DOCSLIB.ORG

Tranche 3 (Improvement of Kutaisi Water Supply System Sub-Project)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tranche 3 (Improvement of Kutaisi Water Supply System Sub-Project) Initial Environmental Examination November 2017 GEO: Urban Services Improvement Investment Program – Tranche 3 (Improvement of Kutaisi Water Supply System Sub-project) Updated and revised by the United Water Supply Company of Georgia LLC of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure for the Asian Development Bank. This is the updated version of the document originally posted in October 2013 available at https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/urban-services-improvement-investment-program-t3- kutaisi-wss-iee This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views ex- pressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Man- КРОmОnt, or stКПП, КnН mКв ЛО prОlТmТnКrв Тn nКturО. Вour КttОntТon Тs НТrОМtОН to tСО “tОrms oП usО” sОМtТon oП tСТs аОЛsТtО. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank CA - Cross section area CC - Civil Contractor DC - Design Consultant DREP - Division ofResettlement and Environmental Protection EA - Executing Agency EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EIP - Environmental Impact Permit EMP - Environmental Management Plan EMS - Environmental Management Specialist ES - Environmental Specialist (at DREP) GoG - Government of Georgia GRC - Grievance Redress Mechanism IA - Implementing Agency IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IP - Investment Program IPMO - Investment Program Management Office kg - Kilogram km - Kilometre lpcd - Litres per Capita per Day M - meter MFF-IP - Multitranche Financing Facility Investment Program mg/l - milligram per litre mm - millimetre MoENRP - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protectcion MoRDI - Ministry of Regional Development & Infrastructure UWSCG - United Water Supply Company of Georgia SC - Supervision Consultant SSEMP - Site Specific Environmental Management Plan WS - Water Supply WSS - Water Supply & Sanitation WWF - World Wildlife Fund i TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 4 POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ....................................... 5 A. ADB Policy ..................................................................................................... 5 B. Georgian Law ................................................................................................. 6 i. Framework Legislation .............................................................................................. 6 C. Licenses & Approvals Required ................................................................... 8 ii. Administrative Structure in Georgia ....................................................................... 10 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT................................................................................. 11 1. Type of the Project .................................................................................................... 11 2. Category of the Project .............................................................................................. 12 3. Need of the Project .................................................................................................... 12 4. Location .................................................................................................................... 12 5. Existing Situation. ...................................................................................................... 13 6. Project Description .................................................................................................... 15 7. Construction Activities ............................................................................................... 18 8. Implementation Schedule .......................................................................................... 18 9. Operation of Improved Water Supply System ............................................................. 18 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE DATA) ................................ 19 1. Physical Resources. .................................................................................................. 19 2. Topography and Soils ................................................................................................ 20 3. Surface water ............................................................................................................ 21 4. Groundwater ............................................................................................................. 22 5. Geology/Seismology.................................................................................................. 23 6. Flora ......................................................................................................................... 24 7. Protected Areas......................................................................................................... 24 8. Fauna........................................................................................................................ 24 9. Economic Development: (e.g.) ................................................................................... 25 10. Social and Cultural Resources: .................................................................................. 27 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 28 1. Summary of Activities and Anticipated Impacts .......................................................... 28 2. Air Quality ................................................................................................................. 29 3. Water Quality ............................................................................................................ 31 4. Soils Quality and Topsoil Management ...................................................................... 32 5. Biological Environment .............................................................................................. 33 6. Hazardous Construction Wastes ................................................................................ 34 7. Socio-Cultural Resources .......................................................................................... 36 8. Noise and Vibration ................................................................................................... 38 9. Construction Camps .................................................................................................. 39 10. Construction Related Impacts at the Quarrying Sites ................................................. 39 11. Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................................... 40 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................. 40 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION ............ 41 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ................................................................... 42 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................. 45 1. Institutional Arrangements ......................................................................................... 45 2. Performance Indicators.............................................................................................. 46 3. Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 54 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................. 57 1. Recommendation ...................................................................................................... 57 2. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 58 APPENDIX 1. Minutes of Meeting of Public Hearing on 10th of May 2012 2. Chance Find Report Form 3. Map of Planned Aqueduct and all Sensitive Receptors along the Rioni River 4. Letter to the MoENRP of Georgia regarding Rioni River Crossing ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Other National Environmental Legislations and Applicability Table 2: Summary of Investment Measures Table 3: New reservoirs and collector reservoirs Table 4: Rehabilitation of pumping stations Table 5: Replacement of transmission main Table 6: New transmission mains Table 7: New distribution pipes Table 8: The reference values of background concentrations (mg/m³) Table 9. Detailed Description of Obtained Individual Species Table 10: The list of the fish found in the design section by IUCN Category Table 11: Summary of Activities and Anticipated Impacts Table 12: Noise Level Guidelines Table 13. Length of sturgeon spawning areas in 1922 and 2007 Table 14. Results of interview with local population and fishermen Table 15: Environmental management cost table Table 16: Environmental performance indicators Table 17: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Table 18: Environmental Monitoring Plan for general construction activities at Kutaisi LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Location of project town Map 2: Water Supply Network and recently rehabilitated districts (green colour) Map 3: Measures in Water Supply System Phase II Map 4: River Network in Western Georgia Map 5: Hydro-geological Zones Map 5: Seismic Zones of Georgia Map 6: Historical Monuments that are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Remarks on the Current Efforts for Future Protection of the Kura Water Resources Through Trans-Boundary Cooperation and Modernized National Policy Measures
    International Journal of Hydrology Case Report Open Access Some remarks on the current efforts for future protection of the kura water resources through trans-boundary cooperation and modernized national policy measures Abstract Volume 1 Issue 4 - 2017 Azerbaijan locates in the downstream of the Kura river basin. Protection of the bio- Mehman Agarza Oglu Rzayev resources of the Kura River is important for the future welfare and health of the Department of Agricultural Water and Soil, Azerbaijan Scientific- population living in this basin. Therefore coordinated action for the rational use of Production Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Amelioration, the water resources between basin countries is necessary to mitigate main trans- Azerbaijan boundary problems of changes in hydrological flows, worsening of the river water quality, degradation of the ecosystem and intensified flooding due to the observed Correspondence: Mehman Agarza oglu Rzayev, Department consequence of global climate changes taking place in the recent period. This of Agricultural Water and Soil, Azerbaijan Scientific-Production manuscript outlines the proposals within UNDP-GEF Kura - Araz Project ((Kura II Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Amelioration, Project) to improve interaction and cooperation between Azerbaijan and Georgia as a Azerbaijan, Tel +994503246061, Email [email protected] model for future deepening of the relationship between all basin countries to protect fresh water resources and ecological safety of the entire river ecosystem. Received: September 04, 2017 | Published: November 10, 2017 Introduction industrial wastewaters and return flow from agriculture, imposing health, ecological and aesthetic threats. Water pollution takes place Kura River is the main waterway in Caucasus area, originates from due to the mining industry, agriculture and livestock activities starting eastern Turkey, with the total length of 1515 km and inflow to the from the upstream basin countries.4,5 The cooperation between the Caspian Sea through Georgia and Azerbaijan.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution: EG: Bank of Jandara Lake, Bolnisi, Burs
    Subgenus Lasius Fabricius, 1804 53. L. (Lasius) alienus (Foerster, 1850) Distribution: E.G.: Bank of Jandara Lake, Bolnisi, Bursachili, Gardabani, Grakali, Gudauri, Gveleti, Igoeti, Iraga, Kasristskali, Kavtiskhevi, Kazbegi, Kazreti, Khrami gorge, Kianeti, Kitsnisi, Kojori, Kvishkheti, Lagodekhi Reserve, Larsi, Lekistskali gorge, Luri, Manglisi, Mleta, Mtskheta, Nichbisi, Pantishara, Pasanauri, Poladauri, Saguramo, Sakavre, Samshvilde, Satskhenhesi, Shavimta, Shulaveri, Sighnaghi, Taribana, Tbilisi (Mushtaidi Garden, Tbilisi Botanical Garden), Tetritskaro, Tkemlovani, Tkviavi, Udabno, Zedazeni (Ruzsky, 1905; Jijilashvili, 1964a, b, 1966, 1967b, 1968, 1974a); W.G.: Abasha, Ajishesi, Akhali Atoni, Anaklia, Anaria, Baghdati, Batumi Botanical Garden, Bichvinta Reserve, Bjineti, Chakvi, Chaladidi, Chakvistskali, Eshera, Grigoreti, Ingiri, Inkiti Lake, Kakhaberi, Khobi, Kobuleti, Kutaisi, Lidzava, Menji, Nakalakebi, Natanebi, Ochamchire, Oni, Poti, Senaki, Sokhumi, Sviri, Tsaishi, Tsalenjikha, Tsesi, Zestaponi, Zugdidi Botanical Garden (Ruzsky, 1905; Karavaiev, 1926; Jijilashvili, 1974b); S.G.: Abastumani, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Aspindza, Avralo, Bakuriani, Bogdanovka, Borjomi, Dmanisi, Goderdzi Pass, Gogasheni, Kariani, Khanchali Lake, Ota, Paravani Lake, Sapara, Tabatskuri, Trialeti, Tsalka, Zekari Pass (Ruzsky, 1905; Jijilashvili, 1967a, 1974a). 54. L. (Lasius) brunneus (Latreille, 1798) Distribution: E.G.: Bolnisi, Gardabani, Kianeti, Kiketi, Manglisi, Pasanauri (Ruzsky, 1905; Jijilashvili, 1968, 1974a); W.G.: Akhali Atoni, Baghdati,
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 18 July 2007
    United Nations S/2007/439 Security Council Distr.: General 18 July 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1752 (2007) of 13 April 2007, by which the Security Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 15 October 2007. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia since my report of 3 April 2007 (S/2007/182). 2. My Special Representative, Jean Arnault, continued to lead the Mission. He was assisted by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Niaz Muhammad Khan Khattak (Pakistan). The strength of UNOMIG on 1 July 2007 stood at 135 military observers and 16 police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. During the reporting period, UNOMIG continued efforts to maintain peace and stability in the zone of conflict. It also sought to remove obstacles to the resumption of dialogue between the Georgian and Abkhaz sides in the expectation that cooperation on security, the return of internally displaced persons and refugees, economic rehabilitation and humanitarian issues would facilitate meaningful negotiations on a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict, taking into account the principles contained in the document entitled “Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi”, its transmittal letter (see S/2002/88, para. 3) and additional ideas by the sides. 4. Throughout the reporting period, my Special Representative maintained regular contact with both sides, as well as with the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General both in Tbilisi and in their capitals.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia/Abkhazia
    HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARMS PROJECT HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/HELSINKI March 1995 Vol. 7, No. 7 GEORGIA/ABKHAZIA: VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR AND RUSSIA'S ROLE IN THE CONFLICT CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................5 EVOLUTION OF THE WAR.......................................................................................................................................6 The Role of the Russian Federation in the Conflict.........................................................................................7 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Republic of Georgia ..............................................................................................8 To the Commanders of the Abkhaz Forces .....................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Russian Federation................................................................................................8 To the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus...........................................................................9 To the United Nations .....................................................................................................................................9 To the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe..........................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • River Systems and Their Water and Sediment Fluxes Towards the Marine Regions of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea Earth System: an Overview
    Review Article Mediterranean Marine Science Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) and SCOPUS The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.19514 River systems and their water and sediment fluxes towards the marine regions of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea earth system: An overview Serafeim E. POULOS Laboratory of Physical Geography, Section of Geography & Climatology, Department of Geology & Geoenvironment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis-Zografou, 10584, Attiki Corresponding author: [email protected] Handling Editor: Argyro ZENETOS Received: 22 January 2019; Accepted: 6 July 2019; Published on line: 5 September 2019 Abstract A quantitative assessment of the riverine freshwater, suspended and dissolved sediment loads is provided for the watersheds of the four primary (Western Mediterranean-WMED, Central Mediterranean-CMED, Eastern Mediterranean-EMED and Black Sea- BLS) and eleven secondary marine regions of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Earth System (MBES). On the basis of measured values that cover spatially >65% and >84% of MED and BLS watersheds, respectively, water discharge of the MBES reaches annually almost the 1 million km3, with Mediterranean Sea (including the Marmara Sea) providing 576 km3 and the Black Sea (included the Azov Sea) 418 km3. Among the watersheds of MED primary marine regions, the total water load is distributed as follows: WMED= 180 km3; CMED= 209 km3; and EMED= 187 km3. The MBES could potentially provide annually some 894 106 t of suspended sediment load (SSL), prior to river damming, most of which (i.e., 708 106 t is attributed to MED).
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Draft the River Basin Management Plan for Khrami-Debeda River Basin
    European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+) Results 2 and 3 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAFT THE RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR KHRAMI-DEBEDA RIVER BASIN CONSULTATION ON THE PROGRAMME OF MEASURES REPORT 1 October 2020 Beneficiaries Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia (MEPA) Responsible EU member state consortium project leader Mr Alexander Zinke, Umweltbundesamt GmbH (AT) EUWI+ country representative in Georgia Zurab Jincharadze Responsible international thematic lead expert Yannick Pochon; Office International de l’Eau (FR) Responsible Georgian thematic lead expert Mariam Makarova, MEPA Author Keti Jibladze, the Regional Environmental Centre for the Caucasus Disclaimer: The EU-funded programme European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+) is implemented by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the Organisation for Eco- nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD), both responsible for the implementation of Result 1, and an EU member state consortium comprising the Environment Agency Austria (UBA, Austria), the lead coordinator, and the International Office for Water (OiEau, France), both responsible for the implementation of Results 2 and 3. The programme is co-funded by Austria and France through the Austrian Development Agency and the French Artois-Picardie Water Agency. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union or the governments of the Eastern Partnership Countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of, or sovereignty over, any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and a Comparative Analysis of the Aquatic Invertebrate
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal Subterranean BiologyDistribution 18: 49–70 (2016) and a comparative analysis of the aquatic invertebrate fauna... 49 doi: 10.3897/subtbiol.18.8648 RESEARCH ARTICLE Subterranean Published by http://subtbiol.pensoft.net The International Society Biology for Subterranean Biology Distribution and a comparative analysis of the aquatic invertebrate fauna in caves of the western Caucasus Elena S. Chertoprud1, Dmitry M. Palatov2, Rostislav R. Borisov2, Vadim V. Marinskiy1, Michail S. Bizin3, Roman S. Dbar4 1 Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, 119991, Moscow, Russia 2 Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Verchnjaja Krasnoselskaja, 17, 107140, Moscow, Russia 3 Department of Soil Biology, Faculty of Soil Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, 119991, Moscow, Russia 4 Institute of Ecology Academy of Science Abkhazia, Kra- snojamskaya, 67, 384905 Sukhumi, Abkhazia Corresponding author: Elena S. Chertoprud ([email protected]) Academic editor: O. Moldovan | Received 30 March 2016 | Accepted 31 May 2016 | Published 17 June 2016 http://zoobank.org/AAA68ABB-945E-421B-9B45-7C3FAE3AA2C3 Citation: Chertoprud ES, Palatov DM, Borisov RR, Marinskiy VV, Bizin MS, Dbar RS (2016) Distribution and a comparative analysis of the aquatic invertebrate fauna in caves of the western Caucasus. Subterranean Biology 18: 49–70. doi: 10.3897/subtbiol.18.8648 Abstract The freshwater fauna of nine caves in central Abkhazia, western Caucasus, revealed 35 species of stygo- bionts, including 15 new species to be described elsewhere. The number of species per station increased from the depth towards the entrance in caves Golova Otapa and Abrskila, becoming the highest in the epi- gean part.
    [Show full text]
  • Abhazya/Gürcistan: Tarih – Siyaset – Kültür
    TÜR L Ü K – CEMAL GAMAKHARİA LİA AKHALADZE T ASE Y Sİ – H ARİ T : AN T S Cİ R A/GÜ Y ABHAZ ZE D İA AKHALA İA L İA İA R ABHAZYA/GÜRCİSTAN: ,6%1 978-9941-461-51-4 L GAMAKHA L TARİH – SİYASET – KÜLTÜR CEMA 9 7 8 9 9 4 1 4 6 1 5 1 4 CEMAL GAMAKHARİ A Lİ A AKHALADZE ABHAZYA/GÜRCİ STAN: TARİ H – Sİ YASET – KÜLTÜR Tiflis - İ stanbul 2016 UDC (uak) 94+32+008)(479.224) G-16 Yayın Kurulu: Teimuraz Mjavia (Editör), Prof. Dr. Roin Kavrelişvili, Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Altınkaynak, Prof. Dr. Rozeta Gujejiani, Giorgi Iremadze. Gürcüce’den Türkçe’ye Prof. Dr. Roin Kavrelişvili tarafından tercüme edil- miştir. Bu kitapta Gürcistan’ın Özerk Cumhuriyeti Abhazya’nın etno-politik tarihi üzerine dikkat çekilmiş ve bu bölgede bulunan kadim Hıristiyan kül- türüne ait ana esaslar ile ilgili genel görüşler ortaya konulmuştur. Etnik, siyasi ve kültürel açıdan bakıldığında, Abhazya’nın günümüzde sahip olduğu toprakların, tarihin eski dönemlerinden bu yana Gürcü bölgesi olduğu ve bölgede gerçekleşen demografik değişiklilerin ancak Orta Çağın son dönemlerinde gerçekleştiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kitabın yazarları 1992 – 1993 yılları arasında Rusya tarafından Gürcistan’a karşı girişilen hibrid savaşlardan ve 2008’de gerçekleştirilen açık saldırganlıktan bahsetmektedirler. Burada, savaştan sonra meydana gelen insani felaketler betimlenmiş, Abhazya’nın işgali ile Avrupa- Atlantik sahasına karşı yapılan hukuksuz jeopolitik gelişmeler anlatılmış ve uluslararası kuruluşların katılımıyla Abhazya’da sürekli ortaya çıkan çatışmaların barışçıl bir yol ile çözülmesinin gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur. Düzenleme Levan Titmeria ISBN 978-9941-461-51-4 İçindekiler Giriş (Prof. Dr. Cemal Gamakharia) ..................................... 5 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers Dynamics Over the Last One Century in the Kodori River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Abkhazeti
    American Journal of Environmental Protection 2015; 4(3-1): 22-28 Published online June 23, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajep) doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.14 ISSN: 2328-5680 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5699 (Online) Glaciers Dynamics Over the Last One Century in the Kodori River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Abkhazeti Levan G. Tielidze 1, Lela Gadrani 1, Mariam Tsitsagi 1, Nino Chikhradze 1,2 1Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 2Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Email address: [email protected] (L. G. Tielidze), [email protected] (L. G. Tielidze) To cite this article: Levan G. Tielidze, Lela Gadrani, Mariam Tsitsagi, Nino Chikhradze. Glaciers Dynamics Over the last One Century in the Kodori River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Abkhazeti. American Journal of Environmental Protection . Special Issue: Applied Ecology: Problems, Innovations. Vol. 4, No. 3-1, 2015, pp. 22-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.14 Abstract: This paper considers the last one century’s dynamics of the glaciers in the Kodori River basin, which is located on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus in Georgia. The latest statistical information is also given about the glaciers located in the individual river basins; Their morphological types, exposition and the dynamics are considered according to the individual years. In our research, we used the Catalogue of the glaciers of Georgia compiled by K. Podozerskiy in 1911. We also used the military topographic maps with the scale of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 drawn up in 1960, where there are mapped in detail the glaciers and the ends of their ice tongues on the southern slope of Greater Caucasus of those times.
    [Show full text]
  • Abkhazia: Deepening Dependence
    ABKHAZIA: DEEPENING DEPENDENCE Europe Report N°202 – 26 February 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. RECOGNITION’S TANGIBLE EFFECTS ................................................................... 2 A. RUSSIA’S POST-2008 WAR MILITARY BUILD-UP IN ABKHAZIA ...................................................3 B. ECONOMIC ASPECTS ....................................................................................................................5 1. Dependence on Russian financial aid and investment .................................................................5 2. Tourism potential.........................................................................................................................6 3. The 2014 Sochi Olympics............................................................................................................7 III. LIFE IN ABKHAZIA........................................................................................................ 8 A. POPULATION AND CITIZENS .........................................................................................................8 B. THE 2009 PRESIDENTIAL POLL ..................................................................................................10 C. EXTERNAL RELATIONS ..............................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • The South Caucasus 2018
    THE SOUTH CAUCASUS 2018 FACTS, TRENDS, FUTURE SCENARIOS Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) is a political foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany. Democracy, peace and justice are the basic principles underlying the activities of KAS at home as well as abroad. The Foundation’s Regional Program South Caucasus conducts projects aiming at: Strengthening democratization processes, Promoting political participation of the people, Supporting social justice and sustainable economic development, Promoting peaceful conflict resolution, Supporting the region’s rapprochement with European structures. All rights reserved. Printed in Georgia. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Regional Program South Caucasus Akhvlediani Aghmarti 9a 0103 Tbilisi, Georgia www.kas.de/kaukasus Disclaimer The papers in this volume reflect the personal opinions of the authors and not those of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation or any other organizations, including the organizations with which the authors are affiliated. ISBN 978-9941-0-5882-0 © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V 2013 Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER I POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION: SHADOWS OF THE PAST, FACTS AND ANTICIPATIONS The Political Dimension: Armenian Perspective By Richard Giragosian .................................................................................................. 9 The Influence Level of External Factors on the Political Transformations in Azerbaijan since Independence By Rovshan Ibrahimov
    [Show full text]