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Sound Savings Sound Savings Sound Savings Preserving Audio Collections Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by School of Information, Preservation and Conservation Studies, University of Texas at Austin Library of Congress National Recording Preservation Board Association of Research Libraries Austin, Texas July 24–26, 2003 Edited by Judith Matz Association of Research Libraries 2004 Sound Savings: Preserving Audio Collections Judith Matz, Editor Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by School of Information, Preservation and Conservation Studies, University of Texas at Austin Library of Congress National Recording Preservation Board Association of Research Libraries Austin, Texas July 24–26, 2003 Association of Research Libraries 21 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20036 © 2004 Association of Research Libraries ISBN 1-59407-663-4 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives. Design and layout by David S. Noble. Contents 7 Preface William A. Gosling (University of Michigan) 9 Introduction to the Papers Ellen Cunningham-Kruppa (UT Austin), Mark Roosa (Library of Congress) WELCOME 13 A Sound Education: Audio and the Next Great Leap in Information Studies Andrew Dillon (School of Information, UT Austin) SESSION I: ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW 17 Review of Audio Collection Preservation Trends and Challenges Sam Brylawski (Library of Congress) SESSION II: ASSESSING PRESERVATION NEEDS 29 Pictorial Guide to Sound Recording Media Sarah Stauderman (Smithsonian Archives) 43 Surveying Sound Recording Collections Hannah Frost (Stanford University) SESSION III: SETTING PRIORITIES AND TAKING ACTION 61 Risk Reduction through Preventive Care, Handling, and Storage Alan Lewis (National Archives and Records Administration) 71 The Save Our Sounds Project Michael Taft (Library of Congress) SESSION IV: REFORMATTING ISSUES 83 The Case for Audio Preservation Karl Miller (UT Austin) 91 Contracting for Services Alan Lewis (NARA) and Anji Cornette (Cutting Corporation Inc.) SESSION V: CREATING, PRESERVING, AND MAKING AVAILABLE DIGITAL SOUND 107 The Library of Congress Digital Audio Preservation Prototyping Project Carl Fleischhauer (Library of Congress) DIGITAL SOUND PROJECTS 117 Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Audio Reformatting Project Jill Hawkins 125 Archiving the Arhoolie Foundation’s Strachwitz Frontera Collection of Mexican and Mexican American Recordings Tom Diamant (Arhoolie Foundation) SESSION VI: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES AND SOUND RECORDINGS 135 Copyright Law and Audio Preservation Georgia Harper (UT System) SESSION VII: BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE 145 Shaping an Education and Research Agenda (Panel Session) Moderator: Mark Roosa Panelists: Sam Brylawski, Tom Clareson, Ellen Cunningham-Kruppa, Carl Fleischhauer, Alan Lewis, Sarah Stauderman 151 Sound Savings: Bibliography and Resources Sarah Cunningham These papers are available at: http://www.arl.org/preserv/sound_savings_proceedings/ Preface William A. Gosling University Librarian University of Michigan Chair, ARL Preservation of Research Library Materials Committee OVER THE PAST DECADE there has been a growing interest in the preservation needs of sound recordings and other nonprint media. In March 2002, “Redefining Preserva- tion, Shaping New Solutions, Forging New Partnerships,” a conference sponsored by the University of Michigan University Library and the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), put audiovisual preservation high on the list of important issues for the preservation community. A year later, many of the key stakeholders in audio- visual preservation met to share their experiences and discuss the challenges ahead, specifically in the area of preserving sound recordings. “Sound Savings: Preserving Audio Collections,” held at the University of Texas at Austin in July 2003, was cosponsored by the School of Information’s Preservation and Conservation Studies at the University of Texas at Austin; the Library of Con- gress; the National Recording Preservation Board; and the Association of Research Libraries. The two-and-a-half day program featured talks by experts on topics ranging from assessing the preservation needs of audio collections to creating, preserving, and making publicly available digitally reformatted audio recordings. As Ellen Cunningham-Kruppa and Mark Roosa noted in their introductory re- marks, the symposium brought together an esteemed group of curators, educators, scholars, and practitioners whose papers “represent the fruit of their individual and collective experiences and, as they reveal, institutions are actively involved in all aspects of audio preservation. But there remains serious work ahead.” The final session of “Sound Savings” focused on shaping an applied research and education agenda. Seven steps were defined to move forward; the challenge will be articulating strategies to reach these goals. ARL hopes, by publishing the many out- standing papers presented at the symposium, to advance this agenda. The time has come to expand our present knowledge and work together to meet the challenges of preserving our valuable collections of recorded sound. Preface | 7 Introduction to the Papers Ellen Cunningham-Kruppa Assistant Director, Center for the Cultural Record University of Texas, Austin Mark Roosa Director of Preservation Library of Congress JUST SEVENTEEN YEARS AGO, the Associated Audio Archives (AAA), a special com- mittee of the Association for Recorded Sound Collections (ASRC), undertook a groundbreaking audio preservation planning study. The National Endowment for the Humanities funded the study, whose goals were to better define and standardize audio preservation methods and practices. The committee, having completed an enormous planning study, pilot project, and finally, a full-fledged project resulting in the Rigler-Deutsch Record Index, a union index to some 615,000 pre-LP com- mercial recordings held in the then five participating archives, turned its attention to the preservation issues of sound archives. The author of a 1988 briefing of the study, Barbara Sawka, then curator of the Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound, not- ed that the growing interest in paper preservation in libraries and archives helped to create a more receptive response to the preservation needs of sound recordings and other nonprint media. But, as Ms. Sawka notes in her synopsis of the planning study and we know from experience, sound archivists have had a tough row to hoe to convince colleagues and funding agencies alike to make the pressing needs of audio materials a priority. In ARSC/AAA’s groundbreaking report, Audio Preservation: A Planning Study (1988), training and education for sound archivists was discussed at length. Much of the reporting conveyed the technical education needed to operate and maintain au- dio equipment and to conduct archival sound audio transfer and restoration work. As the report noted, many of the heads of sound archives in 1988 were subject specialists who had acquired their technical knowledge on the job, not unlike the library preservation field in its nascent years. The report noted that sound archivists or archives administrators had little to choose from in the way of educational pro- grams geared to the requirements of their profession. Introduction to the Papers | 9 Now let’s flash forward. In the fifteen years following the publication of the ARSC/ AAA study, a number of strides have been made to provide education on the issues of audio preservation. The Society of American Archivists, the American Library Association, the Association for Recorded Sound Archives, the Society of California Archivists, and the North Carolina Preservation Consortium, among other profes- sional groups, have organized workshops and programs for professionals seeking au- dio preservation training. Educational materials have burgeoned; useful publications on identifying, handling, storing, and reformatting sound media abound in print and on the Web; and many organizations are now involved in sound preservation (http: //palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/audio/#organizations). We now also have a number of excellent companies and individuals who provide professional audio reformatting services and consultation, something that has been sorely lacking until recently. The preservation needs of audio collections have been acknowledged at the na- tional level. Following the National Film Preservation Act of 1996, Congress passed the National Recording Preservation Act in 2000. Subsequently, the National Re- cording Preservation Board was created and charged with “developing a compre- hensive National Recording Preservation Study and Action Plan” to “address issues such as the current state of sound recording archiving, preservation, and restoration activities; research and other activities carried out by or on behalf of the Library of Congress National Audio-Visual Conservation Center at Culpeper, Virginia; the establishment of clear standards for copying old sound recordings; and current laws and restrictions regarding the preservation and use of sound recordings, includ- ing recommendations for changes to allow digital access and preservation” (http: //www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/nrpb-about.html). In March 2002, “Redefining Preservation, Shaping New Solutions, Forging New Partnerships,” a conference sponsored by the University of Michigan University Library and the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), called attention to the
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