Joining Zone 9

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Joining Zone 9 CONNECTIVITY Joining Zone Nine REBECCA MACKINNON A Global Voices Online blog entry written in the Ethiopian language of Amharic contains an update on jailed Ethiopian Journalist Reeyot Alemu. “We want more openness, more transpar- were scheduled to go on trial for terrorism in ency,” Ethiopian writer Endalkchew Chala early August—though the trial has since been observes. “People deserve choice; people de- adjourned to October 15. Perhaps because serve access to the world’s knowledge.” For the absurd charges against them were getting expressing views like these online, his friends more international attention than expected. TERRORISTS’ SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGNS World Policy Journal’s Fall 2014 timeline tracks the phenomenon of terrorist organizations employing social media to recruit members, broadcast their messages, and wage online warfare. Compiled by Lara Pham, Cami Tellez, and Marguerite Ward. Downloaded from wpj.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on December 19, 2014 ZONE NINE Two years ago Endalk (as his friends to shield themselves from electronic sur- and colleagues like to call him) got to- veillance. They are also accused of clandes- gether with several like-minded young tinely organizing themselves into a blog- Ethiopian writers and journalists to ger collective—a bizarre accusation given launch a hard-hitting blog called “Zone that “Zone 9” is a public website. 9.” The blog’s name derives from Addis For the past two years, Endalk and Ababa’s infamous Kaliti prison, divided four other “zone niners” also ran an Am- into eight zones with political prisoners haric edition of Global Voices Online, an confined to Zone Eight. oungY bloggers international citizen media network that I believed that the entire nation was be- co-founded nearly ten years ago with the coming a virtual prison—effectively a media scholar and blogger Ethan Zuck- ninth zone. “All of Ethiopia is part of it,” erman. The Ethiopian branch translates explains Endalk. In 2011, one inmate, blog posts written by contributors from journalist Eskinder Nega, was arrested for around the world—particularly those re- the seventh time after writing a column, lated to activism, freedom of expression, which ironically criticized the Ethiopian and censorship— of strong relevance to an government’s habit of arresting journal- Ethiopian audience whose state-controlled ists on terrorism charges. media is heavily censored. Such edginess was too much for their government to take. Seven of the “Zone BARS AROUND THE WORLD 9” bloggers were arrested this past April. Disturbingly, the Zone 9 bloggers are not Then, three months later, they were for- the only Global Voices contributors who mally charged with terrorism and “related recently found themselves behind bars, as activities.” Endalk, pursuing a graduate governments in a disturbingly growing list degree in Portland, Oregon when the ar- of nations have recognized that modern-day rests took place, is now their spokesperson, connectivity can prove a lethal challenge to blogging and tweeting the latest develop- their legitimacy and very existence. ments. The group’s alleged crimes include Bassel Khartabil, a Syrian-Palestinian attending trainings by international tech- computer engineer and open Internet ad- nical experts on how to use software tools vocate, has been imprisoned in Damascus Rebecca MacKinnon directs the Ranking Digital Rights project at the New America Foundation. Author of Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle For Internet Freedom, she is co-founder of Global Voices Online and a former CNN bureau chief and correspondent in Beijing and Tokyo. 2010 Al Qaeda publishes its first issue of Inspire, the Via YouTube, Chechen Doku organization’s digital magazine. Umarov claims responsibility for the Moscow subway Al Shabab, Somalia’s Al Qaeda-linked group suicide bombings that killed releases an online video of captive French security 40 people. agent Denis Allex pleading for release. Jan June Downloaded from wpj.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on December 19, 2014 CONNECTIVITY since March 2012. Alaa Abd El Fattah, and forth in over two dozen languages, an Egyptian activist and blogger arrested mainly by volunteers like the Zone 9ers. in November 2013 for violating Egypt’s Digital connectivity can indeed be rev- new Protest Law, was dealt a 15-year jail olutionary. In the 21st century, networked sentence along with 25 other activists this technologies are a necessary condition for past June. Tajik author Alex Sodiqov—a social and political change. But over the Ph.D. student at the University of Toron- past decade we’ve learned they are insuf- to—was arrested while carrying out aca- ficient on their own to prevent widespread demic research in the Gorno-Badakhshan and systematic human rights violations— Autonomous Region of Tajikstan. Eventu- let alone bring about a more democratic ally he was accused of espionage. While he and just world. has since been released, he has yet to be cleared of the charges. BATTLING EMPOWERMENT The idea for the Global Voices net- Governments are fighting back against the work came out of a 2004 meeting of blog- Internet’s empowering, decentralized char- gers from around the world. It was a time acter. They are upgrading their own in- of heady optimism, when bloggers seemed stitutional, military, and technical power. poised to break down barriers and help cre- They are passing laws criminalizing various ate a better world. We created a website forms of online speech and enforcing those with the tagline “The world is talking. Are laws with police, security, and intelligence you listening?” As our manifesto put it: forces. Law enforcement and intelligence “Thanks to new tools, speech need no services of democracies, as well as dictator- longer be controlled by those who own ships, are pushing their powers of surveil- the means of publishing and distribution, lance to the limit. Many governments are or by governments that would restrict also finding new and creative ways to con- thought and communication. Now, any- trol through their legal and technical pow- one can wield the power of the press. Ev- ers what people can and especially cannot eryone can tell their stories to the world.” do on the Internet and with mobile devices. We recruited a set of editors and vol- The Ethiopian government is a case in unteers from across the globe who helped point. It has revised the law so that practi- to curate, translate, and contextualize what cally anybody who uses the Internet to build bloggers were saying about their countries a movement around a common ideal, or con- and regions—what they were observing in duct independent journalism, can potential- their communities, and how people around ly be charged with terrorism. Internet access them were reacting to world events. Even- is available only through the state controlled tually, the site came to be translated back monopoly, Ethio Telecom, which keeps 2011 Zirah Moslem Al Shabab’s Twitter and Rezi MLTN, account, @HSMPress, merchandise The Norway shooter posts its first tweet. companies selling Al Shabab’s posts a video on pro-ISIS clothing, Omar Hammami YouTube before The Taliban-associated Twitter begin posting on releases rap beginning his account, @Qariyusufahmadi, Facebook. music online. rampage. posts its first tweet. Feb Apr July Dec Downloaded from wpj.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on December 19, 2014 ZONE NINE prices artificially high and beyond the reach to companies for data stored outside UK of most. Those who can access the Internet jurisdiction—effectively legalizing its al- do so through heavily monitored cybercafés. ready sweeping technical power to spy on They must navigate censorship blocking much of the world. As former NSA con- overseas dissident websites, and face per- tractor Edward Snowden put it, “they are vasive surveillance thanks to technologies worse than the U.S.” purchased not only from Chinese companies The problem has been compounded by but from European firms like FinFisher, a Internet and telecom- German company that sells remote moni- munications compa- toring systems, and Hacking Team, an Ital- nies pursuing short- we have all ian firm specializing in spyware. term business interests unfortunately Anything the Zone 9 bloggers ever did without considering online can potentially be used against them the impact of their allowed without constraint. behavior on Internet companies to The attack by governments on Inter- users’ rights. We have track, collect, net freedom is by no means limited to au- all unfortunately al- thoritarian dictatorships. This year, along- lowed companies to and sell vast side the usual suspects like North Korea, track, collect, and amounts of Cuba, and China, Reporters Without Bor- sell vast amounts of personal ders listed the Indian government’s Centre personal information for Development of Telematics as one of without even real- information the 20 biggest “enemies of the Internet,” izing what was hap- without even thanks to its role in developing a clandes- pening. As American tine mass electronic surveillance and data security guru Bruce realizing what mining program for deployment on na- Schneier likes to say: was happening. tionwide networks. “Surveillance is the The United Kingdom also made the business model of the Internet.” list, winning the title “world champion of How convenient for the NSA, which, surveillance,” due largely to the work of until Snowden blew the whistle, had rela- the Government Communications Head- tively easy access to the communications quarters (GCHQ), which has developed and stored data of U.S. Internet companies. the world’s largest data collection and Now many of these companies have rec- communications-monitoring system. Last ognized that this situation is not actually month the British authorities invoked sustainable for their business in the long emergency powers to pass a new law al- run. Without basic levels of trust from in- lowing the government to issue warrants dividuals and businesses that rely on the 2012 Al Shabab uses #JihadDispatches Jabhat al-Nusrah, the to tweet its propaganda.
Recommended publications
  • Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia
    / w / %w '* v *')( /)( )% +6/& $FOUFSGPS*OUFSOBUJPOBM)VNBO3JHIUT-BX"EWPDBDZ 6OJWFSTJUZPG8ZPNJOH$PMMFHFPG-BX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared by University of Wyoming College of Law students participating in the Fall 2017 Human Rights Practicum: Jennie Boulerice, Catherine Di Santo, Emily Madden, Brie Richardson, and Gabriela Sala. The students were supervised and the report was edited by Professor Noah Novogrodsky, Carl M. Williams Professor of Law and Ethics and Director the Center for Human Rights Law & Advocacy (CIHRLA), and Adam Severson, Robert J. Golten Fellow of International Human Rights. The team gives special thanks to Julia Brower and Mark Clifford of Covington & Burling LLP for drafting the section of the report addressing LGBT rights, and for their valuable comments and edits to other sections. We also thank human rights experts from Human Rights Watch, the United States Department of State, and the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office for sharing their time and expertise. Finally, we are grateful to Ethiopian human rights advocates inside and outside Ethiopia for sharing their knowledge and experience, and for the courage with which they continue to document and challenge human rights abuses in Ethiopia. 1 DIVIDE, DEVELOP, AND RULE: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ETHIOPIA CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW & ADVOCACY UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING COLLEGE OF LAW 1. PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 3 2. INTRODUCTION 3 3. POLITICAL DISSENTERS 7 3.1. CIVIC AND POLITICAL SPACE 7 3.1.1. Elections 8 3.1.2. Laws Targeting Dissent 14 3.1.2.1. Charities and Society Proclamation 14 3.1.2.2. Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 17 3.1.2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia June 2014—May 2015
    Ethiopia Page 1 of 18 Published on Freedom House (https://freedomhouse.org) Home > Ethiopia Ethiopia Country: Ethiopia Year: 2015 Status: Not Free Total Score: 82 (0 = Best, 100 = Worst) Obstacles to Access: 23 (0 = Best, 25 = Worst) Limits on Content: 28 (0 = Best, 35 = Worst) Violations of User Rights: 31 (0 = Best, 40 = Worst) Internet Penetration: 2.9 percent Social Media/ICT Apps Blocked: Yes Political/Social Content Blocked: Yes Bloggers/ICT Users Arrested: Yes Press Freedom Status: Not Free Key Developments: June 2014—May 2015 https://freedomhouse.org/print/47663 12/8/2016 Ethiopia Page 2 of 18 • A significant number of service interruptions in the name of routine maintenance and system updates resulted in worsening service across the country. Internet services on 3G mobile internet networks were reportedly unavailable for more than a month in July and August 2014 (see Restrictions on Connectivity). • A growing number of critical news and opposition websites were blocked in the lead up to the May 2015 elections (see Blocking and Filtering). • Six bloggers of the prominent Zone 9 blogging collective arrested in April 2014 were officially charged with terrorism in July 2014; two of the bloggers were unexpectedly released and acquitted in July 2015, joined by the four others in October (see Prosecutions and Arrests). • A university political science teacher known for his Facebook activism and another blogger were arrested and charged with terrorism in July 2014, among three others (see Prosecutions and Arrests). • Online journalists in the Ethiopian diaspora were attacked with Hacking Team’s sophisticated surveillance malware (see Technical Attacks).
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence of Social Media Blocking and Internet Censorship in Ethiopia
    ETHIOPIA OFFLINE EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BLOCKING AND INTERNET CENSORSHIP IN ETHIOPIA Amnesty International is a global ABOUT OONI movement of more than 7 million The Open Observatory of Network Interference people who campaign for a (OONI) is a free software project under the Tor world where human rights are enjoyed Project that aims to increase transparency of internet censorship around the world. We aim to by all. empower groups and individuals around the world with data that can serve as evidence of internet Our vision is for every person to enjoy censorship events. all the rights enshrined in the Since late 2012, our users and partners around the Universal Declaration of Human world have contributed to the collection of millions of network measurements, shedding light on Rights and other international human multiple instances of censorship, surveillance, and rights standards. traffic manipulation on the internet. We are independent of any government, political We are independent of any ideology, economic interest or religion. government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2016 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Youth in Addis trying to get Wi-Fi Connection. (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. ©Addis Fortune https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Joan Shorenstein Center Comments from Former Fellows Shorenstein
    Comments from Joan Shorenstein Center Shorenstein Center Former Fellows on the Press, Politics and Public Policy Fellowship Program “My semester as a Shorenstein Fellow was immeasurably rewarding— The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy is intellectually, professionally, and personally. Those four months were an a research center at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of induplicable gift.” Government. It was established in 1986 to promote a greater under- standing of the media by public officials, to improve coverage by Daniel Okrent, author, journalist, and consultant, Time Inc. Fellow, Spring 2006 media professionals of government and politics, to better anticipate the consequences of public policies that affect media and the First “Stimulating discussions, fascinating speakers, and colleagues who remain friends Amendment, and to increase knowledge about how the media affect to this day—all this comes to mind when I recall my time as a Fellow at the our political processes and governmental institutions. The Center Shorenstein Center.” includes a faculty of scholars and pracitioners who, through their research and teaching programs, are creating a body of knowledge Holli A. Semetko, Vice Provost for International Affairs and Professor of Political Science, Emory University Fellow, Spring 1994 about the press, politics and public policy in theory and in practice. “Four months at the Shorenstein Center gave me a chance to research an For information on how to apply for a Fellowship, issue that is close to my heart. It was an opportunity to go back to the days of please visit our website, the University and learn from the Center and Kennedy School faculty on a variety www.shorensteincenter.org of topics.
    [Show full text]
  • Is There a Link Between Digital Media and Good Governance? What the Academics Say
    Is There a Link Between Digital Media and Good Governance? What the Academics Say A Report to the Center for International Media Assistance By Mary Myers June 19, 2013 The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), at the National Endowment for Democracy, works to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of independent media development throughout the world. The Center provides information, builds networks, conducts research, and highlights the indispensable role independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies. An important aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media development. The Center was one of the of the main nongovernmental organizers of World Press Freedom Day 2011 in Washington, DC. CIMA convenes working groups, discussions, and panels on a variety of topics in the field of media development and assistance. The center also issues reports and recommendations based on working group discussions and other investigations. These reports aim to provide policymakers, as well as donors and practitioners, with ideas for bolstering the effectiveness of media assistance. Marguerite H. Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance National Endowment for Democracy 1025 F Street, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, DC 20004 Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 378-9407 Email: [email protected] URL: http://cima.ned.org Design and Layout by Valerie Popper About the Author Mary Myers is a freelance consultant, based in the United Kingdom. Her specialties are media in Africa, radio serving the poor, monitoring and evaluation, and gender issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Privatized Control Séverine Arsène
    The impact of China on global Internet governance in an era of privatized control Séverine Arsène To cite this version: Séverine Arsène. The impact of China on global Internet governance in an era of privatized control. Chinese Internet Research Conference, May 2012, Los Angeles, United States. hal-00704196v2 HAL Id: hal-00704196 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00704196v2 Submitted on 23 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The impact of China on global Internet governance in an era of privatized control Séverine Arsène Ph.D in political science, Science Po, France Yahoo! Fellow in residence, Georgetown University (2011‐2012) [email protected] CIRC 2012 Communication Over the last ten years, China has become one of the most prominent actors of the global Internet. It not only has the largest online population (513 million in January 20121). Chinese corporations like ZTE and Huawei are also leaders on the global market for Internet infrastructures and mobile devices. Chinese financial institutions strongly support Chinese corporations’ development overseas by providing funds for massive infrastructure projects, particularly in the telecommunication sector. Furthermore the Chinese government and other private actors are playing an increasingly important role in international fora where Internet governance is discussed, such as the ICANN and the IGF.
    [Show full text]
  • Antonio Tajani MEP President of the European Parliament [email protected]
    Antonio Tajani MEP President of the European Parliament [email protected] 12 June 2018 Mr President, Article 13 of the EU Copyright Directive Threatens the Internet As a group of the Internet’s original architects and pioneers and their successors, we write to you as a matter of urgency about an imminent threat to the future of this global network. The European Commission’s proposal for Article 13 of the proposed Directive for Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive was well-intended. As creators ourselves, we share the concern that there should be a fair distribution of revenues from the online use of copyright works, that benefits creators, publishers, and platforms alike. But Article 13 is not the right way to achieve this. By requiring Internet platforms to perform automatic filtering all of the content that their users upload, Article 13 takes an unprecedented step towards the transformation of the Internet from an open platform for sharing and innovation, into a tool for the automated surveillance and control of its users. Europe has been served well by the balanced liability model established under the Ecommerce Directive, under which those who upload content to the Internet bear the principal responsibility for its legality, while platforms are responsible to take action to remove such content once its illegality has been brought to their attention. By inverting this liability model and essentially making platforms directly responsible for ensuring the legality of content in the first instance, the business models and investments of platforms large and small will be impacted. The damage that this may do to the free and open Internet as we know it is hard to predict, but in our opinions could be substantial.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Intermediary Censorship
    5 Intermediary Censorship Ethan Zuckerman Introduction When academics, journalists, or Internet users discuss ‘‘Internet censorship,’’ they are usually referring to the inability of users in a given country to access a specific piece of online content. For instance, when Internet policymakers from around the world came to Tunisia for the 2005 World Summit on the Information Society, they discovered that the Tunisian government was blocking access to several sites, including Yezzi.org, an online freedom of speech campaign.1 This model of Internet filtering, where Internet service providers (ISPs) implement directives issued by government authorities and block connections to selected Web addresses, has been extensively documented by the OpenNet Initiative using in- country testing. Identifying potential cases of filtering by ISPs is likely to be easier in the future with the advent of tools like Herdict (www.herdict.org), which invite end users to be involved with in-country testing on a continuing basis. Given aggressive national filtering policies implemented in countries like Saudi Arabia, China, and Vietnam, state-sponsored ISP-level Web filtering has been an appro- priate locus for academic study. However, ISPs are only one possible choke point in a global Internet. As the Internet increases in popularity around the world, we are begin- ning to see evidence of Internet filtering at other points in the network. Of particular interest are online service providers (OSPs) that host social networking services, blogs, and Web sites. Because so many Internet users are dependent on OSPs to publish con- tent, censorship by these entities has the potential to be a powerful control on online speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia Offline Evidence of Social Media Blocking and Internet Censorship in Ethiopia
    ETHIOPIA OFFLINE EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BLOCKING AND INTERNET CENSORSHIP IN ETHIOPIA Amnesty International is a global ABOUT OONI movement of more than 7 million The Open Observatory of Network Interference people who campaign for a (OONI) is a free software project under the Tor world where human rights are enjoyed Project that aims to increase transparency of internet censorship around the world. We aim to by all. empower groups and individuals around the world with data that can serve as evidence of internet Our vision is for every person to enjoy censorship events. all the rights enshrined in the Since late 2012, our users and partners around the Universal Declaration of Human world have contributed to the collection of millions of network measurements, shedding light on Rights and other international human multiple instances of censorship, surveillance, and rights standards. traffic manipulation on the internet. We are independent of any government, political We are independent of any ideology, economic interest or religion. government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2016 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Youth in Addis trying to get Wi-Fi Connection. (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. ©Addis Fortune https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Freedom in Ethiopia WATCH
    HUMAN RIGHTS “Journalism Is Not a Crime” Violations of Media Freedom in Ethiopia WATCH “Journalism Is Not a Crime” Violations of Media Freedom in Ethiopia Copyright © 2015 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-32279 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JANUARY 2015 978-1-6231-32279 “Journalism Is Not a Crime” Violations of Media Freedoms in Ethiopia Glossary of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... i Map of Ethiopia .................................................................................................................. ii Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Philanthropic Opportunities to Mitigate the Disinformation/ Propaganda Problem
    FALL 2017 ANALYSIS OF PHILANTHROPIC OPPORTUNITIES TO MITIGATE THE DISINFORMATION/ PROPAGANDA PROBLEM Prepared for: Authored by: Kelly Born, Hewlett Foundation Nell Edgington, Social Velocity About the Foundation The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation is a nonpartisan, private charitable foundation that advances ideas and supports institutions to promote a better world. Launched in 2014, the Hewlett Foundation’s Madison Initiative focuses on strengthening democracy and its institutions – Congress, in particular – to be more effective in a polarized age. The initiative is nonpartisan in its approach and supports organizations across the ideological spectrum – think tanks, advocacy groups, academic researchers and civic leadership organizations – who seek to understand and improve the political system so that our elected representatives are better equipped to solve society’s greatest problems. Learn more at www.hewlett.org. Note: The foundation does not lobby or earmark grant funds for prohibited lobbying activities, as defined in the federal tax laws. The foundation’s funding for policy work is limited to permissible forms of support only, such as general operating support grants that grantees can allocate at their discretion and project support grants for nonlobbying activities (e.g., public education and nonpartisan research). Additionally, the foundation may fund nonpartisan political activities by grantees in compliance with the electioneering rules. The foundation does not engage in or use its resources to support or oppose political candidates or parties. 2 Analysis of Philanthropic Opportunities to Mitigate the Disinformation/Propaganda Problem Hewlett.org TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary __________________________________________________________ 4 II. The Disinformation/Propaganda Problem and Its Evolution ____________________________ 7 III. Potential Solutions: What’s Known and Still to be Known ________________________ 17 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.GLOBAL TELEVISIONS, a SINGLE HISTORY
    JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations E-ISSN: 1647-7251 [email protected] Observatório de Relações Exteriores Portugal Rui Cádima, Francisco GLOBAL TELEVISIONS, A SINGLE HISTORY JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations, vol. 1, núm. 1, -, 2010, pp. 81-91 Observatório de Relações Exteriores Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=413536166007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative OBSERVARE Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa ISSN: 1647-7251 Vol. 1, n.º 1 (Autumn 2010), pp. 81-91 GLOBAL TELEVISIONS, A SINGLE HISTORY Francisco Rui Cádima Associated Professor with Aggregation at the Department of Communication Sciences (DCC) of Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas (FCSH), Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Coordinator of the Master Degree in New Media and Web Practices, and of the Honours Degree, and member of the Executive Committee of DCC-FCSH. He is a researcher at Centro de Investigação Media e Jornalismo (CIMJ). Abstract We live in a complex and still blurred time of transition from systems of audiovisual fragmentation, specific to cable and satellite, to web environment hyper-fragmented systems. In the process, transnational televisions are experiencing some loss but for the time being, they still hold powerful distribution channels in the main strategic areas of the globe, with exception of zones where, for totalitarian or censorship reasons, they cannot always penetrate. This is a model that has several limitations both at the onset and at the point of arrival, which makes for a critical communication system whose subordination to local and/or global interests affects its narrative diversity.
    [Show full text]