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Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects Of IAJPS 2018, 05 (03), 1721-1727 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 CODEN [USA]: IAJPBB ISSN: 2349-7750 INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Review Article CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FRAXINUS ORNUS- A REVIEW Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi qar, Iraq Cell: +9647801397994. E mail: [email protected] Abstract: Chemical analysis of Fraxinus ornus revealed the presence of many compounds belonging mainly to the groups of hydroxycoumarins, secoiridoid glucosides, phenylethanoids and flavonoids, in addition to carbohydrate, trace elements and oils. Pharmacological studies showed that Fraxinus ornus possessed antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal dermatological, antioxidant and many other effects. This review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Fraxinus ornus. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Fraxinus ornus Corresponding author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi QR code Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi qar, Iraq Cell: +9647801397994. E mail: [email protected] Please cite this article in press Ali Esmail Al-Snafi., Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Fraxinus Ornus- A Review, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2018; 05(03). w w w . i a j p s . c o m Page 1721 IAJPS 2018, 05 (03), 1721-1727 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 INTRODUCTION: During the last few decades there has been an Fraxinus ornus var. stenocarpa Kárpáti, Fraxinus increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants ornus f. Sublinearis Jovan- Dunj., Fraxinus ornus and their traditional use in different parts of the var. ulmiifoliolata Jovan. -Dunj., Fraxinus world. Many previous reviews revealed the wide paniculata Mill., Fraxinus pseudo-ornus Steud., range of the pharmacological and therapeutic effects Fraxinus rotundifolia var. argentea [Loisel.] of medicinal plants [1-33]. Chemical analysis of Dippel, Fraxinus rotundifolia f. heterophylla Fraxinus ornus revealed the presence of many Lingelsh., Fraxinus rotundifolia f. variegata compounds belonging mainly to the groups of Lingelsh., Fraxinus thrysantha St.-Lag., Ornanthes hydroxycoumarins, secoiridoid glucosides, florida Raf., Ornanthes lutea Raf., Ornanthes phenylethanoids and flavonoids, in addition to mannifera Raf., Ornus cappadocica [Juss. ex Bosc] carbohydrate, trace elements and oils. A.Dietr., Ornus corymbosa Lavallée, Ornus Pharmacological studies showed that Fraxinus ornus europaea Pers., Ornus lanceolata Rouy & Foucaud, possessed antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, Ornus nana Lavallée[34]. antiprotozoal dermatological, antioxidant and many other effects. This review was designed to highlight Common names: the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects Arabic: Shajarat El-mann, American Derdar; of Fraxinus ornus. English: flowering ash, manna, manna ash; French: frêne à fleurs, frêne à manne, orne à manne; Plant profile: German: Blumen-Esche, Manna-Esche; Spanish: Synonyms: fresno de flor, maná de Calabria; Swedish: manna- Fraxinus argentea Loisel., ask[35]. Fraxinus cappadocica Juss. ex Bosc, Fraxinus diversifolia Rochel ex Boiss., Taxonomic classification: Fraxinus florifera Scop., Fraxinus halepensis Steud., Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Viridiplantae, Fraxinus mannifera [Raf.] Steud., Fraxinus mille- Infrakingdom: Streptophyta,Superdivision : lacuum K.Koch, Fraxinus mille-lacuum K. Koch, Embryophyta, Division: Tracheophyta, Subdivision: Fraxinus ornus var. acuminata Kárpáti, Fraxinus Spermatophytina, Class: Magnoliopsida, ornus var. americana Bosc, Superorder: Asteranae, Order: Lamiales, Family: Fraxinus ornus var. americana Bosc, Fraxinus Oleaceae, Genus: Fraxinus, Species: Fraxinus ornus var. angustifolia Ten., ornus[36]. Fraxinus ornus var. argentea [Loisel.] Gren. & Godr., Fraxinus ornus f. argentea [Loisel.] Beissn., Distribution: Fraxinus ornus subsp. argentea [Loisel.] Arcang., It grows wild in the Mediterranean region and south Fraxinus ornus subsp. argentea [Loisel.] Javorka, central Europe, northwards to the south Czech Fraxinus ornus var. danubialis Borbás, Fraxinus Republic and north- eastern Romania [37]. ornus var. diversifolia Rochel, Fraxinus ornus f. emarginata [Kárpáti] Jovan.-Dunj., Fraxinus ornus Description: var. emarginata Kárpáti, Fraxinus ornus Fraxinus ornus is a small to medium sized deciduous var. garganica Ten., tree, growing rarely up to 25 m tall and 1 meter in Fraxinus ornus subsp. garganica [Ten.] Hegi, diameter. The bark is dark grey, usually very smooth Fraxinus ornus f. grandifoliolata Jovan.-Dunj., even in old trees. The buds are grey-brown densely Fraxinus ornus var. juglandifolia Ten., Fraxinus covered by short grey hairs. The foliage is olive- ornus var. latifolia Aiton ex Dippel, green and changes to yellow and deep pink in Fraxinus ornus f. linearis Jovan.-Dunj., Fraxinus autumn. The leaf is compound, 25-30 cm long, odd- ornus subsp. ornus, pinnate, arranged in 5-9 leaflets, obovate, acuminate, Fraxinus ornus var. oxyptera Borbás, Fraxinus serrated, grooved above and pubescent at the joints, ornus var. paniculata [Mill.] Weston, 7-10 cm long. The flowers are abundant and grouped Fraxinus ornus f. platiptera Jovan.-Dunj., in large inflorescences 10-20 cm long; appear in late Fraxinus ornus f. rachilanata Jovan- Dunj., spring at the same time as the leaves. The single Fraxinus ornus var. rotundifolia Ten., Fraxinus narrow flowers are creamy white with four linear ornus subsp. rotundifolia [Ten.] Arcang., Fraxinus petals, 6 mm long. The fruits are 15-25 mm long, ornus subsp. rotundifolia [Ten.] Wesm., slender, green in colour until leaf fall, then brown Fraxinus ornus f. rufescens Heimerl, Fraxinus ornus when ripening in autumn [38-41]. var. Salicifoliolata Jovan- Dunj., Fraxinus ornus var. sanguinea Hausm. ex Lingelsh., w w w . i a j p s . c o m Page 1722 IAJPS 2018, 05 (03), 1721-1727 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 Traditional uses: Secoiridoid glucosides, hydroxyframoside A, Fraxinus ornus bark was used in the traditional hydroxyframoside B, ornoside; secoiridoids medicine for wound healing and treatment of hydroxyornoside, ligstroside, framoside, oleuropein, inflammation, arthritis and dysentery [37]. Bark was the lignan l-hydroxypinoresinol glucoside, tyrosol also used as antimicrobial, antiparasitic and insect derivative [ornosol] and coumarin-secoiridoid repellent[42]. A decoction of the flowers, leaves and [escuside] were isolated as a mixture from the bark of Fraxinus ornus was used to hens in the case ethanolic extract of Fraxinus ornus bark [47-49]. of pediculosis [43]. It was also used as dye plants[44]. Fraxinus ornus was rich in hydroxycoumarins. They occur free or as glucosides. Esculin, esculetin, fraxin The manna of commerce was collected from and fraxetin were the main components of the bark, cultivated trees. The collection of Manna is begun in while coumarins were present in small amounts. The July and August, when the trees have ceased to put highest total contents of coumarins were found during forth leaves freely, a vertical series of oblique the period of fruit ripening: 4.6% in the leaves, 2.7% incisions were made in the bark on alternate sides of in the shoots and in the bark. The leaves and the the trunk. Dry, warm weather was essential for a flowers contain cichoriin as a main component and good crop of the Manna which exudes. The larger esculin, esculetin, fraxin and fraxetin as minor ones. pieces of incrustation those forms, and which were A seasonal variation of esculin, esculetin, fraxin and collected in September and October, when the heat cichoriin in bark, shoots and leaves was observed. has begun to moderate, were known as Flake Manna, Oleoside type secoiridoid glucosides were found in and this was the best. Manna has a peculiar odour and the bark and the leaves. The bark contained a sweetish taste. It was used as laxative. It was a ligstroside, insularoside, hydroxyornoside, nutritive and a gentle tonic, usually operating mildly, oleuropein, framoside, hydroxyframoside A and but in some cases produced flatulence and pain. It hydroxyframoside B. Only ligstroside, insularoside was generally given dissolved in water or some and hydroxyornoside were isolated from the leaves. aromatic infusion, in doses of a teaspoonful up to 1 or Flavonoids apigenin, quercetin, rutin, quercetin 3-O- 2 oz. Usually it was prescribed with other purgatives, galactoside and quercetin 3-O-glucoside were particularly senna, rhubarb, magnesia and the neutral isolated from the leaves. Rhamnetin, quercetin, rutin, salts, the taste of which it conceals while it added to quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O- the purgative effect. Syrups of Manna were prepared digalactoside and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside were with or without other purgatives. The Codex of the obtained from the flowers. Quercetin, quercetin 3-O- British Pharmacopceia contained a Syrup of Manna rhamnoside and quercetin 3-O-galactoside were to be prescribed as a mild laxative for children, in the detected in the bark. Caffeic acid esters identified as proportion of 1 part of Manna to 10 of water[45]. a phenylethanoid glucoside [isolugrandoside], five phenylethanoid glycosides [2-[4-hydroxyphenyl]- Part used medicinally: ethyl-[6-O-caffeoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside, Bark, flowers, leaves and manna [37, 42-45]. calceolarioside B, verbascoside, isoacteoside and lugrandoside] were isolated from Fraxinus ornus Chemical constituents: bark. Calceolarioside was isolated from
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