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Systematik Morphologie Palökologie Paläogeographie Stratigraphie Verlag Dr. Friedrich PfeilPalaeo Ichthyologica Systematik Morphologie Palökologie Paläogeographie Stratigraphie Werner SCHWARZHANS Otolithen aus den Gerhartsreiter Schichten (Oberkreide: Maastricht) 4 des Gerhartsreiter Grabens (Oberbayern) Palaeo Ichthyologica 4 Werner SCHWARZHANS Otolithen aus den Gerhartsreiter Schichten (Oberkreide: Maastricht) des Gerhartsreiter Grabens (Oberbayern) In der Reihe Palaeo Ichthyologica erscheinen zoologische und paläontologische Arbeiten zur Systematik Morphologie Palökologie Paläogeographie Stratigraphie der Fische. Palaeo Ichthyologica Systematik Morphologie Palökologie Paläogeographie Stratigraphie Werner SCHWARZHANS Otolithen aus den Gerhartsreiter Schichten 4 (Oberkreide: Maastricht) des Gerhartsreiter Grabens (Oberbayern) Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil • München, Mai 2010 ISSN 0724-6331 • ISBN 978-3-923871-44-5 Palaeo Ichthyologica 4 1-100 214 fi gs. München, Mai 2010 Begründet und herausgegeben von Dr. Friedrich H. PFEIL, München In der Reihe Palaeo Ichthyologica werden Originalarbeiten und Dissertationen zur Systematik, Morphologie, Palökologie, Paläogeographie und Stratigraphie rezenter und fossiler Fische veröffentlicht. Die Arbeiten können in deutscher, englischer oder französischer Sprache verfasst sein. Autoren, die eine Arbeit zum Druck einreichen wollen, sollten sich vorher mit dem Herausgeber zwecks Absprache von Satzspiegel, Format und Gestaltung von Textabbildungen und Tafeln in Verbindung setzen. Der Schriftwechsel ist ausschließlich zu richten an: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Straße 27, 81379 München, Germany Für den Inhalt der Arbeiten sind die Autoren allein verantwortlich. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Copyright © 2010 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich PFEIL, München All rights reserved. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Straße 27, 81379 München, Germany Druckvorstufe: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München Druck: Advantage Printpool, Gilching Printed in the European Union ISSN 0724-6331 ISBN 978-3-923871-44-5 5 Palaeo Ichthyologica 4 1-100 214 fi gs. München, Mai 2010 Otolithen aus den Gerhartsreiter Schichten (Oberkreide: Maastricht) des Gerhartsreiter Grabens (Oberbayern) Werner SCHWARZHANS* Kurzfassung Aus den Gerhartsreiter Schichten (Oberkreide: Mittleres Maastricht, Globotruncana-gansseri-Zone) des Gerhartsreiter Grabens (Oberbayern) werden 44 Otolithen-Arten beschrieben; darunter sind 25 neue Arten und 11 verbleiben in of- fener Nomenklatur. Bislang sind nur vereinzelte und dazu auf wenige Exemplare begründete Otolithen-Faunen aus der Oberkreide beschrieben worden, darunter bereits auch drei Arten aus dem Gerhartsreiter Graben (KOKEN 1891). Diese und andere Oberkreide-Otolithen-Befunde werden erläutert. Die Otolithen-Fauna aus dem Gerhartsreiter Graben stellt die bisher umfangreichste Aufsammlung von Oberkreide- Otolithen dar und ermöglicht zum ersten Mal »indirekte« Vergleiche mit den gut bekannten oberkretazischen Teleosteer- Skelettbefunden. Erwartungsgemäß ergibt sich auf dem Niveau der Familien und Unterordnungen eine recht gute Über- einstimmung zwischen Skelett- und Otolithenbefunden, vor allem, was den Artenreichtum und die Diversifizierung der Beryciformes angeht, einer Ordnung, die in der Oberkreide in etwa den breitgefächerten ökologischen Raum einnimmt, in dem ab dem Tertiär die Perciformes dominieren. Eine wesentliche Diskrepanz zwischen Skelett- und Otolithenbefunden, die noch stärker für das Alt-Tertiär zutrifft, ist das Fehlen ophidiiformer Skelette, wo doch die Ordnung Ophidiiformes unter den Otolithen zu den häufigsten und artenreichsten zählt. Wie von oberkretazischen Skelettfunden zu erwarten war, repräsentieren die meisten Otolithen fossile Gattungen, einige wohl auch ausgestorbene Familien oder höhere systematische Einheiten, und deren systematische Zuordnung erfolgt unter Vorbehalt. Hier sind vor allem zu nennen: Kokenichthys (? Osteoglossiformes), Argyroberyx, Beauryia und Traunichthys (Berycoidei) und Sillaginocentrus, Traubiella und Pfeilichthys (Holocentroidei). Neben dieser Gruppe ausgestorbener spe- zialisierter oberkretazischer Fische kann man zwei andere wesentliche »evolutorische Gruppen« ausmachen: Zum einen Fische, deren Otolithen sich seit der Oberkreide morphologisch nur unwesentlich verändert haben und so mit einiger Berechtigung zu rezenten Gattungen gestellt werden können, so zum Beispiel Pterothrissus, Argentina, Chlorophthalmus, Bidenichthys, Centroberyx, Diretmus und Antigonia und zum anderen sehr plesiomorphe, »archetypische« Otolithen, die wie generalisierte Vorfahren oder »missing links« moderner Fischfamilien erscheinen, hier besonders zu erwähnen: Auriculithus (Sternoptychidae), Bavariscopelus (Myctophidae), Protobythites (Ophidiidae), Isozen (Zeiformes) und Plesio- poma (Percoidei). * Dr. Werner SCHWARZHANS, Ahrensburger Weg 103, 22359 Hamburg, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected]. Palaeo Ichthyologica 4 Palaeo© 2010 Ichthyologica Verlag Dr. Friedrich 4 Pfeil, München 6 Abstract Otoliths of 44 Teleost species are described from the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of the Gerhartsreiter Graben (Ba- varia); 25 of these are new, 11 presently remain in open nomenclature. So far only few otoliths from the Late Cretaceous have been described, among them three species by KOKEN (1891) from the Gerhartsreiter Graben. These and other Late Cretaceous otoliths are being discussed. Now the otolith fauna from the Gerhartsreiter Graben ranks as the largest so far from the Late Cretaceous and for the first time allows reasonable comparison with the well known Teleost skeleton fauna of the same geologic age. Expectedly, the two correspond relatively good with one another, particularly as far as diversity of the Beryciformes is concerned. The Beryciformes have probably been adapted to the very “set of environments” during Late Cretaceous that since Terti- ary has become the domain of the Perciformes. A major discrepancy in the skeleton and otolith record both from Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary is the distribution of the Ophidiiformes. While virtually no skeleton has been reported their otoliths belong to the most common and most specious ones. Similar to the skeleton findings most otoliths represent fossil genera and some also extinct families or higher systematic units. To this group of extinct specialized Late Cretaceous otoliths who’s systematic arrangement remains somewhat ten- tative do belong for example: Kokenichthys (? Osteoglossiformes), Argyroberyx, Beauryia and Traunichthys (Berycoidei) and Sillaginocentrus, Traubiella and Pfeilichthys. Two more principal »evolutionary groups« can be distinguished. One comprises fishes who’s otoliths have not undergone much morphological change since Late Cretaceous and therefore can be placed into living genera: Pterothrissus, Argentina, Chlorophthalmus, Bidenichthys, Centroberyx, Diretmus and Antigonia. The third group includes very plesiomorph otoliths that in a broad sense could be regarded as generalized ancestors or »missing links« of modern Teleost families: Auriculithus (Sternoptychidae), Bavariscopelus (Myctophidae), Protobythites (Ophidiidae), Isozen (Zeiformes) and Plesiopoma (Percoidei). Werner SCHWARZHANS 7 Inhalt 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Oberkreide-Otolithen (eine Bestandsaufnahme) ........................................................................ 9 3. Systematischer Teil ............................................................................................................................ 14 3.1 Artenliste ...................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Beschreibung der Arten ................................................................................................................ 16 3.2.1 Ordnung Osteoglossiformes .......................................................................................... 16 3.2.2 Ordnung Elopiformes .................................................................................................... 16 3.2.3 Ordnung Anguilliformes ................................................................................................ 21 3.2.4 Ordnung Siluriformes .................................................................................................... 26 3.2.5 Ordnung Salmoniformes ............................................................................................... 26 3.2.6 Ordnung Stomiiformes .................................................................................................. 30 3.2.7 Ordnung Aulopiformes .................................................................................................. 33 3.2.8 Ordnung Myctophiformes .............................................................................................. 36 3.2.9 Ordnung Ophidiiformes ................................................................................................ 38 3.2.10 Ordnung Beryciformes .................................................................................................. 46 3.2.11 Ordnung Zeiformes ....................................................................................................... 68 3.2.12 Ordnung Perciformes ...................................................................................................
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