DOCSLIB.ORG

Fostering Freedom Online: the Role of Internet Intermediaries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fostering Freedom Online: the Role of Internet Intermediaries University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Other Publications from the Center for Global Center for Global Communication Studies Communication Studies (CGCS) 1-2015 Fostering Freedom Online: The Role of Internet Intermediaries Rebecca MacKinnon Elonnai Hickok Allon Bar Hai-in Lim Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cgcs_publications Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation MacKinnon, Rebecca; Hickok, Elonnai; Bar, Allon; and Lim, Hai-in. (2015). Fostering Freedom Online: The Role of Internet Intermediaries. Other Publications from the Center for Global Communication Studies. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/cgcs_publications/21 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgcs_publications/21 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fostering Freedom Online: The Role of Internet Intermediaries Abstract “Fostering Freedom Online: the Role of Internet Intermediaries” is the title of a new title in the UNESCO Internet freedom series. With the rise of Internet intermediaries that play a mediating role on the internet between authors of content and audiences, UNESCO took a joint initiative, with the Open Society Foundations, the Internet Society, and Center for Global Communication Studies at the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg School for Communication, to examine this recent historical phenomenon and how it impacts on freedom of expression and associated fundamental rights such as privacy. The case study research, collaboratively delivered by 16 international researchers led by Ms Rebecca MacKinnon and Mr Allon Bar, as well as 14 members of International Advisory Committee, covers of three categories of intermediaries: • Internet Service Providers (fixed line and mobile) such as Vodafone (UK, Germany, Egypt), Vivo/Telefônica Brasil (Brazil), Bharti Airtel (India, Kenya), Safaricom (Kenya), • Search Engines such as Google (USA, EU, India, China, Russia), Baidu (China), Yandex (Russia) and • Social Networking Platforms such as Facebook (USA, Germany, India, Brazil, Egypt), Twitter (USA, Kenya), Weibo (China), iWiW (Hungary). The research showed that internet intermediaries are heavily influenced by the legal and policy environments of states, but they do have leeway over many areas of policy and practice affecting online expression and privacy. The findings also highlighted the challenge where many state policies, laws, and regulations are – to varying degrees – poorly aligned with the duty to promote and protect intermediaries’ respect for freedom of expression. It is a resource which enables the assessment of Internet intermediaries’ decisions on freedom of expression, by ensuring that any limitations are consistent with international standards. Disciplines Communication Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/cgcs_publications/21 http://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzd UNESCO Publishing “UNESCO, as enshrined in its Constitution, promotes the “free United Nations flow of ideas by word and image”, and is accordingly committed Educational, Scientific and to enabling a free, open and accessible Internet space as part of Cultural Organization promoting comprehensive freedom of expression online and offline. We believe the rich material in this, the third in UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom, will be of great value to all stakeholders. These are industry actors, UNESCO Member States, technical community, Intergovernmental organizations, private sector, civil society, and others both national and international.” Getachew Engida Deputy Director-General of UNESCO FOSTERING FREEDOM ONLINE: FOSTERING FREEDOM ONLINE: UNESCO SERIES ON INTERNET FREEDOM The Role of Internet Intermediaries FOSTERING FREEDOM ONLINE The Role of Internet Intermediaries UNESCO thanks the Open Society Foundations, the Internet Society, and the Center for Global Communication Studies at the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg School for Communication for their financial and administrative Rebecca MacKinnon • Elonnai Hickok • Allon Bar • Hae-in Lim support to the research. UNESCO SERIES ON INTERNET FREEDOM Communication and Information Sector United Nations Educational, Scientific and United Nations Cultural Organization Educational, Scientific and 9 789231 000393 Cultural Organization FOSTERING FREEDOM ONLINE The Role of Internet Intermediaries Rebecca MacKinnon • Elonnai Hickok • Allon Bar • Hae-in Lim A report prepared for UNESCO’s Division for Freedom of Expression and Media Development. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNESCO of its Division for Freedom of Expression and Media Development. Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 7 place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France, and the Internet Society, 1775 Wiehle Avenue, Suite 201, Reston, VA 20190-5108, United States. © UNESCO/Internet Society, 2014 UNESCO ISBN 978-92-3-100039-3 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/ open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and ISOC and do not commit these Organizations. Typeset by UNESCO Printed by UNESCO Printed in France 3 FOSTERING FREEDOM ONLINE: THE ROLE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES Authors: Rebecca MacKinnon, Director of the Ranking Digital Rights Project, New America Foundation; Visiting Affiliate, Center for Global Communication Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania Elonnai Hickok, Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore Allon Bar, Ranking Digital Rights Project Hae-in Lim, Ranking Digital Rights Project Researchers: Sara Alsherif, Researcher, Freedom of Information Program, Support for Information Technology Center, Cairo Celina Beatriz Mendes de Almeida Bottino, Instituto de Tecnologia & Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Richard Danbury, Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, University of Cambridge Elisabetta Ferrari, Center for Media, Data and Society, Central European University, Budapest; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania Grace Githaiga, Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) Kirsten Gollatz, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, Berlin Elonnai Hickok, Center for Internet and Society, Bangalore Hu Yong, Peking University Tatiana Indina, Center for the Study of New Media and Society, Moscow Victor Kapiyo, The Kenyan Section of the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ Kenya); Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) Peter Micek, Access, New York Agustín Rossi, European University Institute, Florence; Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin 5 Table of Contents FOREWORD 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 1. INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Freedom of Expression Online 15 1.2 Business and Human Rights 18 1.3 Intermediaries 19 1.3.1 Types of Intermediaries 21 1.3.2 Modes of Restriction 23 1.3.3 Commitments to Freedom of Expression 26 1.4 Methodology 27 2. LAW AND REGULATION 30 2.1 State Commitments and Limitations on Expression 31 2.1.1 Types of Limitations 31 2.1.2 Privacy, Data Protection, and Surveillance 37 2.2 Intermediary liability 39 2.2.1 Models of Intermediary Liability 40 2.2.2 Intermediary Liability in the Case Study Countries 43 2.2.3 Special Note: Intermediary Liability in Sub-Saharan Africa 52 2.3 Self-regulation and Co-Regulation 54 2.4 Introducing the Case Studies 58 3. STUDY 1: INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS 59 3.1 Introduction 59 3.1.1 The Companies 60 3.2 Direct Restrictions on Freedom of Expression 62 3.2.1 Network-Level Filtering 62 3.2.2 Service Shutdowns and restriction 72
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EVERYTHING YOU NEED to KNOW ABOUT SEMANTIC SEO by GENNARO CUOFANO, ANDREA VOLPINI, and MARIA SILVIA SANNA the Semantic Web Is Here
    WHITE PAPER EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SEMANTIC SEO BY GENNARO CUOFANO, ANDREA VOLPINI, AND MARIA SILVIA SANNA The Semantic Web is here. Those that are taking advantage of Semantic Technologies to build a Semantic SEO strategy are benefiting from staggering results. From a research paper put together with the team atWordLift , presented at SEMANTiCS 2017, we documented that structured data is compelling from the digital marketing standpoint. For instance, on the analysis of the design-focused website freeyork.org, after three months of using structured data in their WordPress website we saw the following improvements: • +12.13% new users • +18.47% increase in organic traffic • +2.4 times increase in page views • +13.75% of sessions duration In other words, many still think of Semantic Technologies belonging to the future, when in reality quite a few players in the digital marketing space are taking advantage of them already. Semantic SEO is a new and powerful way to make your content strategy more effective. In this article/guide I will explain from scratch what Semantic SEO is and why it’s important. Why Semantic SEO? In a nutshell, search engines need context to understand a query properly and to fetch relevant results for it. Contexts are built using words, expressions, and other combinations of words and links as they appear in bodies of knowledge such as encyclopedias and large corpora of text. Semantic SEO is a marketing technique that improves the traffic of a website byproviding meaningful data that can unambiguously answer a specific search intent. It is also a way to create clusters of content that are semantically grouped into topics rather than keywords.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Universality Indicators: Online Consultation Phase II March 15, 2018
    Comments of the ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION Internet Universality Indicators: Online Consultation Phase II March 15, 2018 The Electronic Privacy Information Center (“EPIC”) submits the following comments to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (“UNESCO”), pursuant to the request for public comment on “Developing UNESCO’s Internet Universality Indicators: Help UNESCO Assess and Improve the Internet.”1 EPIC was established in 1994 to focus public attention on emerging privacy and civil liberties issues. 2 Since that time, EPIC has worked on a range of international policy issues concerning the future of the Internet. EPIC established the Public Voice project in 1996 to enable civil society participation in decisions concerning the future of the Internet.3 EPIC also helped establish the .ORG domain and the International Domain Name system to facilitate broad use of the Internet by people of all linguistic and cultural backgrounds.4 EPIC has worked with UNESCO for more than twenty years.5 In 2015, at a presentation at UNESCO’s headquarters in Paris, EPIC stated that algorithmic transparency should be regarded as a fundamental human right.6 In 2017 in Hong Kong, EPIC participated in UNESCO’s first consultation on Internet Universality indicators.7 EPIC also maintains a webpage on Internet Universality.8 1 PHASE 2 CONSULTATION ON UNESCO’S INTERNET UNIVERSALITY INDICATORS, https://en.unesco.org/internetuniversality 2 See, About EPIC, EPIC, https://epic.org/epic/about.html. 3 See, About the Public Voice, The Public Voice, http://thepublicvoice.org/about-us/ 4 ISOC, Minutes of the 30th Board Meeting (Nov 16-17, 2002) (“We will together start a new non-commercial Internet.”) (Remarks of Marc Rotenberg), https://www.internetsociety.org/board-of-trustees/minutes/30 5 UNESCO, Report of the Experts Meeting on Cyberspace Law (Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • New Museum Elects New Members to Its Board of Trustees, Joining Four Other Board Members Appointed Over the Past Year
    PRESS CONTACTS Paul Jackson, Communications Director Nora Landes, Press Associate [email protected] 212.219.1222 x209 Andrea Schwan, Andrea Schwan Inc. 917.371.5023 [email protected] FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 10, 2020 NEW MUSEUM ELECTS NEW MEMBERS TO ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES, JOINING FOUR OTHER BOARD MEMBERS APPOINTED OVER THE PAST YEAR New York, NY… Lisa Phillips, Toby Devan Lewis Director of the New Museum, and James Keith Brown, President, announced today the appointment of four new members elected to the New Museum’s Board of Trustees: Patricia Blanchet, Füsun EczacıbaŞı, Tommie Pegues, and Jamie Singer. They join four other new members who became trustees over the past year including Evan Chow, Randi Levine, Matt Mullenweg, and Marcus Weldon. “We are thrilled that these outstanding individuals committed to our mission are joining the New Museum Board,” said New Museum Board President, JK Brown. “Their diverse backgrounds across generations and geographies will bring new perspectives to the Museum for the future ahead at an important time of change,” said Lisa Phillips, Toby Devan Lewis Director. Patricia Blanchet has a long history of engagement with black arts and culture, as a maker, administrator, and patron, particularly of the visual arts, dance, theater, film, music, and photography. A longstanding collector of African American art, she currently serves on the Acquisition Committee of the Studio Museum in Harlem, and on the boards of the Newport Festivals Foundation and the NY African Film Festival. Previously she was the Program Director at NYU’s Institute of African American Affairs as well as the Director of Development at the Museum for African Art when it was the neighbor of the New Museum on Broadway.
    [Show full text]
  • Paying for the Party
    PX_PARTY_HDS:PX_PARTY_HDS 16/4/08 11:48 Page 1 Paying for the Party Myths and realities in British political finance Michael Pinto-Duschinsky edited by Roger Gough Policy Exchange is an independent think tank whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas which will foster a free society based on strong communities, personal freedom, limited government, national self-confidence and an enterprise culture. Registered charity no: 1096300. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with aca- demics and other experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy out- comes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Tru, stees Charles Moore (Chairman of the Board), Theodore Agnew, Richard Briance, Camilla Cavendish, Robin Edwards, Richard Ehrman, Virginia Fraser, Lizzie Noel, George Robinson, Andrew Sells, Tim Steel, Alice Thomson, Rachel Whetstone PX_PARTY_HDS:PX_PARTY_HDS 16/4/08 11:48 Page 2 About the author Dr Michael Pinto-Duschinsky is senior Nations, the European Union, Council of research fellow at Brunel University and a Europe, Commonwealth Secretariat, the recognised worldwide authority on politi- British Foreign and Commonwealth cal finance. A former fellow of Merton Office and the Home Office. He was a College, Oxford, and Pembroke College, founder governor of the Westminster Oxford, he is president of the International Foundation for Democracy. In 2006-07 he Political Science Association’s research was the lead witness before the Committee committee on political finance and politi- on Standards in Public Life in its review of cal corruption and a board member of the the Electoral Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploratory Study of Global and Local Discourses on Social Media Regulation
    Global Media Journal German Edition From the field An Exploratory Study of Global and Local Discourses on Social Media Regulation Andrej Školkay1 Abstract: This is a study of suggested approaches to social media regulation based on an explora- tory methodological approach. Its first aim is to provide an overview of the global and local debates and the main arguments and concerns, and second, to systematise this in order to construct taxon- omies. Despite its methodological limitations, the study provides new insights into this very rele- vant global and local policy debate. We found that there are trends in regulatory policymaking to- wards both innovative and radical approaches but also towards approaches of copying broadcast media regulation to the sphere of social media. In contrast, traditional self- and co-regulatory ap- proaches seem to have been, by and large, abandoned as the preferred regulatory approaches. The study discusses these regulatory approaches as presented in global and selected local, mostly Euro- pean and US discourses in three analytical groups based on the intensity of suggested regulatory intervention. Keywords: social media, regulation, hate speech, fake news, EU, USA, media policy, platforms Author information: Dr. Andrej Školkay is director of research at the School of Communication and Media, Bratislava, Slovakia. He has published widely on media and politics, especially on political communication, but also on ethics, media regulation, populism, and media law in Slovakia and abroad. His most recent book is Media Law in Slovakia (Kluwer Publishers, 2016). Dr. Školkay has been a leader of national research teams in the H2020 Projects COMPACT (CSA - 2017-2020), DEMOS (RIA - 2018-2021), FP7 Projects MEDIADEM (2010-2013) and ANTICORRP (2013-2017), as well as Media Plurality Monitor (2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Wordpress Bible, I Immediately Offered Him a Hand in Editing
    Companion Web Site • Provides code files for all examples in the book Companion Web Site Companion Aaron Brazell Install WordPress and go beyond WordPress Technical editing by Mark Jaquith, Web Site a lead WordPress core developer blogging Visit www.wiley.com/go/wordpressbible WordPress is so flexible that developers are now tapping for all of the author’s example files from the book. it to create robust applications for content, contact, and ® e-mail management. Whether you’re a casual blogger Aaron Brazell or programming pro, this comprehensive guide covers is a leading WordPress and social media consultant, with clients WordPress from the basics through advanced application ranging from enterprise software WordPress development. Learn how to use custom plugins and companies to small- and medium- sized businesses. He has worked on themes, retrieve data, maintain security, use social media, large-scale WordPress installations and modify your blog without changing any core code. from both a technical/scaling perspective to complex deliveries You’ll even get to know the ecosystem of products that involving extreme leveraging of the surrounds this popular, open-source tool. software plugin API. He maintains a large business and technology • Enhance your blog’s findability in the search engines and beyond blog in the Washington D.C. area, Technosailor.com. • Discover hooks and leverage the WordPress event-driven programming interface Mark Jaquith • Create WordPress widgets in only a few minutes is one of the lead WordPress core developers and an independent Web • Explore alternate uses of WordPress services consultant. He has consulted • Enhance your blog with WordPress MU for major clients through his company, Covered Web Services, and is the • Ensure your plugins maintain future compatibility author of several popular WordPress Install, secure, and plugins, including Subscribe to ® • Create highly customizable and dynamic themes using template tags Comments and Page Links To.
    [Show full text]
  • Estudio De Derecho Comparado Sobre La Responsabilidad De Los Intermediarios En Internet Por Violaciones De Derechos De Autor
    COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON NATIONAL APPROACHES TO THE LIABILITY OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES FOR INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS Ignacio GARROTE FERNÁNDEZ-DÍEZ1 Associate Professor of Civil Law Autonomous University of Madrid 1 The author would like to thank Prof. Juan José Marín López, Professor of Civil Law at the University of Castile-La Mancha (Spain), for his generosity when it came to providing a good part of the material used in the research that led to the drafting of this paper. Thanks for their collaboration must also go to Carlos Castro (Colombia), Adriana Mauleón (Mexico), Anastasia Amosova (Russia) and Federico Mastrolilli (Italy). Any possible errors committed in this paper are the author's exclusive responsibility. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 3 II. ARGENTINA ......................................................................... 5 III. BELGIUM ......................................................................... 7 IV. BRAZIL ......................................................................... 14 V. CHILE ......................................................................... 17 VI. FINLAND ......................................................................... 21 VII. FRANCE ......................................................................... 24 VIII. GERMANY ......................................................................... 32 IX. ITALY ......................................................................... 41
    [Show full text]
  • Netflix Ecosystem Phone: (408) 540-3700
    Netflix 100 Winchester Circle Los Gatos, CA 95032 Netflix Ecosystem Phone: (408) 540-3700 www.netflix.com Outside Relationships (a California Corporation) Outside Relationships Netflix Securities Regulation Regulators Capital Suppliers Customers and Stock Exchange Customers Suppliers Capital Regulators Debt Structure Equity Structure Listing Rules Public Debt Bond Financing Holders Debt ( $16.31 Billion as of December 31, 2020) | Credit Ratings: S&P (BB+), Moody’s (Ba3) Equity Securities Common Stock Regulators $750 Million Revolving Credit Facility (Matures 2024) 2021 Senior Notes ($500 Million) 2025 Senior Notes ($800 Million) 2027 Senior Notes ($1.588 Billion) Common Stock Repurchase Plan Preferred Stock Common Stock Repurchases Significant Authorized: $5 Billion Authorized: 10,000,000 Authorized: 4,990,000,000 Shareholders Deposit Accounts with Black-Owned Financial Institutions 2022 Senior Notes ($700 Million) 2025 Senior Notes ($500 Million) 2028 Senior Notes ($1.600 Billion) US Securities Balance Available: $5 Billion Issued: None Issued: 442,895,261 Revolving Credit Financing Equity Capital and Exchange Commercial Black Economic Development Initiative Hope Credit Union 2024 Senior Notes ($400 Million) 2026 Senior Notes ($1.00 Billion) 2028 Senior Notes ($1.900 Billion) Expiration: None Record Holders: None Record Holders: 1,977 The Vanguard Commission Banks (Lead Group, Inc. Subjects of Bank: Goldman Communication (7.06%) General Sachs, JPMorgan Equipment and Corporate Functions Product Content Professional The NASDAQ Business
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes from City Commission Minutes From
    DUNEDIN, FLORIDA MINUTES OF THE CITY COMMISSION WORK SESSION MARCH 17, 2020 9:00A.M. -12:30 P.M. Present: City Commission: Mayor Julie Ward Bujalsk1, V1ce-Mayor Heather Gracy, Commissioners, Deborah Kynes and Jeff Gow Commissioner Maureen "Moe" Freaney (Via Conference Call) Also Present. City Manager Jennifer K Bramley, Deputy C1ty Manager Doug Hutchens, City Attorney Thomas J. Trask, City Clerk Rebecca Schlichter, Finance Director Les Tyler, Commumty Development Planner II Frances Sharp, Economic & Housing Development!CRA Director Robert lronsm1th, Assistant D1rector of Public Works & Utilities Paul Stanek, Community Relations .TV Production Specialist Just1n Catacchio, Information Technology Services Division D1rector Michael Nagy, Parks and Recreation Director Vince Gizzi, Parks & Recreation Administration Supenntendent Lame Sheets, Community Center Program Coordinator Jorie Peterson, Fire Chief Jeffrey Parks, Deputy Fire Chief Erich Thiemann, Fire Marshal M1ke Handoga, Library Director Phyllis Gorshe and approximately five people. CALL TO ORDER 1 Mayor Bujalski called the Work Session to order at 9:00 a.m. City Attorney Trask explained for any action to take place at the Commission level 1t requ1res all meetings to be held in the Sunshine. It is his understanding Commissioner Freaney has recently been on a cruise and has self-quarantined as a d1rect result of the Coronavirus pandemic and the emergency it creates, she is attending this Commission Meeting by way of aud1o. The Attorney General has opmed on th1s m 1992 that so long as there is a quorum physically present at the meeting and so long as an emergency exists a Commissioner can attend the meeting and part1c1pate m the meeting by phone.
    [Show full text]
  • Image and Self-Representation
    Veszelszki, Ágnes (ELTE) Image and Self-representation Giving people the power to share and make the world more open and connected.1 1. Introduction The involvement of image information is commonly said to be an accessory of digital change (see: Schlobinski 2009: 6). Visuality has a much more important role in our days than it had in the earlier periods of communication history. Just have a look at the graphical user interface of computer programmes, the layout of web pages, texts full of smileys and the torrent of pictures shared on social networking pages. This paradigm shift in the wake of the Gutenberg Galaxy is termed by Gottfried Boehm as the “Iconic Turn” (Boehm 1994). With the spread of visual communication technologies, visual communication itself is getting more and more common, too (Nyíri 2003: 273). In fact, some speak about the omnipresence of pictures (“Omnipräsenz der Bilder”; Maar 2006). Images are not under the control of consciousness, they bypass our minds and influence our thinking and emotions through their suggestive power (Giulani 2006: 185). Profile pictures on social networking websites fall into a peculiar category. It’s an open secret that our photos uploaded to such websites are not only viewed by our friends and family members but also by our present or future employer. A British survey, which was carried out by the People Search website, polled almost one thousand HR managers asking them if they inspected their employee-to-be’s photos shared on the internet before contracting them. One third of the British managers said that they regularly viewed their colleagues’ photos and internet posts, and they found this method of gathering information quite important before hiring a new employee.
    [Show full text]
  • Hartnett Dissertation
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Recorded Objects: Time-Based Technologically Reproducible Art, 1954-1964 A Dissertation Presented by Gerald Hartnett to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Art History and Criticism Stony Brook University August 2017 Stony Brook University 2017 Copyright by Gerald Hartnett 2017 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Gerald Hartnett We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Andrew V. Uroskie – Dissertation Advisor Associate Professor, Department of Art Jacob Gaboury – Chairperson of Defense Assistant Professor, Department of Art Brooke Belisle – Third Reader Assistant Professor, Department of Art Noam M. Elcott, Outside Reader Associate Professor, Department of Art History, Columbia University This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Recorded Objects: Time-Based, Technologically Reproducible Art, 1954-1964 by Gerald Hartnett Doctor of Philosophy in Art History and Criticism Stony Brook University 2017 Illuminating experimental, time-based, and technologically reproducible art objects produced between 1954 and 1964 to represent “the real,” this dissertation considers theories of mediation, ascertains vectors of influence between art and the cybernetic and computational sciences, and argues that the key practitioners responded to technological reproducibility in three ways. First of all, writers Guy Debord and William Burroughs reinvented appropriation art practice as a means of critiquing retrograde mass media entertainments and reportage.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographies of an Online Social Network
    Geographies of an online social network Balázs Lengyel a,b, 1, Attila Varga c, Bence Ságvári a,d, Ákos Jakobi e, János Kertész f,g a International Business School Budapest, OSON Research Lab, Záhony utca 7, 1031 Budapest, Hungary b Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budaörsi út 45, 1112 Budapest, Hungary c The University of Arizona, School of Sociology, Tucson, AZ 85721-0027, USA d Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Social Sciences, Országház utca 30, 1014 Budapest, Hungary e Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Regional Science; Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary f Central European University, Centre for Network Science, Nádor utca 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary g Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Institute of Physics, Budafoki út 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary 1 Corresponding author: [email protected]. 1 Geographies of an online social network Abstract How is online social media activity structured in the geographical space? Recent studies have shown that in spite of earlier visions about the “death of distance”, physical proximity is still a major factor in social tie formation and maintenance in virtual social networks. Yet, it is unclear, what are the characteristics of the distance dependence in online social networks. In order to explore this issue the complete network of the former major Hungarian online social network is analyzed. We find that the distance dependence is weaker for the online social network ties than what was found earlier for phone communication networks. For a further analysis we introduced a coarser granularity: We identified the settlements with the nodes of a network and assigned two kinds of weights to the links between them.
    [Show full text]