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QIKIQTANI INUIT ASSOCIATION 2018-2019 ANNUAL REPORT QIKIQTANI INUIT ASSOCIATION ᖁᑦᑎᑦᑑᑉ ᐃᒪᖓ/ ᑐᕙᐃᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ (ᑭᓪᓕᔅᓴᖓ ᓱᓕ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᒃ) High Arctic Basin / Tuvaijuittuq (boundaries to be determined) AUSUITTUQ GRISE FIORD ᑕᓪᓗᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᒪᖓ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ Tallurutiup Imanga QAUSUITTUQ RESOLUTE BAY MITTIMATALIK ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ POND INLET ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ IKPIARJUK ARCTIC BAY ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ KANGIQTUGAAPIK The Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA) is a not-for-profit society, which represents CLYDE RIVER ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ approximately 15,500 Inuit in the Qikiqtani region of Nunavut. The Qikiqtani region includes 13 communities from Grise Fiord, in the High Arctic, down to Sanikiluaq, on QIKIQTARJUAQ the Belcher Islands. QIKIQTARJUAQ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᕐᔪᐊᖅ QIA was established to protect, promote and advance the rights and benefits of Qikiqtani Inuit. It is a Designated Inuit Organization under the Nunavut Agreement. QIA is one of three Regional Inuit Associations affiliated with Nunavut Tunngavik PANNIQTUUQ Inc.; the other associations include the Kitikmeot Inuit Association and the Kivalliq PANGNIRTUNG ᐸᓐᓂᖅᑑᖅ Inuit Association. We work closely with our partners, such as Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami IQALUIT and the Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada, as well as different levels of government, IQALUIT to represent Inuit in the Inuit Nunangat. ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ IGLULIK IGLOOLIK Two other organizations operate under the QIA umbrella: Kakivak Association, ᐃᒡᓗᓕᒃ responsible for community economic development and small businesses; and SANIRAJAK Qikiqtaaluk Corporation, created to manage economic development on behalf of HALL BEACH ᓴᓂᕋᔭᒃ KIMMIRUT QIA. KINNGAIT KIMMIRUT CAPE DORSET ᑭᒻᒥᕈᑦ ᑭᙵᐃᑦ SANIKILUAQ SANIKILUAQ ᓴᓂᑭᓗᐊᖅ ANNUAL REPORT 2018-2019 CONTENTS 6 QIA BOARD OF DIRECTORS 7 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 8 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 10 HIGHLIGHTS OF 2018-2019 14 APOLOGY TO QIKIQTANI INUIT 15 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE QIKIQTANI TRUTH COMMISSION AGREEMENT 16 MAKING HISTORY WITH TALLURUTIUP IMANGA AND TUVAIJUITTUQ 17 TALLURUTIUP IMANGA NAUTTIQSUQTIIT 18 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TALLURUTIUP IMANGA AND TUVAIJUITTUQ AGREEMENTS 20 THE RENEGOTIATED MARY RIVER IIBA 21 Q-STEP AND TUTTARVIK 22 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE QIA NEGOTIATED MARY RIVER IIBA 24 ASSESSMENT OF OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES IN BAFFIN BAY AND DAVIS STRAIT 25 POND INLET COMMUNITY-BASED MONITORING PROJECT 26 QIA’S DAYCARE SUBSIDY 26 EARLY CHILDHOOD LEARNING RESOURCES 27 IPITIKI PROGRAM - DAYCARE MANAGERS’ CONFERENCE 28 PIGIARUTITTIAVAIT PROGRAM 28 INUKTITUT LANGUAGE MONTH 28 WORD OF THE DAY PROJECT 29 QIA’S POST-SECONDARY SCHOLARSHIPS 30 ILAGIIKTUNUT NUNALINNULLU PIVALLIAJUTISAIT KIINAUJAT 32 QIKIQTANI CULTURAL ACTIVITIES PROGRAM 33 GRANTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS 34 KAKIVAK ASSOCIATION 2018-19 ACTIVITY REPORT 36 HIGHLIGHTS OF QC 2018-19 ACTIVITY REPORT 38 QIA’S FINANCIAL SUMMARY 43 BUDGET 2019-2020 44 QIA’S REVENUE POLICY 6 2018-2019 Annual Report Qikiqtani Inuit Association Qikiqtani Inuit Association 2018-2019 Annual Report 7 QIA BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE It’s been a historic year for the Qikiqtani Inuit Association. This past summer we announced the completion of the Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area and P.J. Akeeagok Olayuk Akesuk Joe Attagutaluk President Vice-President Secretary-Treasurer interim protection for Tuvaijuittuq Marine Protected Area. These announcements are the culmination of decades of work by visionary Inuit leaders. Liza Ningiuk Tommy Akavak Levi Barnabas Member at Large Member at Large Member at Large Through the Tallurutiup Imanga Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreement and the Tuvaijuittuq agreements we secured over $251 million in benefits and investments for Qikiqtani Inuit, particularly those in the High Arctic. The work we have done creates a new blueprint for Inuit-led conservation efforts that not only helps to preserve our COMMUNITY DIRECTORS land and waters but also provides investments in our communities, and opportunities for our people. Mike Jaypoody Abraham Qammaniq Mathew S. Jaw Another announcement this past summer was the long-awaited acknowledgement and apology related to the findings Clyde River Hall Beach Cape Dorset of the Qikiqtani Truth Commission. Steven Polee Lucassie Peter Evvik Charlie Inuarak Iqaluit Pangnirtung Pond Inlet Through this work, we have gained a $15 million investment towards QIA’s Legacy Fund and $5 million for the immediate implementation of programs that help Qikiqtani Harry Alookie Moses Appaqaq Inuit heal, learn about our past and revitalize our culture. Qikiqtarjuaq Sanikiluaq This past fall QIA renegotiated the Mary River Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreement Paul Amagoalik Johnny Malaiya Kublu with Baffinland. Through this negotiation we gained new benefits for Inuit such as Resolute Bay Igloolik a $10 million commitment from Baffinland towards a regional training centre in Pond Inlet. This year also marked the first year of implementing our new Benefits Fund Programs. These include the Qikiqtani Cultural Activities Program (QCAP), our daycare subsidy and resources, as well as our Ipitiki program, funded through the Makigiaqta Inuit Training Corporation which offers Qikiqtani Inuit Inuktitut family literacy packages. Looking back at our achievements confirms that 2018- 19 has been an exceptional year for QIA. I am grateful to all the staff and board members who have been working alongside me on these initiatives. I am now eager to start implementing the projects and initiatives we have secured funding for. 8 2018-2019 Annual Report Qikiqtani Inuit Association Qikiqtani Inuit Association 2018-2019 Annual Report 9 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Executive Assistant to the President Community Liaison Coordinator Community Liaison Officers (13) Special Advisor to the President (2) Information Technology Coordinator Records Clerk Assistant Executive Director Director of Administration Translators (2) Receptionists Executive Management Administrative Support Community Coordinator Mary River IIBA Manager Inuit Engagement Specialist IIBA Administration Officer Qikiqtani Inuit Senior Manager of Major Projects Department Manager Regulatory Manager Environmental Monitors (2) Q-STEP Project Coordinator Board of Directors Q-STEP Program Manager Administrator/Data Recorder GIS and Lands Inspector Executive Committee (6) Lands and Resources Officer Department of Lands Manager GIS Trainee President Environmental Assessment Coordinator Director of Lands Community Engagement Coordinator Executive Director Environmental and Regulatory Affairs Advisor Implementation Manager Implementation Coordinator Senior Finance Analyst Senior Finance Clerk Director of Finance Compensation and Benefits Clerk Accounts Payable Clerk Program Manager Project Coordinators (2) Community Development Coordinator Director of Social Policy Senior Policy Analyst Qikiqtani Truth Commission Coordinator Youth Program Coordinator Director of Communications Communications Officer General Council Human Resources Manager Nauttiqsuqtiit Coordinator Chief Negotiator Tallurutiup Imanga Project Manager Nauttiqsuqtiit Manager Nauttiqsuqtiit Leader Chief Negotiator Mary River Project Nauttiqsuqtiit/Inuit Stewards (3) 10 2018-2019 Annual Report Qikiqtani Inuit Association Qikiqtani Inuit Association 2018-2019 Annual Report 11 HIGHLIGHTS OF 2018-2019 News 9 October, 2018 – 12:45 pm EDT Improved Mary River benefi ts deal will deliver more to Inuit, QIA says Amended agreement provides $10-million for Pond Inlet training centre QIA releases Action on the By BETH BROWN Qikqitani Truth Commission QIA and the Government report. of Canada reach an Agreement in Principle QIA celebrates third annual on the Tallurutiup Imanga Inuktitut language month. Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreement. QIA releases Tusarassat ᒫᓐᓇ ᖃᓄᖅᑑᕆᐊᖃᓕᕐᓂᕗᑦ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᓂ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ Winter 2019 newsletter. ᑭᓪᓕᓯᓂᐊᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ QIA and Baffinland sign ACTION ON THE the amended Mary River QIKIQTANI TRUTH QIA hosts first Qikiqtani FOOD SOVEREIGNTY Inuit Impact and Benefit COMMISSION daycare managers’ AND HARVESTING Agreement. conference. OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH WINTER 2019 11 Stronger Together: An Arctic and Northern Policy Framework for Canada Qikiqtani Inuit Association QIA releases QIA conducts a tour QIA holds an election and SUPPORTING HARVESTERS FEEDS NUNAVUT of the five Mary River President P.J. Akeeagok ᑐᓴᕋᔅᓴᑦ Uqausirisimajavut: What we THIS MEANS TUSARASSAT impacted communities to is reelected for a second have said. The Inuit view of NUNAVUT’S POPULATION MORE FOOD IS NEEDED IF WE INVEST IN TRAINING IS GROWING WHICH COSTS MORE AND WAGES FOR MONEY HARVESTING JOBS AND FUND HARVESTERS FOR share information on the term. EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES. how oil and gas development THIS MEANS MORE TIME ON BUILDING HARVESTING could impact our lives THE LAND SKILLS AND PASSING amended Inuit Impact and DOWN TRADITIONS summary report. THIS Benefit Agreement. MEANS President Akeeagok - President’s another four years! message SUCCESSFUL HARVESTS AND MORE COUNTRY FOOD TO SHARE On November 2, 2018, P.J. Akeeagok was acclaimed, for a I am humbled that Qikiqtani Inuit have once again entrusted second term, as QIA’s President. The acclamati on is a strong me with the responsibility to represent them and their signal that Qikiqtani Inuit support Akeeagok’s leadership in interests. During the past four years at QIA, I have been able advancing, protecti ng and promoti ng Inuit rights and values. to implement numerous projects that have directly benefi tt ed QIA releases Food Sovereignty Akeeagok celebrated this swearing-in ceremony with friends, Inuit. QIA conducts a tour family and community members in his hometown
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    The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line: A Bibliography and Documentary Resource List Prepared for the Arctic Institute of North America By: P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Ph.D. Matthew J. Farish, Ph.D. Jennifer Arthur-Lackenbauer, M.Sc. October 2005 © 2005 The Arctic Institute of North America ISBN 1-894788-01-X The DEW Line: Bibliography and Documentary Resource List 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PREFACE 2 2.0 BACKGROUND DOCUMENTS 3 2.1 Exchange of Notes (May 5, 1955) Between Canada and the United States Of America Governing the Establishment of a Distant Early Warning System in Canadian Territory.......................................................................................................... 3 2.2 The DEW Line Story in Brief (Western Electric Corporation, c.1960) ……………… 9 2.3 List of DEW Line Sites ……………………………………….…………………….... 16 3.0 ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS 23 3.1 Rt. Hon. John George Diefenbaker Centre ……………………………………….…... 23 3.2 Library and Archives Canada …………………………………….…………………... 26 3.3 Department of National Defence, Directorate of History and Heritage ………………. 46 3.4 NWT Archives Council, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre ……………….... 63 3.5 Yukon Territorial Archives, Whitehorse, YT ………………………………………… 79 3.6 Hudson Bay Company Archives ……………………………………………………... 88 3.7 Archives in the United States ……………………………………………………….… 89 4.0 PUBLISHED SOURCES 90 4.1 The Globe and Mail …………………………………………………………………………… 90 4.2 The Financial Post ………………………………………………………………………….…. 99 4.3 Other Print Media …………………………………………………………………..… 99 4.4 Contemporary Journal Articles ……………………………………………………..… 100 4.5 Government Publications …………………………………………………………….. 101 4.6 Corporate Histories ………………………………………………………………...... 103 4.7 Professional Journal Articles ………………………………………………………..… 104 4.8 Books ………………………………………………………………………………..… 106 4.9 Scholarly and Popular Articles ………………………………………………….……. 113 4.10 Environmental Issues and Cleanup: Technical Reports and Articles …………….…. 117 5.0 OTHER SOURCES 120 5.1 Theses and Dissertations ……………………………………………………………...
  • Arctic Surveillance Civilian Commercial Aerial Surveillance Options for the Arctic

    Arctic Surveillance Civilian Commercial Aerial Surveillance Options for the Arctic

    Arctic Surveillance Civilian Commercial Aerial Surveillance Options for the Arctic Dan Brookes DRDC Ottawa Derek F. Scott VP Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd (PAL) Pip Rudkin UAV Operations Manager PAL Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd Defence R&D Canada – Ottawa Technical Report DRDC Ottawa TR 2013-142 November 2013 Arctic Surveillance Civilian Commercial Aerial Surveillance Options for the Arctic Dan Brookes DRDC Ottawa Derek F. Scott VP Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd (PAL) Pip Rudkin UAV Operations Manager PAL Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd Defence R&D Canada – Ottawa Technical Report DRDC Ottawa TR 2013-142 November 2013 Principal Author Original signed by Dan Brookes Dan Brookes Defence Scienist Approved by Original signed by Caroline Wilcox Caroline Wilcox Head, Space and ISR Applications Section Approved for release by Original signed by Chris McMillan Chris McMillan Chair, Document Review Panel This work was originally sponsored by ARP project 11HI01-Options for Northern Surveillance, and completed under the Northern Watch TDP project 15EJ01 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2013 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2013 Preface This report grew out of a study that was originally commissioned by DRDC with Provincial Aerospace Ltd (PAL) in early 2007. With the assistance of PAL’s experience and expertise, the aim was to explore the feasibility, logistics and costs of providing surveillance and reconnaissance (SR) capabilities in the Arctic using private commercial sources.
  • Qikiqtani Region Arctic Ocean

    Qikiqtani Region Arctic Ocean

    OVERVIEW 2017 NUNAVUT MINERAL EXPLORATION, MINING & GEOSCIENCE QIKIQTANI REGION ARCTIC OCEAN OCÉAN ARCTIQUE LEGEND Commodity (Number of Properties) Base Metals, Active (2) Mine, Active (1) Diamonds, Active (2) Quttinirpaaq NP Sanikiluaq Mine, Inactive (2) Gold, Active (1) Areas with Surface and/or Subsurface Restrictions 10 CPMA Caribou Protection Measures Apply ISLANDS Belcher MBS Migratory Bird Sanctuary NP National Park Nares Strait Islands NWA National Wildlife Area - ÉLISABETH Nansen TP Territorial Park WP Wildlife Preserve WS Wildlife Sanctuary Sound ELLESMERE ELIZABETHREINE ISLAND Inuit Owned Lands (Fee simple title) Kane Surface Only LA Agassiz Basin Surface and Subsurface Ice Cap QUEEN Geological Mapping Programs Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office ÎLES DE Kalaallit Nunaat Boundaries Peary Channel Müller GREENLAND/GROENLAND NLCA1 Nunavut Settlement Area Ice CapAXEL Nunavut Regions HEIBERG ÎLE (DENMARK/DANEMARK) NILCA 2 Nunavik Settlement Area ISLAND James Bay WP Provincial / Territorial D'ELLESMERE James Bay Transportation Routes Massey Sound Twin Islands WS Milne Inlet Tote Road / Proposed Rail Line Hassel Sound Prince of Wales Proposed Steensby Inlet Rail Line Prince Ellef Ringnes Icefield Gustaf Adolf Amund Meliadine Road Island Proposed Nunavut to Manitoba Road Sea Ringnes Eureka Sound Akimiski 1 Akimiski I. NLCA The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Island Island MBS 2 NILCA The Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement Norwegian Bay Baie James Boatswain Bay MBS ISLANDSHazen Strait Belcher Channel Byam Martin Channel Penny S Grise Fiord
  • Cultural Heritage Resources Report

    Cultural Heritage Resources Report

    NTI IIBA for Phase I Draft: Conservation Cultural Heritage Areas Resources Report Cultural Heritage Area: Akpait and and Interpretative Qaqulluit National Wildlife Materials Study Areas Prepared for Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. 1 May 2011 This report is part of a set of studies and a database produced for Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. as part of the project: NTI IIBA for Conservation Areas, Cultural Resources Inventory and Interpretative Materials Study Inquiries concerning this project and the report should be addressed to: David Kunuk Director of Implementation Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. 3rd Floor, Igluvut Bldg. P.O. Box 638 Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0 E: [email protected] T: (867) 975‐4900 Project Manager, Consulting Team: Julie Harris Contentworks Inc. 137 Second Avenue, Suite 1 Ottawa, ON K1S 2H4 Tel: (613) 730‐4059 Email: [email protected] Report Authors: Philip Goldring, Consultant: Historian and Heritage/Place Names Specialist Julie Harris, Contentworks Inc.: Heritage Specialist and Historian Nicole Brandon, Consultant: Archaeologist Note on Place Names: The current official names of places are used here except in direct quotations from historical documents. Throughout the document “Qikiqtarjuaq” refers to the settlement established in the 1950s and previously known as Broughton Island. Except when used in a direct quotation, the term “Broughton Island” in the report refers to the geographic feature (the island) on which the community of Qikiqtarjuaq is located. Names of places that do not have official names will appear as they are found in
  • Puvalluqatatiluta, When We Had Tuberculosis

    Puvalluqatatiluta, When We Had Tuberculosis

    PUVALUQATATILUTA, WHEN WE HAD TUBERCULOSIS PUVALUQATATILUTA, WHEN WE HAD TUBERCULOSIS: ST. LUKE'S MISSION HOSPITAL AND THE INUIT OF THE CUMBERLAND SOUND REGION, 1930–1972 By E. EMILY S. COWALL, DHMSA, M.Sc. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by E. Emily S. Cowall, November 2011 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2011) McMaster University (Anthropology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Puvaluqatatiluta, When We Had Tuberculosis: St. Luke's Mission Hospital and the Inuit of the Cumberland Sound Region, 1930–1972 AUTHOR: E. Emily S. Cowall, DHMSA (Society of Apothecaries), M.Sc. (University of Edinburgh) SUPERVISOR: Professor D. Ann Herring NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 183 ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the history of Church- and State-mediated tuberculosis treatment for Inuit of the Cumberland Sound region from 1930 to 1972. Pangnirtung’s St. Luke’s Mission Hospital sits at the centre of this discussion and at the nexus of archival evidence and regional Inuit knowledge about tuberculosis. Triangulating information gained from fieldwork, archives, and a community-based photograph naming project, this study brings together the perspectives of Inuit hospital workers, nurses, doctors, and patients, as well as of Government and Anglican-Church officials, during the tuberculosis era in the Cumberland Sound. The study arose from conversations with Inuit in Pangnirtung, who wondered why they were sent to southern sanatoria in the 1950s for tuberculosis treatment, when the local hospital had been providing treatment for decades. Canadian Government policy changes, beginning in the 1940s, changed the way healthcare was delivered in the region. The Pangnirtung Photograph Naming Project linked photos of Inuit patients sent to the Hamilton Mountain Sanatorium to day-book records of St.
  • Canada's Arctic Marine Atlas

    Canada's Arctic Marine Atlas

    Lincoln Sea Hall Basin MARINE ATLAS ARCTIC CANADA’S GREENLAND Ellesmere Island Kane Basin Nares Strait N nd ansen Sou s d Axel n Sve Heiberg rdr a up Island l Ch ann North CANADA’S s el I Pea Water ry Ch a h nnel Massey t Sou Baffin e Amund nd ISR Boundary b Ringnes Bay Ellef Norwegian Coburg Island Grise Fiord a Ringnes Bay Island ARCTIC MARINE z Island EEZ Boundary Prince i Borden ARCTIC l Island Gustaf E Adolf Sea Maclea Jones n Str OCEAN n ait Sound ATLANTIC e Mackenzie Pe Ball nn antyn King Island y S e trait e S u trait it Devon Wel ATLAS Stra OCEAN Q Prince l Island Clyde River Queens in Bylot Patrick Hazen Byam gt Channel o Island Martin n Island Ch tr. Channel an Pond Inlet S Bathurst nel Qikiqtarjuaq liam A Island Eclipse ust Lancaster Sound in Cornwallis Sound Hecla Ch Fitzwil Island and an Griper nel ait Bay r Resolute t Melville Barrow Strait Arctic Bay S et P l Island r i Kel l n e c n e n Somerset Pangnirtung EEZ Boundary a R M'Clure Strait h Island e C g Baffin Island Brodeur y e r r n Peninsula t a P I Cumberland n Peel Sound l e Sound Viscount Stefansson t Melville Island Sound Prince Labrador of Wales Igloolik Prince Sea it Island Charles ra Hadley Bay Banks St s Island le a Island W Hall Beach f Beaufort o M'Clintock Gulf of Iqaluit e c n Frobisher Bay i Channel Resolution r Boothia Boothia Sea P Island Sachs Franklin Peninsula Committee Foxe Harbour Strait Bay Melville Peninsula Basin Kimmirut Taloyoak N UNAT Minto Inlet Victoria SIA VUT Makkovik Ulukhaktok Kugaaruk Foxe Island Hopedale Liverpool Amundsen Victoria King
  • An Overview of the Hudson Bay Marine Ecosystem

    An Overview of the Hudson Bay Marine Ecosystem

    10–1 10.0 BIRDS Chapter Contents 10.1 F. GAVIIDAE: Loons .............................................................................................................................................10–2 10.2 F. PODICIPEDIDAE: Grebes ................................................................................................................................10–3 10.3 F. PROCELLARIIDAE: Fulmars...........................................................................................................................10–3 10.4 F. HYDROBATIDAE: Storm-petrels......................................................................................................................10–3 10.5 F. PELECANIDAE: Pelicans .................................................................................................................................10–3 10.6 F. SULIDAE: Gannets ...........................................................................................................................................10–4 10.7 F. PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants............................................................................................................10–4 10.8 F. ARDEIDAE: Herons and Bitterns......................................................................................................................10–4 10.9 F. ANATIDAE: Geese, Swans, and Ducks ...........................................................................................................10–4 10.9.1 Geese............................................................................................................................................................10–5