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Research Reports Response of Five Hydrangea Species to Foliar Salt Spray1
Research Reports Response of Five Hydrangea Species to Foliar Salt Spray1 N. Barbara Conolly2, Nina L. Bassuk3, and Patrick F. MacRae Jr.4 Urban Horticulture Institute, Department of Horticulture Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Abstract Hydrangeas are popular seaside plants; however, other than in anecdotal reports, there are no studies measuring their relative tolerance to salt spray. We examined response of ten cultivars and one subspecies of Hydrangea representing fi ve species to foliar-applied salt solutions to recommend selections for seaside landscapes. Objectives were to determine whether there are differences in responses to salt spray among cultivars and species, and to determine whether varying concentrations of sodium chloride differentially damaged the plants. Plants were treated with a full-strength (ion concentration approximate to seawater) salt solution, a half-strength salt solution, or a control of tap water. Plants were rated after seven once-weekly applications based on percentage necrotic leaf area, an aesthetically and physiologically important symptom of damage. Cultivars of Hydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea serrata were more tolerant of full-strength salt spray than cultivars of H. paniculata, H. anomala and H. arborescens. At half strength but not full strength, H. anomala ssp. petiolaris was most tolerant. Hydrangea macrophylla and H. serrata were the second most tolerant of half-strength applications. Hydrangea macrophylla or Hydrangea serrata should be planted where maritime salt spray will occur. Index words: seawater aerosol, NaCl, Hydrangeaceae. Species used in this study: Smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens L.) cultivars ‘Annabelle’, ‘Dardom’ White Dome®, ‘Hayes Starburst’; bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.) cultivars ‘Paris’ (Cityline™ series), ‘Nikko Blue’, ‘All Summer Beauty’; panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata Sieb.) cultivars ‘Limelight’, ‘Tardiva’; Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. -
Anticoccidial Activity of Traditional Chinese Herbal Dichroa Febrifuga Lour. Extract Against Eimeria Tenella Infection in Chickens
Parasitol Res (2012) 111:2229–2233 DOI 10.1007/s00436-012-3071-y ORIGINAL PAPER Anticoccidial activity of traditional Chinese herbal Dichroa febrifuga Lour. extract against Eimeria tenella infection in chickens De-Fu Zhang & Bing-Bing Sun & Ying-Ying Yue & Qian-Jin Zhou & Ai-Fang Du Received: 27 April 2012 /Accepted: 30 July 2012 /Published online: 17 August 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract The study was conducted on broiler birds to evalu- use of anticoccidial drugs (Hao et al. 2007). The domestic ate the anticoccidial efficacy of an extract of Chinese traditional poultry industry of People's Republic of China primarily relies herb Dichroa febrifuga Lour. One hundred broiler birds were on medical prophylaxis. But the emergence of problems re- assigned to five equal groups. All birds in groups 1–4were lated to drug resistance and drug residues of antibiotics in the orally infected with 1.5×104 Eimeira tenella sporulated chicken meat has stimulated us to seek safer and more effica- oocysts and birds in groups 1, 2 and 3 were medicated with cious alternative control strategies (Lai et al. 2011). 20, 40 mg extract/kg feed and 2 mg diclazuril/kg feed, respec- Chinese traditional herbal medicines have been utilized for tively. The bloody diarrhea, oocyst counts, intestinal lesion human and animal health for millenniums. Currently, phyto- scores, and the body weight were recorded to evaluate the therapies are investigated as alternative methods for control- anticoccidial efficacy. The results showed that D. febrifuga ling coccidian infections. A number of herbal extracts have extract was effective against Eimeria infection; especially been proven to be efficient to control coccidiosis. -
Toxicological Evaluation of the Ultrasonic Extract from Dichroae Radix in Mice and Wistar Rats
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Toxicological evaluation of the ultrasonic extract from Dichroae radix in mice and wistar rats Ling Wang *, Zhiting Guo *, Dongan Cui, Shahbaz Ul Haq, Wenzhu Guo, Feng Yang & Hang Zhang This study was aimed at evaluating the acute and subchronic toxicity of ultrasonic extract of Dichroae radix (UEDR) in mice and rats. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatogrephy (TLC) were used to detect β-dichroine and α-dichroine in UEDR for quality control. The levels of β-dichroine and α-dichroine in UEDR were 1.46 and 1.53 mg/g, respectively. An oral LD50 of 2.43 g/kg BW was observed in acute toxicity test. After 28-day repeated oral administration, compared with the control group, treatment-related changes in body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG), lymphocyte counts and ratios, as well as in the relative organ weights (ROWs) of liver, kidney, lung, and heart, were detected in the middle- and high-dose groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), no diferences were noted in the serum biochemical parameters and necropsy examinations in both sexes at all doses. Histopathological examinations exhibited UEDR-associated signs of toxicity or abnormalities. After 14 days withdrawal, no statistically signifcant or toxicologically relevant diferences were observed in any of the UEDR-treated groups, and the hispathological lesions in the high-dose group were alleviated. Findings showed that long-course and high-dose of UEDR administration was toxic, and showed dose-dependence, the toxic damage was reversible. -
Hydrangeas for Plant Connoisseurs
TheThe AmericanAmerican GARDENERGARDENER® TheThe MagazineMagazineMagazine ofof thethe AAmericanmerican HorticulturalHorticultural SocietySocietySociety MayMay / June 2014 Hydrangeas for plant Connoisseurs CharmingCharming NicotianasNicotianas Four-SeasonFour-Season TreesTrees NewNew HerbHerb TrendsTrends Did you know that you can give the American Horticultural Let your home Society a residence, farm or vacation property, gain a charitable work for you! gift deduction, and retain the right to live in the property? A gift of real estate can provide the following benefits: • Produce a substantial charitable income tax deduction • Reduce capital gains taxes • Save estate taxes • Leave a legacy of a greener, healthier, more beautiful America • Membership in the Horticultural Heritage Society We would be pleased to discuss how a gift of real estate can benefit both you and the American Horticultural Society. Please contact Scott Lyons, Director of Institutional Advancement, at [email protected] or (703) 768-5700 ext 127. contents Volume 93, Number 3 . May / June 2014 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 8 NEWS FROM THE AHS Bequest of longtime AHS member Wilma L. Pickard establishes new AHS fellowship for aspiring horticulturists, Susie and Bruce Usrey are Honorary co-Chairs of 2014 Gala, birds of prey visit River Farm during annual Spring Garden Market. 12 AHS MEMBERS MAKING A DIFFERENCE Joan Calder. page 1414 44 GARDEN SOLUTIONS Avoiding or preventing late-blight infestations on tomatoes. 14 CHARMING NICOTIANAS BY RAND B. LEE 46 TRAVELER’S GUIDE TO GARDENS Beloved for their fragrance and attractiveness to pollinators, these The Rotary Botanical Gardens. old-fashioned cottage-garden favorites are back in style. 48 HOMEGROWN HARVEST Sweet and tart crabapples. -
French Hydrangea for Gardens in North and Central Florida1 Gary W
ENH1069 French Hydrangea for Gardens in North and Central Florida1 Gary W. Knox2 French hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a shade- preferring shrub producing ball-shaped or flat clusters of white, pink, blue or purple flowers, depending on soil conditions and cultivar. “Mophead” or “hortensia” hydran- geas (Figure 1) have ball-shaped flower clusters, whereas “lacecap” hydrangeas have flat clusters of tiny, spidery flowers surrounded by a ring of prominent flowers (Figure 2). French hydrangea, also known as bigleaf hydrangea, is the most widely grown species of Hydrangea. Figure 2. The lacecap flower of ‘Mowe’ in its pink form. Origin and Development of French Hydrangea Two forms of Hydrangea macrophylla are native to eastern Asia. Bigleaf hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla var. macrophylla, is native to China and coastal areas of Japan. Mountain hydrangea, H. macrophylla var. serrata, is native to China and upland areas of Japan and Korea. Mountain Figure 1. The mophead flower of ‘Decatur Blue’ in its blue form. hydrangea is generally smaller in size and flowers earlier. Some experts consider it more cold-hardy than bigleaf hydrangea. The two natural varieties are otherwise very similar, and both types may produce mophead or lacecap flowers, depending on the selection. 1. This document is ENH1069, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date April 2007. Reviewed January 2017. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Gary W. Knox, Extension specialist and professor, Environmental Horticulture; UF/IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL 32351. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. -
Botanical Explorers
BOTANICAL EXPLORERS PEOPLE, PLACES & PLANT NAMES HOW it all began PRIOR TO 1450 ´ ROMAN EMPIRE extended around entire Mediterranean Sea ´ Provided overland trade route to the east ´ Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks in 1453, impeding overland travel THE AGE OF DISCOVERY 1450-1750 Europeans continued to trade through Constantinople into 16th century High prices, bandits, tolls, taxes propelled search for sea routes EASTERN COMMODITIES Tea, spices, silks, silver, porcelain ´ Still life with peaches and a ´ Offering pepper to the king lemon, 1636 (Chinese ´ from Livre des Merveilles du Monde, 15th c porcelain), Jurian van Streek Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris THE AGE OF DISCOVERY Europe Portuguese/Spanish pioneer new trade routes to the Indies by sea Commercial expeditions sponsored by European monarchies First voyages sailed south around tip of Africa and then east toward India THE AGE OF DISCOVERY America ´1492-1502 Columbus and others believed they would reach Asia by sailing west ´Discovery of the ”New World” AGE OF DISCOVERY Japan Japan had no incentive to explore; Wealthy trade partners, China and Korea AGE OF DISCOVERY Japan ´1543 1st Portuguese ship arrives ´Daimyo (feudal lord) allows Portuguese into Japanese ports to promote trade and Christianity ´Portuguese trade ships sail from home port of Indian colony, Goa, to Japan other Far East ports, returning to Goa after 3- year journeys AGE OF DISCOVERY China Treasure ships under command of Zheng He (in white) Hongnian Zhang, oil painting of China’s naval hero Inland threats led -
Hydrangeas, Garden Tours, Plant Sale and Autumn in the Country
Page 1 of 6 Lael's Moon Garden Nursery From: "Lael's Moon Garden Nursery" <[email protected]> To: "Bethany Lael" <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 01, 2009 7:10 PM Subject: Hydrangeas, Garden Tours, Plant Sale and Autumn in the Country Lael's Moon Garden Greetings Fellow Gardeners: Finally some cooler weather so we can play in our gardens again! I am in awe of people like Dan Hinkley who have the time, energy and knowledge (not to mention money) to travel to the four corners of the world observing rare plants in their native habitats and introducing them to horticulture. My admiration is not diminished by the fact that he writes a little like Frazier Crane talks. My own study of horticulture has consisted of going on "kicks" where I try to learn as much as I can about a particular genus that piques my interest until I get jaded with it and move on to another. Over time, this has given me knowledge of lots of groups of plants with vast chasms of ignorance in between. When I first got interested in hydrangeas, I have to admit I considered the ones I had seen to be kind of "grandma plants" not worth a place in my garden. Then one day at the Washington Park Arboretum I ran into a magnificent hydrangea aspera in peak flower and a new "kick" was born. Maybe it was the hydrangea and maybe it was the fact that I am now a grandpa, but I fell in love. Since then, Bethany and I have scoured wholesale nurseries and botanical gardens to find beautiful hydrangeas for Lael's Moon Garden and some of our favorites are described below. -
Trees, Shrubs, and Perennials That Intrigue Me (Gymnosperms First
Big-picture, evolutionary view of trees and shrubs (and a few of my favorite herbaceous perennials), ver. 2007-11-04 Descriptions of the trees and shrubs taken (stolen!!!) from online sources, from my own observations in and around Greenwood Lake, NY, and from these books: • Dirr’s Hardy Trees and Shrubs, Michael A. Dirr, Timber Press, © 1997 • Trees of North America (Golden field guide), C. Frank Brockman, St. Martin’s Press, © 2001 • Smithsonian Handbooks, Trees, Allen J. Coombes, Dorling Kindersley, © 2002 • Native Trees for North American Landscapes, Guy Sternberg with Jim Wilson, Timber Press, © 2004 • Complete Trees, Shrubs, and Hedges, Jacqueline Hériteau, © 2006 They are generally listed from most ancient to most recently evolved. (I’m not sure if this is true for the rosids and asterids, starting on page 30. I just listed them in the same order as Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II.) This document started out as my personal landscaping plan and morphed into something almost unwieldy and phantasmagorical. Key to symbols and colored text: Checkboxes indicate species and/or cultivars that I want. Checkmarks indicate those that I have (or that one of my neighbors has). Text in blue indicates shrub or hedge. (Unfinished task – there is no text in blue other than this text right here.) Text in red indicates that the species or cultivar is undesirable: • Out of range climatically (either wrong zone, or won’t do well because of differences in moisture or seasons, even though it is in the “right” zone). • Will grow too tall or wide and simply won’t fit well on my property. -
Threatened Lilies Reach for the Sky
Threatened Lilies Reach for the Sky I was thinking the other day about an old friend, conservationist Rusty Walton, who passed away last year. To say he was quiet would be an understatement. I could rarely make a smile bend on his face no matter how hard I tried. However, as I think back on the times I spent with him it always makes me smile. He was a dedicated naturalist and an accomplished ecologist. He introduced me to my first wild patch of wood lily on the Vineyard almost ten years ago. Recently I went back to the same spot, and surprisingly the lilies, like Rusty were gone. The wood lily (Lilium philadelphicum) has been drastically reduced on the Vineyard by large populations of deer. Wood lily has a natural distribution range across thirty seven US states. However similar to here on the Vineyard, they are losing ground across North American due to the over population of deer. Frequently I am asked about what it means when a plant goes extinct. On the Vineyard I am talking about “local” extinction, not the complete loss of a species from our planet. The underlying tragedy of local species extinction is the loss of the co-dependent species that have formed a mutualistic (beneficial) relationship with plants. These species include its insect pollinators that use it as a nectar source, and insects that may also feed on parts of the plant or lay their eggs on it to support their lifecycle. The dependence goes further with the birds that feed on those insects. -
Hydrangea Collection with Hints of Purple
Hydrangea quercifolia (oakleaf hydrangea) Panicles of white blooms appear from late June into July. Flowers fade to papery mauve and then brown, persisting into the first months of winter. Bold, coarse foliage is a rich, deep green and resembles large oak leaves. Fall color ranges from red to orange, Hydrangea Collection with hints of purple. Good for sun or shade, though in heavy shade it will not flower or show fall colors as well; grows 8’ tall. This stoloniferous hydrangea spreads by underground shoots that send up small stems. These stems can be pruned out if not wanted. ‘Amethyst’- Conical inflorescence emerges white, then transitions to a deep wine-red. Leaves have burgundy- red fall color. Hydrangea Collection ‘Pee Wee’- Compact form growing 2’-3’ tall and wide. North side of Hicks Hall ‘Semmes Beauty’- Vigorous and H. quercifolia heat-tolerant selection with large About the Scott Arboretum ‘Amethyst’ showy blooms. Scott Entrance Garden The Scott Arboretum is a green oasis uniquely situated on the ‘Snow Flake’- Long panicles of Swarthmore College campus. Over 300 acres create the College creamy white, double florets that weigh down the branches, landscape and provide a display of the best ornamental plants creating an arching habit. Hydrangea Collection recommended for Delaware Valley gardens. Established in 1929 as a living memorial to Arthur Hoyt Scott, Class of 1895, through gift from his family, the Arboretum Hydrangea serrata (serrated or mountain hydrangea) continues to thrive today. There are over 4,000 different kinds The flat-topped corymb is 2”-4” across, with pink or blue fertile of plants grown on the campus, selected for their outstanding flowers. -
Overused Foundation Plants & Native Alternatives
Overused Foundation Plants and Native Alternatives Invasive Plants & Native Alternatives X Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) ✅ Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) X Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus) ✅ Virginia Sweetspire (Itea virginica) X Bush Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) ✅ Sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) X Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) ✅ New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus) X Japanese Spiraea (Spiraea japonica) ✅ Steeplebush (Spiraea tomentosa) X Nandina (Nandina domestica) ✅ Strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus) X Privets (Ligustrum spp.) ✅ Possum-haw (Viburnum nudum) X Viburnums [Non-Native] (Viburnum spp.) ✅ Arrow-wood (Viburnum dentatum) Other Non-Native Shrubs & Native Alternatives X Asian Azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) ✅ Pinxterbloom Azalea (Rhododendron periclymenoides) X Boxwood (Buxus spp.) ✅ Inkberry (Ilex glabra) X Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) ✅ Sweet Pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia) X Japanese Euonymus (Euonymus japonicus) ✅ Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) X Mophead Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) ✅ Wild Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) X Yew (Taxus baccata) ✅ Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) Other Attractive Native Shrubs Shrubs with Interesting Flowers ✅ Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) ✅ Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) ✅ Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) Shrubs with Nutritious Fruit ✅ American Beauty-berry (Callicarpa americana) ✅ Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) ✅ Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) Shrubs with Great Fall Color ✅ Fragrant Sumac ‘Gro-Low’ (Rhus aromatica) ✅ Oakleaf Hydrangea -
Approved Shrubs for Kershaw County
Kershaw County Planning and Zoning Department 515 Walnut Street, Room 160, Camden, SC 29020 803-425-7233 APPROVED SHRUBS FOR KERSHAW COUNTY Common Name Botanical Name Drought Tolerant Pest Tolerant Good for Hedge / Screen Abelia Abelia x 'Edward Goucher' Abelia Abelia zanderi Abelia, Glossy Abelia x grandiflora Agarista, Drooping Leucothoe fontanesiana Almond, Dwarf Flowering Prunus glandulosa Arelai, Five Leafed Eleutherococcus sieboldianus 'Variegatus' Azalia Rhododendron (subgenus Azalea) 'Cecile' Azalia, Alabama Rhododendron alabamense Azalia, Coastal Rhododendron atlanticum Azalia, Flame Rhododendron calendulaceum Azalia, Florida Rhododendron austrinum Azalia, Japanese Rhododendron japonicum Azalia, Kurume Rhododendron x obtusum Azalia, Piedmont Rhododendron canescens Azalia, Pinxterbloom Rhododendron periclymenoides Azalia, Plumbleaf Rhododendron prunifolium Azalia, Swamp Rhododendron viscosum Azalia, Sweet Rhododendron arborescens Barberry Berberis x hybrido-gagnepainii Barberry Berberis x gladwynensis Barberry, Darwin Berberis darwinii Barberry, Mentor Berberis x mentorensis Barberry, Warty Berberis verruculosa Barberry, Wintergreen Berberis julianae Bayberry, Northern Myrica pensylvanica Beautyberry, Japanese Callicarpa japonica Beautyberry, Purple Callicarpa dichotoma Beautybush Kolkwitzia amabilis Blackberry Rubus coccineanus 'Golden Vale' Blackhaw, Southern Viburnum rufidulum Blue Mist Spirea Caryopteris x clandonensis Plants - Approved Shrubs 1.7.11 Common Name Botanical Name Drought Tolerant Pest Tolerant