit ting members of the ruling class against each other, and with different parts of the country under the control of local Sui generals sometimes facing rebel leaders, all of them soon contending for the greatest of all Chinese political prizes, the chance to replace a dynasty which had evi dently lost the Mandate. Those nearest the northern frontier naturally sought the support of the Eastern Turks, just as Turkish leaders had sought Chinese eissistance in their own power struggles.^ Freed of interference from a strong Chinese power, both the East ern and Western Turkish qaghanates soon recovered their positions of dominance in their respective regions. The Eastern qaghanate under Shibi Qaghan expanded to bring into its sphere of influence the Khitan and Shi- wei in the east and the Tuyuhun and Gaochang in the west. The Western Turks again expandedall the way to Persia, incorporating the Tiele and the various oasis states in the Western Regions, which one after another be came their subjects, paying regular taxes to the Western Turks. After an initial period of appeasement, Tang succeeded in conquer ing the Eastern Turks in 630 and the Western Turks in 659. This chapter examines the reasons for Tang’s military success, and how Tang tried to bring the Turks under Chinese administration so as to build a genuinely universal empire. -
Uyghur Papers 5-Dina Doubrovskaya.Pdf
Uyghur Initiative Papers Uyghur Initiative Papers No. 5 November 2014 Qing Dynasty and Uyghurs in the 19th Century (Controversy over the Question of Re- . conquering Xinjiang) Dina V. Doubrovskaya (Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia) In the second and third quarters of the 19th century, the Qing Empire experi- enced considerable difficulties due to the political crisis caused by the two Opium Wars and the ignominious “opening up” by Western superpowers. Confrontation with Japan over Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan, the Taiping re- bellion and the uprisings of non-Han peoples added up to the Empire’s prob- lems. A bewildered victim of the incursions of European colonizers, and with the Manchu Dynasty enfeebled, China was in need of inner strength and re- solve, as well as external resources to maintain and restore its power over the vast territories of modern Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region, which it lost as a result of Uyghur and Dungan liberation movement in 1864-1878. So let us try to understand why the Qing Empire decided to regain control over Dzungaria and Kashgaria (Eastern Turkestan), which it had lost almost 15 years previously, in spite of the seemingly unfavorable political and eco- nomic situation, because the existence of China within its modern borders is a direct result of the Qing military undertakings of the time. The opinions expressed here are those of the author only and do not represent the Central Asia Program. Uyghur Initiative Papers No. 5, November 2014 First, emperor Qian Long (r. 1736-1795) performed some truly spectacular conquests in Xiyu, and then later generals Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang did much to defend their country during the devastating 1860s and 1870s, recovering the lost territorial acquisitions of Qian Long. -
Crisis Y Corrupción Durante El Reinado De La Emperatriz Wu Zetian
CRISIS Y CORRUPCIÓN DURANTE EL REINADO DE LA EMPERATRIZ WU ZETIAN CRISIS AND CORRUPTION UNDER THE REIGN OF EMPRESS WU ZETIAN David SEVILLANO-LÓPEZ1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Archivo Epigráfico de Hispania Recibido el 28 de agosto de 2015. Evaluado el 15 de febrero de 2016. RESUMEN: Aunque el reinado de la emperatriz Wu Zetian es un periodo de afianzamiento de la autoridad imperial, a nivel económico, este reinado se caracterizó por una mala gestión y el recrudecimiento de una dura crisis en la que no faltaron los escándalos de corrupción de algunos cancilleres. En este trabajo se mostrarán tanto los casos como las medidas que se tomaron contra la corrupción y la crisis económica de este periodo. ABSTRACT: Although the reign of Empress Wu Zetian is a period of consolidation of Imperial authority, economically this reign was characterized by poor management and the birth of a hard crisis in which no shortage of corruption scandals of some chancellors. In this study will be displayed both the cases and the measures taken against the corruption and economic crisis of this period. PALABRAS CLAVE: corrupción, crisis económica, Wu Zetian, dinastía Tang, código penal. KEY-WORDS: corruption, economic crisis, Wu Zetian, Tang Dynasty, penal code. I. Introducción. El gobierno de la emperatriz Wu Zetian2 (武則天), bien fuera ejercido de forma directa o indirecta, es un largo periodo inserto en la dinastía Tang (唐, 618-907), que comprendió entre los años 655 y 705, de forma que le convierte en el soberano que mantuvo las riendas 1 [email protected]. Este trabajo está adscrito al proyecto de investigación FFI 2012-34719.Debo agradecer a D. -
T the Semantic Shift of “Western Regions” and the Westward Extension of the “Border” in the Tang Dynasty
The Semantic Shift of “Western Regions” and the Westward Extension of the “Border” in the Tang Dynasty Rong Xinjiang and Wen Xin Traditionally, the term “Western Regions” could refer to two connected geographical regions. In its broader sense, it denotes the entire area west of Yumen Pass in Dunhuang; in its narrower sense, it includes only Southern and Eastern Xinjiang. Since the Han dynasty, the relations with the region covered by the narrower sense of the term have been of grave concern for regimes in China Proper. The Tang dynasty was the most daring in its dealings with the “Western Regions”, ruling over this area for an extended period of time and exerting considerable influence over local societies. Additionally, we also possess for the period of Tang rule some of the richest historical data regarding this area and, with the help of excavated texts, many details of the Tang rule have been clarified. Based on such empirical research, scholars such as Zhang Guangda also asked broader questions of the nature of Tang rule. He suggested that “the Tang began [its westward expansion] with the conquest of Xi Prefecture (Turfan), and after a century, by the mid-8th century, a type of Han/Non-Han dual governance has developed in areas beyond Xi Prefecture (meaning mostly the Four Garrisons)”.[1] Wang Xiaofu further explained the nature of this dual governance: “In the Four Garrisons of the Tang, there existed a form of governance between the prefecture-county system and the vassal kingdoms. Only in the Four Garrisons do we see the real manifestation of dual Eurasian Studies ( Volume III ) governance”.[2] Clearly, scholars have noticed the exceptional status of the Four Garrisons region in the Tang government: under the Han/Non-Han dual governance, the Four Garrisons region exhibited different features from regular “loose-rein” regions. -
General Li Jing'in Askerî Düşüncesi Ve Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Çöküşü
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı GENERAL LI JING’İN ASKERÎ DÜŞÜNCESİ VE DOĞU GÖKTÜRK KAĞANLIĞI’NIN ÇÖKÜŞÜ Hayrettin İhsan ERKOÇ Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2015 GENERAL LI JING’İN ASKERÎ DÜŞÜNCESİ VE DOĞU GÖKTÜRK KAĞANLIĞI’NIN ÇÖKÜŞÜ Hayrettin İhsan ERKOÇ Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2015 iii TEŞEKKÜR Doktora tez çalışmam boyunca çalışmamı yakından takip ederek her türlü yardımı ve desteği sağlayan tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. Erkin Ekrem’e, yine tez çalışmam boyunca değerli katkılarıyla ve önerileriyle tezimi zenginleştiren Prof. Dr. Ali Merthan Dündar’a ve Prof. Dr. Yunus Koç’a, tez savunma sınavımda kıymetli düşünceleriyle tezime katkıda bulunan Prof. Dr. Saadettin Yağmur Gömeç’e ve Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özden’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışmakta olduğum Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen- Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü’nün tüm akademik personeline doktora tez çalışmam boyunca bana çeşitli kolaylıklar sağladıkları için teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca hayatımın en büyük maddî-manevî destekçileri olan babama ve anneme de en derin şükranlarımı sunmayı bir borç bilirim. iv ÖZET ERKOÇ, Hayrettin İhsan. General Li Jing’in Askerî Düşüncesi ve Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı’nın Çöküşü, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2015. Göktürk Kağanlığı 552’de kurulduktan sonra 583 yılında ikiye bölünmüştür. Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı da 627’den itibaren yaşadığı bir dizi felaketin ardından 630 yılında Çin’deki Tang 唐 Hanedanı tarafından yıkılmıştır. Kağanlığın yıkılmasının ekolojik, ekonomik ve siyasî sebepleri vardır. Yaşanan sert kışlar ve askerî masraflar yüzünden ekonomi bozulmuş, ağır vergilendirmeler yüzünden kağanlığa bağlı konar-göçer boylar ayaklanmışlardır. Göktürk hükümdarı İllig Ḳaġan’ın (Xie-li Ke-han 頡利可汗) devlet yönetiminde Soğdlular ve Çinliler gibi yabancılara daha ağırlık vermesi, kağanlığın kurucu unsuru olan Göktürk beylerinin tepkisini çekmiştir. -
Reconstructing Female Authority Through Wu Zetian's Legacy
University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2017 The Rhetoric of Transgression: Reconstructing Female Authority through Wu Zetian's Legacy Rachael Rothstein-Safra University of Central Florida Part of the Asian History Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, History of Gender Commons, Medieval History Commons, Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Women's History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Rothstein-Safra, Rachael, "The Rhetoric of Transgression: Reconstructing Female Authority through Wu Zetian's Legacy" (2017). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 253. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/253 THE RHETORIC OF TRANSGRESSION: RECONSTRUCTING FEMALE AUTHORITY THROUGH WU ZETIAN’S LEGACY by RACHAEL ROTHSTEIN-SAFRA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts & Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Fall Term, 2017 Thesis Chair: Hong Zhang, PhD ABSTRACT This study examines representations of Wu Zetian in the biographical tradition of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries, as well as within the subsequent vernacular literature of the Ming and Qing periods. I analyze the traditional use and construction of female stereotypes (and female-oriented flaws and vices) in the rhetoric of official histories and fictional narratives and their application to representations of Wu Zetian. -
Understanding China) “In Association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes Bibliographical References and Index
Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kenneth Pletcher: Senior Editor, Geography and History Rosen Educational Services Alexandra Hanson-Harding: Senior Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Laura La Bella Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The history of China / edited by Kenneth Pletcher.—1st ed. p. cm.—(Understanding China) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61530-181-2 (eBook) 1. China—History—Juvenile literature. I. Pletcher, Kenneth. DS735.H56 2010 951—dc22 2009046655 On the cover: The Great Wall, China’s most famous landmark, was built over a period of more than 2,000 years. © www.istockphoto.com/Robert Churchill Page 14 © www.istockphoto.com/Hanquan Chen. On page 20: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, part of a large religious complex called the Temple of Heaven, was built in 1420 in Beijing. -
The Making of a Crown Prince
1 The Making of a Crown Prince Yangdi, né Yang Guang , was born in 569 into a powerful aristocratic clan of North China.1 The sources trace its origin to Yang Zhen , a most illus- trious figure of the Eastern Han, from Huayin in Hongnong (in Shaanxi). But information on the ancestors after Zhen is murky until the times of Yangdi’s grandfather, Yang Zhong , who, according to some accounts in the standard histories, once made his home in Wuchuan Garrison (west of Wuchuan, central Inner Mongolia). As one of the six strategic fron- tier outposts known as the Six Garrisons in Northern Wei times, Wuchuan is considered the crucial geographical element for the all-powerful Wuchuan clique in Western Wei times. But the traditional genealogy of the Yangs con- tains erroneous, perhaps fictitious information, and the Yangs’ connections with Huayin and Wuchuan are challenged by some scholars. Nevertheless, what matters most is not so much the verifiability of such connections as the assumption the Yangs held of them, and the perception it created. It is in that sense that I treat Huayin as the native place of the Yangs where they located their choronym, and Wuchuan as a key geographical name Yang Zhong was identified with.2 Known in his youth for his poise and intelligence, Yangdi was the favorite son of the Yang family. He was endowed with a remarkable talent for litera- ture and loved the pursuit of knowledge. He could have easily succeeded as a career official at court. But the course of events in his lifetime led him to a more important role in history.3 The age he lived in was one of extraordinary transformation. -
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214 3: MONEY FROM JIN TO SUl 3.2 Money’s Purchasing Power Wen. The total of gifts by all other rulers was extremely small.^ 1. The Value of Jin Money Second, we can discover a similar tendency in the contents of relief measures. During Western During the several centuries from Wei and Jin Han, relief was granted in coins, and in rather large through the Northern and Southern Dynasties, quantities. For example. Emperor Jin gave 200,000 changes in Chinese money ’s purchasing power were cash to the people who moved to Yangling tomb rather large, but most of these changes were local city.^ Emperor Wu gave 200,000 cash to every fam ized rather than nationwide. From a pan-national ily moving to Maoling tomb city.^ In addition, dur perspective, the situation was extraordinarily ing one imperial tour the families in the places chaotic. through which the Emperor passed were-each given [247] 5,(KX) cash.^ Emperors Ai* and Ping^ made gifts of Jin witnessed a period of relative decay in the from 2,000 to 5,000 cash for every person who died monetary economy. This is discernible from several in a natural disaster. sides. First, we can see it from the quantity of Such arrangements continued during Eastern bronze coins included in gifts. There were no banks Han, particularly during the reigns of Emperors An* in antiquity. Money was put into circulation mainly via official salaries and by such government expen ditures as gifts. Jin salaries, however, were paid ^The figures for each Jin emperor are as follows: entirely in goods, including both food and textiles.