DEIKSIS Vol. 08 No.02, Mei 2016 p-ISSN: 2085-2274, e-ISSN 2502-227X hal. 199-207

THE METAPHOR IN ’S POEM: “ LXIII”

Noni Marlianingsih

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Indraprasta PGRI Jl. Nangka 58 Tanjung Barat, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract

This study uses stylistic focused on the theory of figure of speech. Stylistic approach is done by analyzing the entire poem and continued to interpret their characteristics, and to find out the whole meaning of poem. Technique of data analysis uses qualitative descriptive analysis. The descriptive data was taken from the form of phrases, words, and sentences in the Sonnet 73 poems by William Shakespeare. The main problem of this research was to find out the metaphor in sonnet 73. Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison describing one thing as another, suggesting a likeness between them. It does not use “like” or “as”. This poem talks about aging, dying, and death, and portrays a feeling from the poet when he is so close to death and it influences his love relationship with his dear friend.

Key words: Metaphor, Poem, Sonnet, William Shakespeare.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan stilistika dengan kajian teori majas. pendekatan ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis puisi secara keseluruhan, kemudian menginterpretasikan karakteristik puisi, mencari tahu makna secara keseluruhan dari puisi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Data deskriptif diambil dari bentuk frase, kata, dan kalimat dalam puisiSoneta 73 oleh William Shakespeare. Masalah utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui majas metafora dalam soneta 73. Metafora adalah kiasan yang membuat perbandingan menjelaskan satu hal dengan yang lain, menunjukkan kemiripan di antara mereka. Tidak menggunakan "sama" atau "seperti". Puisi ini berbicara tentang penuaan, sekarat, dan kematian, dan menggambarkan perasaan dari penyair ketika dia begitu dekat dengan kematian dan itu berpengaruh terhadap hubungan cintanya dengan kekasihnya.

Kata kunci: Metafora, Puisi, Sonneta, William Shakespeare.

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INTRODUCTION topic. Beside that sonnet 73 created by Shakespeare using old English language BACKGROUND made the writer more interested in Literature is the power of language, analyzing and comprehending it. which has made the words more valuable Prominently this sonnet is perfect than before. It gives a big contribution for example of the Shakespearean form. development of science and art for many Three quatrains, each line with its own years until now. From literature people governing figure of decline, serve as not only know the way to express what incremental parts of a discourse; each their feelings, emotions, and their parallels and reinforce the others with experience, but also can represent their beauty and delicacy of detail, and culture or another country’s culture. describes the inexorable truth of the Beside that literature has many products natural world’s mutability. (Evans, of written works such as drama or play, G.Blakemore, 1996: 7) short story, novel and poem. The writer not only wants to know The writer interested in analyzing the whole meaning of sonnet and find out poetry, especially English poetry. As we the figurative language in sonnet 73 but know England has many writer and poets. also eager to know the reason why They are famous cause of their works are William Shakespeare using himself as the filled with beautiful words, the grace of topic in his sonnet 73, and what is the an expression, the simplicity of an purpose and messages to all readers from utterances, the depth of meaning filled the poet. with humor, daily language, humanity In this sonnet, the author depicts values, and also cultural content that that as human beings, we have to submit containing of educational values and will everything. Such as getting old, the make our perception or knowledge about destiny from the God, and the demise of literature more widely. someone that we love so much. And also A Poem is created seriously by a we must appreciate more for this life poet, because poem is a media to because we live in this world quickly and communicate what the poet feels, to share only happen just once in our life and it their experiences with other individual, would become a precious thing if we were observe their environment and also to get sick and realize that the demise is so imagine. Beside that a poet can create a close with us. certain kind of sounds to support the meaning and will get the harmony cause PROBLEM FORMULATION of it. (Siswantoro, 2002: 1) The main problem of this research The writer appreciates all poems, is formulated as follow: what metaphors but from several William Shakespeare are there in “Sonnet LXIII”? poems, the writer interested to analyze “Sonnet LXIII “as the main material LIMITATION OF THE PROBLEM source for this scientific research. The writers limits her focus on Although almost written by describing metaphors in “Sonnet LXIII” William Shakespeare deal with tragedy, written by William Shakespeare. love and death, but in sonnet 73 he focuses on death a long with the signs of Aims of study aging. Whether or not he is the topic of This writing aim of study is to find out the the sonnet or an observer, and the poet metaphors in “Sonnet LXIII”. expresses everything as if he were the

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RESEARCH METHOD the writer know who the speaker of the poem is and to whom she is speaking. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE Collecting data from the books that Data analysis technique used is can support to analyze the sonnet and to qualitative descriptive analysis. This find out the figure of speech is metaphors. study uses stylistic focused on the theory Classifying the data according to of figure of speech. Stylistic approach is the theories of figurative language, do not done by analyzing the entire poem and expect a definitive reading. Many continued to interpret their poems are intentionally open-ended and characteristics, and try to find out the refuse to resolve their internal tensions. whole meaning of poem. The data in this While it is desirable to understand what a research is descriptive data in the form of poem is saying, and consider that there phrases, words, and sentences in the are approaches and interpretations other Sonnet 73 poems by William than the writer’s interpretation. Shakespeare. As the data source is Sonnet Analyzing data or poems, there are 73 by William Shakespeare and no useless words. Poets select each and published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, every word carefully. None should be 1989. dismissed. Images and symbols all have a purpose in the overall meaning of the DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE poem. Technique of Data collection used The last is giving a conclusion in this study is documentation. According about the finding, try paraphrasing. It to Guba and Lincoln (in Moleong, 2010: may be best for the writer to write in my 216), document is any written material or own words what the poet is saying in each films. Documentation in this study line of the poem. As my work through it, performed by highlighting the text the writer will see which areas I need to passages which express the using of concentrate on. But again, avoid the figure of speech, and meaning of the notion that there is “one true meaning.” Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare. Then classifying the data according to figure of THEORETICAL REVIEW speech theories. And describing the Definitions of Literature results of analyzing the sonnet 73. Literature is the vague, which In completing this writing, the usually denotes work that belongs to the writer uses the library research and will major genres: Epic, Drama, Lyric, and conduct some steps are as follow: Short Story. (Cuddon, 1982:362). Read the sonnet 73 through at Literature is writing valued as work of art. least twice. The writer will have to read a (Oxford, 1980: 244). poem multiple times before even Literature is a body of written attempting to approach it for deeper works related subject mother by language meanings. Give the writer a chance to or place, or by prevailing cultural thoroughly and fully experience the standards of merits. (The Concise Oxford poem. Dictionary of Literature Terms, 2001). Try to understand the title to Literature is the writings of a period consider it as a message. The writer often or of a country, especially those valued skip over a poem’s title, which may for their excellence; of the style of form; contain important clues for understanding all the books and articles on a subject; any the piece. Often the title is an introduction printed matter including erudition, that can guide the writer; immediately lets

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DEIKSIS | Vol. 08 No.02 | Mei 2016 | 199-207 learning, letters, lore and writing. (New The Elements of Poetry English Dictionary and Thesaurus, 1994). 1. Rhythm From the definitions of literature Rhythm is a direct consequence above, the writer draws a conclusion that of the fact that words are made up of literature is the power of language which syllables that are both stressed and has made the words more valuable than unstressed. (P. Birkerts, 1993: 535) before and the product of literature is Rhythm, the most fundamental written works. technical element of poetry is rhythm, established by the regular or almost Definitions of Stylistic regular or almost regular recurrence Stilistika etymologically related to of similar units of a pattern of sound. style (English). Sytle means that the style, (Encyclopedia Americana, 1994: while Stylistics means the science of style 277) (Jabrohim, 2001: 172). From the definitions of Rhythm Stilistika is the style, the way in above, the writer draws a conclusion which a speaker or writer to convey his that rhythm is regular, patterned point by using language as a means repetition of stressed and unstressed (Sudjiman, 1993: 13). Styles in this sounds in poetry and in music. regard of course refers to the use of or the use of language in literature. 2. Rhyme A rhymed poem should sound Definitions of Poetry contemporary, not like a throwback to According to Perrine (1988: 509) an earlier style. (Drury, 1991: 52) said that poetry is as universal as Rhyme, one of the poet’s basic language and almost as ancient. tools, is another way that sound can Poetry combines emotional function in a poem. (P. Birkerts, 1993: expression, meanings, and experience 492) through rhythm, images, structural form From the definitions of rhyme and above all words. (Gillespie, Fonseca, above, so the writer makes a & Sanger, 1994: 988). conclusion that Rhyme is a repetition Samuel Taylor Coleridge (in Drury, of end sounds. 1991: 5). said that Poetry as “that species of composition, which is opposed to 3. Refrain works of science, by proposing for its Based on Perrine (1988: 665) immediate object pleasure, not truth, and said that Refrain, when such from all other species… is is repetition is done according to some discriminated by proposing to itself such fixed pattern. delight from the whole, as is compatible with a distinct gratification from each 4. Tone component part.“ Tone, in literature, may be From the definitions of poetry defined as the writer or speaker’s above, so the writer makes a conclusion attitude toward his subject, his that poetry is the expression of the poet in audience, of himself. (Perrine, 1988: written works which contains of beautiful 647) words and depth of meaning. 5. Imagery The word image perhaps most of them suggests a mental picture,

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something seen the in mind’s eye-and meaning, applying to the traitor the visual imagery is the kind of imagery characteristics of the snake. (Mc. that occurs most frequently in poetry Laughlin, 1989:31). buat an image may also represent a From the definitions of sound (auditory imagery), a smell figurative language above, the writer (olfactory imagery), a taste (gustatory draws a conclusion that figurative imagery); touch, such as hardness, language, also referred to as softness, wetness, or heat and cold metaphorical language, or figures of (tactile imagery); an internal speech, is a form of language in which sensation, such as hunger, thirst, words are put together according to a fatigue, or nausea (organic imagery). metaphorical or borrowed sense to (Perrine, 1988: 552-553) create either familiar or unfamiliar Imagery is a peculiarly associations, impressions, and effective way of evoking vivid reactions. Figurative language makes experience, and since it may be used us of figures of speech, techniques to convey emotion and suggest ideas such as metaphor, simile, as well as to cause a mental personification, paradox, hyperbole, reproduction of sensations, it is an and onomatopoeia. invaluable resources of the poet. (Perrine, 1988: 555). Kinds Of Figurative Language Imagery has always mattered in 1. Metaphor poetry, but many twentieth century A metaphor is and implicit poets have elated it to primary comparison that omits like or as. importance. Instead of spelling out (Gillespie, Fonseca & Sanger, 1994: their ideas, they let the image suggest 989). ideas by its vividness, emotional A metaphor, which fuses depth, psychological overtones, together two separate things, packs a strangeness of familiarity, and wallops and can shock us by its connections to other images in the equations; it offers no comfortable poem. (Drury, 1991: 42) distance between objects a simile, From the definitions of imagery which points on a likeness between above, so the writer makes a different things, is easier going, off- conclusion that Imagery may be handed, relaxed, it lets us defined as the representation through superimpose one object over another language of sense experience. temporarily. (Drury, 1991:45) A metaphor is literally a 6. Figurative language “carrying a cross, “or substitution Figurative language is language metaphor and simile have both been that cannot be taken literally (or mentioned in earlier sections, but should not be taken literally only) since they are such an integral part of (Perrine, 1988: 565) poetry they deserve to be discussed at Figure of speech is also called a greater length. Both are forms of trope, a use of language that twists or comparison and we resort to them distorts the usual meaning of a word. naturally when ever we wish to give a A figure of speech apple a word to a special emphasis to our expression. context in which it is not proper. (P. Birkerts, 1993: 595). To call a traitor a snake is to use the word outside its proper or literal

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2. Simile contains apparently opposing or The simplest from of figurative incongruous elements which, when language is a simile, in which the read together, turn out to make sense. comparison of two terms in direct and explicit of ten a marker such as like or 6. Metonymy as or as if lets us know that our job is Metonymy, is a figure of speech to workout the result of the in which an object or a person is comparisons are easy enough to spoken of interns of some other object figure out. But in poems often the that is associated with it “The crown” similes are based on odd or extreme is a metonymy for a king; “the white comparisons. (Mc. Laughlin, 1989: house “is a metonymy for the president in such phrases as” the 3. Personification white house announced…” Personification consist in (McLaughlin, 1989: 34). giving the attributes of a human being Metonymy is a related term, but to an animal, an object, or a concept refers to things simply associated (Perrine, 1988; 568). Personification with the main thing. (Drury, 1991: is the attribution of human qualities to 50). animals, ideas, or inanimate thing. Metonymy (the use of (Gillespie, Fonseca & Sanger, 1994: something closely related for the 989). thing actually meant) are alike in that From the definitions of both substitute some significantdetail personification above, the writer or aspect of an experience for the grame a conclusion that experience it self. (Perrine, 1988: personification is a figure of speech in 571). which human qualities are attributed to n animal, object, or idea. 7. Synecdoche Synecdoche (the use of the part 4. Hyperbole for the whole) and metonymy (the use According to Uchicago (2014) of something closely related for the said that Hyperbole, it is an thing actually meant) area like in that exaggeration, often extravagant, both substitute some significant detail which may be used for serious or for or aspect of an experience for the comic effect. experience itself (Perrine, 1988: 571). Synecdochand Metonymy are 5. Paradox two related figures of speech so According to Perrine said that related, in fact, that is often difficult (1988: 604) A paradox is an apparent to tell the difference between them, contradiction that is nevertheless Synecdoche (si-nec-do-kee) makes somehow true. use of a part to indicate a whole. A paradox is a statement that Metonymy (m’-tawn-Ni-mee), appears to be contacditory and absurd meanwhile replaces the thing but displays an element of truth. intended with some other thing that is (Gillespie, Fonseca & Sanger, 1994: associated with it. (P. Birkerts, 1993: 990). 597). From the definitions of paradox above, the writer draws a conclusion that Paradox is a statement which

204 The Metaphor in William Shakespeare’s Poem:“Sonnet LXIII” (Noni Marlianingsih)

8. Apostrophe In me thous see’st the glowing of such Apostrophe is a figure of speech fire, that literally means “a turning a way” That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, it occurs in poetry when the speaker As the death bed where on it must expire, addresses words to some person or Consum’d with that which it was thing, very often calling it to mind in nourish’d by.This thou perceiv’st, which its absence. (P. Birkerts, 1993: 599). makes thy love more strong, Apostrophe, which consists in To love that well, which thou must leave addressing someone absent or dead / are long. something non – human as if that (Mc. Laughlin, 1989: 32). person or thing were present and alive and could reply to what is being sad Paraphrase Sonnet 73 (Perrine, 1988: 569). In me you can see the time of year When a few yellows leaves or none at all 9. Oxymoron hang Oxymoron is figure of speech On the branches, shaking against the cold, that links together two terms which Bare ruins of church choirs where lately are costumarily opposite. (Mc. the sweet birds sang. Laughlin, 1989: 462). In me you can see only the dim light that remains 10. Symbol After the sun sets in the west, A symbol may be viewed as a Which is soon extinguished by black specific sort of metaphor, at least in so night far as one thing is made to stand in for, The image of death envelops all in rest. or represent, another. (P. Birkerts, In me you can see the glowing embers 1993: 608). That lie upon the ashes remaining from Symbol is a sign that points to the flame of my youth, meanings beyond its literal As on a death bed where it (youth) must significance. (Gillespie, Fonseca & finally die Sanger, 1994: 989). Consumed by that which once fed it. This you sense, and it makes your love RESULTS AND DISCUSSION more determined. To loved more deeply that which you THE SUMMARY OF THE POETRY must give up before long. Sonnet 73 That time of year thou mayst in me be ANALYSIS OF SONNET 73 hold,When yellow leaves, or none, or Poetry is a common medium for few, do hang people to express love, and one of people Upon those boughs which shake against who always using poetry to express love the cold, is William Shakespeare. He wrote about Bare ruin’d the choirs, where late the love in all his works including poem sweet birds sang. sonnets. William Shakespeare’s sonnet In me thou see’st the twilight of such 73 is no exception. Sentiment of love day,As after sunset fadeth in the west, along with those of against and death are Which by and by black night doth take expressed through the use of figurative of away, language. And some of sonnets written by Death’s second self, that seals up all in him deal with tragedy and death, in rest. sonnet 73 he focuses on death along with

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DEIKSIS | Vol. 08 No.02 | Mei 2016 | 199-207 the signs of aging. Whether or not he is death, and narrowed his scope to the close the subject of the sonnet or an observer, of one day (05). Shakespeare sees he expresses everything as if he were the sleeping and twilight as “Death’s second subject. Shakespeare was at an age in his self”, because at night approaches people life where he could relate to the sonnet, are unconscious like being dead. which made the poem so much more Shakespeare also suggests that the person effective. The subject of this sonnet is is nearing the end of his life when such being looked at, and the observer comes fire is glowing. The glowing of the fire is to the conclusion that they see late fall, nourished by the burnt wood, and as the Twilight and a dying fire, that is, the wood gets smaller the fire dyes out. The observer realizes that the person is getting tree that is depicted in the autumn setting old and they will soon lose him. The is compare to the subject of this sonnet. significant points that reflect the onset of The tree is nearly bare with the wind aging and death are portrayed through the blowing at the last leaves clinging on the metaphors of a tree at the end of autumn branches; only a few stalwart ones finally and a dwindling fire. In the beginning of remained. Although the description of the the poem the author uses the metaphor of birds singing on the branches is that of the autumn to stand for his progression in summer time in contrast, the branches are years. Just like the leaves change and fall bare in the autumn; the picture depicts the from the tears, the author has changed and subject in his youthful years. lost his youth. The sonnet takesplace in Shakespeare’s interpretation from the autumn, because in the very beginning a quotes”….seals up in rest” gives a couple tree is being leaves falling in autumn of different images. That quotation can support the idea of winter’s immediate portray a coffin that is sealing up the lid, approach, which indirectly suggest that or when nightfall’s people go to sleep; people get old and will parish as years slip therefore sleep indirectly implies death. by. This could also be taken as a In the final quatrain the author speaks of metaphor, suggesting there are only a few a deathbed of ashes (10-11). These ashes years left on the subject’s tree, of life can be interpreted as the ashes of his “Bare ruined choirs (lines 04), where youth. Those ashes had once been the fuel once the sweet late birds sang” tells the of the man’s youth, that which provided reader that in the summer time the birds youthful energy. But now, they are know would be on the branches singing like a the place where the dying fire of his youth church choir, whereas, in autumn the and strength dwindles to nothingness. birds do not sing because they are gone The person and his own youth are lying from the bare branches. Another on a bed of ashes that was fed by the metaphor of the tree of life is being bare. burning of wood, which is compared to a The author next state a comparison of his deathbed. Shakespeare sonnets use a aging to a sunset. In me thou seest the variety of words to manipulate the actual twilight of such day/ as after sunset fadeth meaning of sentences. His creative words in the west (lines 05-06). Here sunset tell a story all by itself with the use of represent dying. The next metaphor metaphors, from the words describing the compares night, which occurs after subject’s youth to the ashes of his sunset, to death. Which by and by black deathbed. Shakespeare write about night doth take a way / Death. Second self yellow leaves clinging on to the trees and that seals up all in rest (07-08). It is birds that use to sing on the branches in important to note that the author has the summer time. These images can be changed his focus from aging, to dying, to interpreted as the person whom

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Shakespeare is referring to was young New York: Oxford University before but at the present moment, he is Press. old and almost ready to die. The ash that Berg, D.L. (1986). Oxford Leaner’s his youth lies upon is manipulated to Pocket Dictionary. New York: represent his deathbed where upon he will . lie when it is time for him to die. Shakespeare compares the love between Children’s Leisure Product Limited. the two people as log burning, as the fire (1994). New English Dictionary is burning the log, the log becomes and Thesaurus. Scotland: smaller consequentially resulting in the David Dale House. fire to dye out. Drury, J. (1994). Creating Poetry. Ohio: F&W Publication, Inc. CONCLUSION Encyclopedia Americana International Edition. Grolier, Inc. Shakespeare’s sonnet 73 provides an excellent example of three individual Gillesp,. S., et al. (1994). Literature metaphor, related together in the end by Across Cultures. Boston: Allyn & the . The vehicle (the image of the Bacon. metaphor that is used to carry the tenor Mc. Laughlin, T. (1989). Literature the the overall significance or meaning) of Power of Language. San Diego: the first quatrain is autumn and falling Harcourt Brave Jov, publishers. . leaves. The second quatrain focuses on Moleong. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian the sunset. And the bird deals with the Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja dying of the fire. Each quatrain relates to Rosdakarya. tome : the end of a season, the closing of a day, the end of an evening, respectively. P. Birkerts, S. (1993). Literature the The tenor within this sonnet is seen Power of Language. Boston: A through the measure of time and how Division of Simon and Schuster, each measure becomes progressively Inc. shorter in each quatrain season, day, and Perrine, L. (1988). Literature Structure, evening. The writer suggests that the Sound, and Sense. Fifth edition. students try to read all poems to get much San Diego. Harcourt Brave Jov, important knowledge about English publisher. literature and will get some points of moral value from the poem that they Siswantoro. (2002). Apresiasi Puisi-Puisi already read. Students will be able to Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: understand the message and the positive Muhammadiyah University Press, aims of the poet in his poetry to do in their daily activities. Internet: BIBLIOGRAPHY Uchicago. 2014. The Figure Of Speech. Retrieved July 18, 2014 from Book: www.lib.uchicago.edu. Baldick, C. (2001). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms.

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