DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 3 Geology of the Area Chapter 3 Geology of the Area

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 3 Geology of the Area Chapter 3 Geology of the Area Chapter 3 Geology of the Area Chapter 3 Geology of the Area In order to understand the lithologic input to the soils, knowledge on bedrock geology is most essential. This chapter therefore deals with the regional to local geology of the study area (Fig. 3.1). The study area essentially lies in the regional extent of the Deccan traps covering almost entire state of Maharashtra and the west central part of India. It lies between N latitudes 15"45': 22"0', and E longitudes 43"()": SO^SQ' and can be physiographically divides as below: 1. The Maharashtra Plateau 2. The Western Ghats 3. The Coastal region of Konkan 3.1. The Maharashtra Plateau It extends from the eastern border of the state, through Vidarbha and Marathwada regions upto the Ghats covering about 75% of the state. The region is more or less an upland plain and is traversed by almost east-west or northwest to southwest trending river valleys and hill ranges with more or less similar trends (Fig. 3.1). The eastern region covering Bhandara, Gadchiroli, Nagpur districts is occupied by narrow alluvial plains of Painganga and Wardha rivers with the maximum altitude of 300 m. The alluvials of Tapi River valley, with east-west trend and maximum altitude of 300 m above MSL occupies the northern part of the Amravati- Akola and Dhule districts of Khandesh. The remaining part of Plateau is occupied by the valleys of the Godavari, Bhima and Krishna rivers. The altitude of these plains ranges from 300 to 600 m above MSL. In general the altitudes of the plateau increases from east to west. There are some hill ranges in this area which are connected to the Western Ghats on the west. Their altitude ranges between 600 to 900 m above MSL. 3.2. The Western Ghats These constitute the ranges of Sahyadri Mountains. Trending almost north-south they arc parallel to the west coast of India along the entire western border of Maharashtra. They 26 4= H cS o u s-< Cu u M c3 ^O t/i ^o Lo. <u A+-» T3 o -(-» -o "e3n c •5 § O <u o9> 5 o ^o c o ? <+- 0 o c; <D XI crt O> nS u X! "3 S' o '3) s% L> e* ^^/a c •? nj 4o3 CO CS ts 43 «cd ^ 4= cS O o s are about 1600 km in length with average elevation between 1000-1300 m. Among all the ranges Kalsubai is the highest peak in the Sahyadri mountains with the maximum elessvation of 1650m. The Sahyadri is an area of spatial elevation having been formed by tectonic processes of the western margin further modified by the differential weathering and erosion. The ranges are composed of piled one over the other with individual flows varying in thickness from a few meters to upto 36m. Some major rivers of Maharashtra have their source in the Sahyadri whereas some of the tributaries of these rivers originate in the east-west trending ranges. 3.3. The Coastal Region of Maharashtra The narrow strips of land west of Sahyadri upto the Arabian Sea or the west coast of India is the coastal region or the Konkan coast. There are small and narrow plateaus at different elevations in this region at places covered by the laterites. The coastal region display various geomorphic features including the rocky and sandy beaches, wave cut platforms, uplifted terraces, dunes, creeks and mangroves swamp. Drainage The drainage system of Maharashtra can be divided into three parts viz. Konkan, Central Maharashtra and eastern Maharashtra systems. The Sahayadri forms the major divide for the drainage system in the Konkan and Central Maharashtra regions. The rivers in the Konkan region flow in the west direction whereas the rivers in the central Maharashtra flow in the eastern direction towards the Bay of Bengal (e.g., Godavari, Bhima and Krishna rivers). Godavari is the largest and longest river in the Indian Peninsula, with a total length of 1500 km, about 500km of which lies in the Maharashtra. The Bhima River originates from the Bhimashankar in Sahyadri. Bhima basin lies between the Mahadeva hills in south and Balaghat range in the north. The Krishna River rises in Sahyadri near Mahabalcshwar and it occupies the southern triangular portion of the state. In contrast to these major rivers, the Tapi River, which flows in the east-west trending basin occupy the north central part of the state and debouch in the Arabian Sea. The rivers in 27 the eastern part oF Maharashtra have their courses in ahnost N-S direction. The major river in this area is Vainganga. Climate Weather conditions in the Maharashtra are variable. Three distinct seasons are recognized viz. summer, rainy and winter. In the summer the highest temperature ranges between 40" and 48° C over the greater part of state. In the Konkan region the weather is hot and humid. In Ghats, temperature is comparatively low. In the region east to the Ghats, weather is mostly hot and dry in the Vidarbha region and at some places like Akola, Nagpur and Chandrapur maximum temperature reaches upto 48" C. In the rainy season from June to October, the state receives rainfall from SW monsoon. The rainfall in the state varies from 500 mm in the central semi-arid part to over 6000 mm in the Western Ghats. The coastal region receives 2000-3000 mm annual rainfall, the Western Ghats zone receives 4000-6000 mm, the central arid part receives 450-550 mm and the Vidarbha region receives 1200-1500 mm. The central zone has been identified as the drought-prone areas in the state. In the winter the weather is generally pleasant with the maximum temperature reaching upto 30"C and the minimum temperature of 4"-5"C. Soils Major part of the Maharashtra, right from the Western Ghats up to Nagpur, is covered with the black soil or "Regur' which is the ultimate product of the weathering and erosion of the Deccan Traps. It is black in colour, porous and swells when water is added and on drying contracts producing cracks. In Konkan region and the Western Ghats, soil is mainly lateritic. It is produced from laterite which is the alteration product of basalt. In the eastern part of Vidarbha region the soil is usually reddish generally formed by the alteration of granitic, gneissic, and other metamorphic rocks underlying this region. Apart from this, adjoining the Tapi River, a thick sequence of Late Quaternary alluvium is observed. The borehole data indicate that the thickness of this soil is more than 200m. Bank failure and gulling in the alluvium track is common during large floods and this has given rise to "Badland" topography. 28 3.4. Regional Stratigraphic Distribution The oldest rocks having an age of about 3500 Ma are mostly biotite gneisses. These form the basement over which the younger sediments were deposited and metamorphosed. They were involved in several orogenic cycles and hence are intensely deformed and mixed up. The unclassified basement gneisses are overlain by the meta-sediments belonging to Amgaon, Sakoli and Sausar groups (Table 3.1). They are represented by different types of schists, gneisses, marbles, amphibolites and hornblende schist's with intercalated bands of iron and manganese ore. All these rock fonnations are then intruded by the doleritic dykes. After the intrusive activity there was a long period of quiescence during which the Archean rocks were subjected to weathering. This period is recognized as Eparchaean unconformity or period of no sedimentation. In Maharashtra, Proterozoic rocks are exposed in Yavatmal, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and Ratnagiri districts in the fonn of isolated outcrops. During the period between Cambrian and upper Carboniferous (ca. 300 Ma) there is no record of any sedimentation in the southern India, this may be because this part of Indian Peninsula was concealed below ice cover, being the part of the giant continental mass called Gondwanaland. After the cessation of sedimentation of the Gondwana basin around 200 m.y. ago a marine incursion marked by the deposition of Bagh and Lamela beds occurred in parts of Nagpur and Chandrapur districts. The major event after this was during the upper Cretaceous duuring which there was voluminious outpouring of lava through extensive fissures. The eruption was mostly silent, not of explosive type and the lava spread over extensive areas in the form of horizontal (lows of varying thickness. Hundreds of such flows are found piled one above the other and some individual flows can be traced for several hundred kilometers. The flows occupy almost the entire area of Maharashtra expecting some parts of Nagpur, Vidarbha region, and Ratnagari and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan. The lava flows of Deccan traps are intruded by the number of dolerite dykes which shows almost N-S trend parallel to the western coast. The last episode in the geological history of the state was the formation of the laterite and the older and younger alluvia in Kolhapur, Satara, Sangli, Kolaba and Thane district and some districts of eastern Maharashtra. A concise sequence of the stratigraphy in the Maharashtra region is given in Table 3. Table 3.1. Stratigraphic sequence in the Maharashtra region (Deshpande, 1998) Age Stratigraphic Representative in ml Geographic Distribution Sequence Rock-Formation years Younger and older alluvium in Nagpur, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Wardha, Yavatmal, Alluvium, Akola, Thane, Kolhapur, Satara, Sangli Pleistocene- Latcrite, <2.5 districts. River terraces of Vainganga and Recent Sand, Soils. Painganga rivers, raised beaches along west coast. Miocene- Tertiary sediments, 2.5-23.5 Ratnagari and Sindhudurg district. Pliocene lignite, shales. Basalt flows cover most of the state from the Nagpur upto the Arabian sea coast Dcccan trap basalt ilows excepting in the eastern parts of Nagpur, Eocene-Upper with intertrappeans and Bhandara, and Ratnagari districts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of State-Wise National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries in India
    List of State-wise National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries in India Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sr. No Name Category 1 Barren Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 2 Battimalve Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 3 Bluff Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 4 Bondoville Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 5 Buchaan Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 6 Campbell Bay National Park National Park 7 Cinque Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 8 Defense Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 9 East Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 10 East Tingling Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 11 Flat Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 12 Galathea National Park National Park 13 Interview Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 14 James Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 15 Kyd Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 16 Landfall Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 17 Lohabarrack Salt Water Crocodile Sanctuary Crocodile Sanctuary 18 Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park National Park 19 Middle Button Island National Park National Park 20 Mount Harriet National Park National Park 21 Narcondum Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 22 North Button Island National Park National Park 23 North Reef Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 24 Paget Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 25 Pitman Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 26 Point Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary 27 Ranger Island Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary
    [Show full text]
  • Mumbai District
    Government of India Ministry of MSME Brief Industrial Profile of Mumbai District MSME – Development Institute Ministry of MSME, Government of India, Kurla-Andheri Road, Saki Naka, MUMBAI – 400 072. Tel.: 022 – 28576090 / 3091/4305 Fax: 022 – 28578092 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.msmedimumbai.gov.in 1 Content Sl. Topic Page No. No. 1 General Characteristics of the District 3 1.1 Location & Geographical Area 3 1.2 Topography 4 1.3 Availability of Minerals. 5 1.4 Forest 5 1.5 Administrative set up 5 – 6 2 District at a glance: 6 – 7 2.1 Existing Status of Industrial Areas in the District Mumbai 8 3 Industrial scenario of Mumbai 9 3.1 Industry at a Glance 9 3.2 Year wise trend of units registered 9 3.3 Details of existing Micro & Small Enterprises and artisan 10 units in the district. 3.4 Large Scale Industries/Public Sector undertaking. 10 3.5 Major Exportable item 10 3.6 Growth trend 10 3.7 Vendorisation /Ancillarisation of the Industry 11 3.8 Medium Scale Enterprises 11 3.8.1 List of the units in Mumbai district 11 3.9 Service Enterprises 11 3.9.2 Potentials areas for service industry 11 3.10 Potential for new MSME 12 – 13 4 Existing Clusters of Micro & Small Enterprises 13 4.1 Details of Major Clusters 13 4.1.1 Manufacturing Sector 13 4.2 Details for Identified cluster 14 4.2.1 Name of the cluster : Leather Goods Cluster 14 5 General issues raised by industry association during the 14 course of meeting 6 Prospects of training programmes during 2012 – 13 15 7 Action plan for MSME Schemes during 2012 – 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation Ltd., Mumbai 400 021
    WEL-COME TO THE INFORMATION OF MAHARASHTRA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, MUMBAI 400 021 UNDER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT’S RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 Right to information Act 2005-Section 4 (a) & (b) Name of the Public Authority : Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) INDEX Section 4 (a) : MTDC maintains an independent website (www.maharashtratourism. gov.in) which already exhibits its important features, activities & Tourism Incentive Scheme 2000. A separate link is proposed to be given for the various information required under the Act. Section 4 (b) : The information proposed to be published under the Act i) The particulars of organization, functions & objectives. (Annexure I) (A & B) ii) The powers & duties of its officers. (Annexure II) iii) The procedure followed in the decision making process, channels of supervision & Accountability (Annexure III) iv) Norms set for discharge of functions (N-A) v) Service Regulations. (Annexure IV) vi) Documents held – Tourism Incentive Scheme 2000. (Available on MTDC website) & Bed & Breakfast Scheme, Annual Report for 1997-98. (Annexure V-A to C) vii) While formulating the State Tourism Policy, the Association of Hotels, Restaurants, Tour Operators, etc. and its members are consulted. Note enclosed. (Annexure VI) viii) A note on constituting the Board of Directors of MTDC enclosed ( Annexure VII). ix) Directory of officers enclosed. (Annexure VIII) x) Monthly Remuneration of its employees (Annexure IX) xi) Budget allocation to MTDC, with plans & proposed expenditure. (Annexure X) xii) No programmes for subsidy exists in MTDC. xiii) List of Recipients of concessions under TIS 2000. (Annexure X-A) and Bed & Breakfast Scheme. (Annexure XI-B) xiv) Details of information available.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey and Documentation of Wild Varieties of Crop Plants in National
    SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION OF WILD VARIETIES OF CROP PLANTS IN NATIONAL PARK AND SANCTUARIES OF UPPER WESTERN GHATS (A Project Funded by the Protected Areas Programme of Forests and Wildlife Division of WWF-India) FINAL PROJECT REPORT January, 2001 Gene Campaign, New Delhi. 1 SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION OF WILD VARIETIES OF CROP PLANTS IN NATIONAL PARK AND SANCTUARIES OF UPPER WESTERN GHATS Dr. Suman Sahai, Project Leader, Gene Campaign, J – 235 / A, Sainik Farms, Khanpur, New Delhi – 110062 Mr. S.M. Nadaf Junior Research Fellow, Pune (MS). Co-operation by, Dr. Y.S. Nerkar, Director of Research, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parabhani (MS). 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take immense pleasure in expressing my deep sense of reverence and gratitude towards Dr. Y.S. Nerkar, Director of Research, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parabhani for his valuable guidance and encouragement during the course of investigation. Without his efforts, it would not have been possible to complete this survey and report. I am much obliged to Adivasis, residing in remote areas of Sahyadri ranges of Western Ghats for their innocent help during excursion. I also take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Dr. M.S. Kumbhojkar, Head, Dept. of Botany, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Dr. N.D. Jambhale, Professor, Dept. of Botany, Mahatma Phule Agriculture Universiry, Rahuri, Dr. S.D. Pradhan, D.K. Mishra, Mr. R. Manikanandan B.S.I., Pune and my friends Ravi Pawar, Sreerang Wanjerwadekar, Ravi Sufiyan Shaikh, Tanweer Shaikh, Mahesh Shindikar and Ashwini Deshpande for their co-operation, timely help and encouragement. Last but not the least, I express my heartfelt thanks to those who helped me either directly or indirectly during the present work.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Biodiversity Register (PBR) for the City of Vasai-Virar, Maharashtra
    TERRACON ECOTECH PVT LTD Ecology and Biodiversity Projects People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR) for the City of Vasai-Virar, Maharashtra Client: Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation Project Duration: 1 Month (December 2019) Location: Vasai-Virar City Maharashtra Project Description Introduction: The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (No. 18 of 2003) was notified by the Government of India on 5th February, 2003. The Act extends to the whole of India and reaffirms the sov- ereign rights of the country over its biological resources. Subsequently, the Government of India published Biological Diversity Rules, 2004 (15th April, 2004). The Rules under section 22 states that ‘every local body shall constitute a Biodiversity Management Com- mittee (BMC’s) within its area of jurisdiction’. The main function of the BMC is to pre- pare People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR) in consultation with the local people. The Reg- ister shall contain comprehensive information on availability and knowledge of local bio- logical resources, and their medicinal or any other use. It is a confidential document, due to the inclusion of traditional knowledge associated with the usage of biodiversity. Vasai-Virar is the fifth largest city in Maharashtra according to 2011 census. It is located in Palghar district, ca. 50km north of Mumbai. The city is located on the north bank of Vasai Creek, part of the estuary of the Ulhas River. Benefits to the client: The PBR documents also record people’s knowledge of potential commercial applica- tions, and it is essential that measures be instituted to appropriately protect their intellectu- al property rights. Methodology and outcome: A People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) is created using a participatory approach with communities sharing their common as well as specialized knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • PROTECTED AREA UPDATE News and Information from Protected Areas in India and South Asia
    T PROTECTED AREA UPDATE News and Information from protected areas in India and South Asia Vol. XXI, No. 3 June 2015 (No. 115) LIST OF CONTENTS Maharashtra 9 337 villages from nine talukas in Pune district grant EDITORIAL 3 no-objection to ESZ Tiger conservation and the construction of an Efforts to introduce solar irrigation pumps in Pench ‘urban conservation public’ TR buffer NTCA nod for release of a captive tigress in Pench NEWS FROM INDIAN STATES Tiger Reserve Assam 4 Illegal research carried out on animals at VJBU and 11 poachers killed, 20 arrested in Kaziranga National SGNP in 2001 Park this year Odisha 11 NGT asks Assam government to submit status report 70 lakh Olive ridley hatchlings in Odisha on restraining construction inside Manas NP CFR titles under the FRA distributed to villages in WWF-India and Apeejay Tea partner to reduce the Similipal TR human-elephant conflict in Assam Odisha Mining Corp to get Karlapat bauxite mines, Gujarat 5 part of which are inside the Karlapat WLS FD proposes drone surveillance for Gujarat forests Punjab 12 Jharkhand 6 Punjab to release gharials in Sutlej and Beas rivers Jharkhand working on a comprehensive 24/7 Rajasthan 13 elephant track-and-alert mechanism Tigers from Ranthambore TR moving into MP Karnataka 6 Five tigresses had 22 miscarriages in Sariska TR in NTCA approves tiger reserve status to Kudremukh; seven years state government disagrees Tamil Nadu 13 Dharwad-Belgavi railway line section turns death Plastic waste in elephant dung in Mudumalai, trap for wildlife Sathyamangalam and
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Life Sanctuaries in INDIA
    A M K RESOURCE WORLD GENERAL KNOWLEDGE www.amkresourceinfo.com Wild Life Sanctuaries in INDIA Wildlife Sanctuaries in India are 441 in number. They are a home to hundreds and thousands of various flora and fauna. A wide variety of species thrive in such Wildlife Sanctuaries. With the ever growing cement – jungle, it is of utmost importance to protect and conserve wildlife and give them their own, natural space to survive Wildlife Sanctuaries are established by IUCN category II protected areas. A wildlife sanctuary is a place of refuge where abused, injured, endangered animals live in peace and dignity. Senchal Game Sanctuary. Established in 1915 is the oldest of such sanctuaries in India. Chal Batohi, in Gujarat is the largest Wildlife Sanctuary in India. The conservative measures taken by the Indian Government for the conservation of Tigers was awarded by a 30% rise in the number of tigers in 2015. According to the Red Data Book of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), there are 47 critically endangered species in India. DO YOU KNOW? Wildlife sanctuaries in India are established by IUCN category II protected areas. India has 537 wildlife sanctuaries referred to as wildlife sanctuaries category IV protected areas. Among these, the 50 tiger reserves are governed by Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries in India are specifically named bird sanctuary, e.g., Keoladeo National Park before attaining National Park status. Many of them being referred as as a particular animal such as Jawai leopard sanctuary in Rajasthan.
    [Show full text]
  • Harishchandragad and Malshej Ghat -.:: GEOCITIES.Ws
    N Pachnai village school Harishchandragad Harishchandragad (19.41337N, 73.78164E) Plateau (shaded region) 2841 feet (866 m) and Malshej Ghat 270 90 Main Temple and Caves Rock Face Harishchandragad is a large plateau to the north of (19.39151N, 73.77956E) climb of 600 feet (180 m) the Malshej Ghat that comprises of three peaks. These peaks, together with the plateau, form a very 3963 feet (1208 m) impressive sight for travellers along the Malshej Ghat. 180 The western edge of the plateau (the ‘Konkan Kada’) is a sheer drop into the Konkan plains and is a sight 4 km Tolar unlike anything else in the Sahyadris. Several Khind ancient monuments are also present on the plateau. (19.39537N Data on Harishchandragad was collected during hike 73.80334E) of December 28-31, 2003, by Dr. Navin Verma, Dr. Yuvaraj Chavan (Y.B.) and Vitthal Awari (member of 3 km 3281 feet Konkan (1000 m) YZ Trekkers). The Balekilla route was aided by Kada cliff Dattu Damu Bharmal (of village Pachnai). Map created by Mahesh Chengalva using Global edge trail Positioning System (GPS) data. All roads, tracks (midpoint Balekilla (Citadel) and land-marks are accurate to within 15 feet (5 m). 2 km at 4005 feet (19.39146N, 73.79377E) Some hiking trails are not shown on this map. or 1221 m) 4560 feet (1390 m) This is the first of a set of two maps. The second Rohidas Summit Taramati Summit map is a detailed map of the Harishchandragad (19.38646N, 73.77667E) (19.38685N, 73.77917E) plateau. This and maps of other Sahyadri hiking 1 km 4634 feet (1412 m) 4695 feet (1431 m) areas
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Agro-Tourism Potential in Junnar Tehsil, Maharashtra, India
    Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2016 = 6.17, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.45269, SEPT-OCT 2017, VOL- 4/36 ASSESSMENT OF AGRO-TOURISM POTENTIAL IN JUNNAR TEHSIL, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA Thorat S. D.1 & Suryawanshi R.S.2 1PhD Research Student, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007. E-mail - [email protected] 2Professor, Department of Geography, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune-411004, S.P.P.U. E-mail –[email protected] The present research paper is an attempt to analyse the level of development and potential of Agro- tourism in Junnar Tehsil in Pune District Maharashtra. Agro-tourism is the emerging branch of tourism in India. It helped for sustainable development in rural area. Agro-tourism give the opportunity to tourist to get aware with agricultural area, agricultural operations, local food and tradition of local area and support to economic development of farmers. The Junnar Tehsil in Pune district have many tourist destinations, but yet this Tehsil is not highlighted to large scale Agro- tourism practices. It is mainly because of lack of facilities and low development of area. The present research paper focuses on find out the potential area for agro-tourism in Junnar Tehsil. The development status of agro-tourism potential composite index is product of physiographic index and cropping pattern based on a GIS techniques. Keywords: Agro-Tourism, Composite Index and GIS technique. Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com Introduction Tourism plays very important role in economic development on regional level. Now day’s tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter -Iv Theoretical Background and Brief
    CHAPTER -IV THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND BRIEF HISTORY OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT CHAPTER IV THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND BRIEF HISTORY OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4.3 MAIN AREAS OF MANAGEMENT 4.4 PRODUCTIVITY 4.5 CONCEPT OF SERVICE 4.6 MEANING AND NATURE OF TRANSPORT 4.7 URBAN TRAFFIC MODES 4.8 VOLUME AND TREND OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA 4.9 URBAN TRANSPORT AND CITY EFFICIENCY 4.10 CURRENT URBAN TRANSPORT SCENARIO IN INDIA 4.11 OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE AND SERVICE QUALITY INDICATORS 4.12 LAND MARKS IN THE HISTORY OF URBAN MASS TRANSIT 4.13 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN INDIA 4.14 PUBLIC SECTOR BUS TRANSPORT: INDIAN TRENDS 4.15 CITY BUS TRANSPORT IN INDIA 4.16 PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL TRANSPORT UNDERTAKINGS 4.17 TRANSPORT TERMS 99 CHAPTER IV THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND BRIEF HISTORY OF URBAN TRANSPORT 4.1. INTRODUCTION: This chapter is divided into two sections. First section deals with the conceptual and theoretical frame work and section second deals with Historical Development of Urban Transport. Section I 4.2. CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: The purpose of this section is to study the concepts related to the research work. 4.2.1. Administration and Management: In practice, these two terms are used interchangeable because both involve the same principles. Somehow, the word management has become popular in business enterprises where economic performance is of primary importance. On the other hand, the term administration is preferred in government departments, hospitals, religious trusts, educational institutions and other non-business organizations. Administration: The English word ‘administer’ is derived from a combination of two Latin words ad and ministrare meaning to serve or to manage.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Mass Movement in Varand Region, Western Ghat of Ha Maharashtra Using Geospatial Technique
    International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2018, pp. 20112027, Article ID: IJCIET_09_07_214 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed INVESTIGATION OF THE MASS MOVEMENT IN VARANDHA REGION, WESTERN GHAT OF MAHARASHTRA USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUE Dattatraya J. Khamkar PhD Scholar, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, VJTI, Mumbai-400019, Maharashtra, India Sumedh Y. Mhaske Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, VJTI, Mumbai-400019, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Verandha Ghat Section is connecting shield-plateau region with Konkan Coastal Belt (KCB) through Bhor Ghat area. Therefore, it is considered as a lifeline of Bhor (in Pune district) and Mahad (Raigarh District of Konkan), of western Maharashtra corridor. Geologically, this region belongs to Ambenali and Mahabaleshwar – Poladpur formation. The area shows thick flows of the Deccan Trap basalt of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene age. All the rock flows of this formation, exposed along this highway are in the form of rock cutting along the Pandharpur-Mahad Maharashtra State Highway -70, in the 74 km Ghat section from Bhor (part of Sahyadri Uplands, from Pune district) onwards and before Mahad (part of Konkan Coastal Belt from Raigarh district) of Maharashtra, are highly susceptible for landslide activity. A detailed exploration was carried out on all along the road section started from Bhor city and it extends up to the Varandah village, at the foot hill of Sahyadri, in Konkan region. In the present context, detailed investigations of the mass movement were carried out to prepare the map of highly vulnerable locations, in the study area.
    [Show full text]
  • Agro Climatic Zone–Xii : Western Plains and Ghat Region
    LONG-TERM MECHANIZATION STRATEGY PAPERS—AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE–XII : WESTERN PLAINS AND GHAT REGION Long-term Strategies and Programmes for Mechanization of Agriculture in Agro Climatic Zone–XII : Western Plains and Ghat regions Dr S.J.K. Annamalai Principal Scientist and Head CIAE Industrial Extension Centre, Coimbatore 1. NAME OF AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE : Western Plains and Ghat region 2. STATES UNDER THIS ZONE : Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu 223 STUDY RELATING TO FORMULATING LONG-TERM MECHANIZATION STRATEGY FOR EACH AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE/STATE IN INDIA 3. SUB-AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES WITH THEIR 3.4 Hilly Sub Region CHARACTERIZATION Availability of land for agricultural purposes in these This is an important zone for plantation crops and hilly areas is low. Only around a third of the area is spices. It runs along the west cost covering parts of Tamil available for agricultural purposes. Nearly half of the Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa with a area is under forest cover. Land productivity is high since variety of soil types and rainfall patterns. There are four the cultivation here is mostly of high value crops. sub-zones. The coastal hilly region covers the north The region includes the districts of Shimoga, coastal areas of Konkan, Goa and Uttar Kannad. The Chikmagalur and Kodagu of Karnataka, Idukki and coastal midland extends along the Kerala State coast. Wayanad of Kerala and Nilgiri from Tamil Nadu. It The third sub-zone comprises of Palakkad and Kottayam receives about 2,500 mm of rainfall per annum and the belt of Kerala. Finally, the hilly region has six districts climate is mostly humid to perhumid.
    [Show full text]