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Out of the Darkness Into Light": a Critical Evaluation of Scottish Prison Reorganisation for Long Term Imprisonment 1988 to the Present

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Out of the Darkness Into Light Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs "Out of the darkness into light": A Critical Evaluation Of Scottish Prison Reorganisation For Long Term Imprisonment 1988 To The Present Thesis How to cite: Chadwick, Kathryn Elizabeth (1996). "Out of the darkness into light": A Critical Evaluation Of Scottish Prison Reorganisation For Long Term Imprisonment 1988 To The Present. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1996 The Author Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.000049b2 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk “OUT OF THE DARKNESS INTO LIGHT”: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF SCOTTISH PRISON REORGANISATION FOR LONG TERM IMPRISONMENT 1988 TO THE PRESENT. KATHRYN ELIZABETH CHADWICK. BA. Ph.D. (Criminology, Social Policy) April 1996. “Out of the Darkness Into Light”: A Critical Evaluation Of Scottish Prison Reorganisation for Long Term Imprisonment 1988 To The Present. Kathryn Chadwick. BA Ph.D (Criminology, Social Policy) April 1996. ABSTRACT: During the mid 1980s official accounts stated that the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) was experiencing an unprecedented ‘crisis’ which primarily concerned: overcrowding, poor conditions, serious disorder and prisoner unrest, low staff morale and consequently loss of public confidence in the ability of the SPS to manage prisons effectively. Added pressure was placed on the SPS by a substantial increase in sentenced short term offenders together with an increase in long termers and a commitment in the courts to longer sentences. Although the ‘crisis’ in Scottish prisons emerged on a range of levels, producing one of the most bitter penal controversies in Europe, the SPS identified long term adult male imprisonment as fbndamental to its problems and central to its programme of reform. Once it became evident that the SPS had ‘lost control’ of its main male prisons, a period of evaluation and self appraisal was initiated. This research examines the manifestations of the ‘crisis’ and considers the response of the SPS, outlining and evaluating the subsequent policy changes and new initiatives adopted to alleviate the ‘crisis’ The theoretical framework of this study is derived specifically in critical analysis within criminology, which prioritises the significance of the structural relations of production and distribution, reproduction and patriarchy, and neo colonialism, as primary determining contexts, within which the inter-relationships and mutual dependencies of structural forms of oppression can be considered. In examining the relationship between the law, crime, punishment and the state, the politics of marginalisation and the processes of criminalisation are prioritised. Within this context, the means through which imprisonment is conceived and legitimated and the implications of a growing authoritarianism are discussed. This study focuses on the dynamics of long term male imprisonment in Scottish prisons. The views and experiences of long term male prisoners are contrasted with those of senior management, Governors and prison staff in order to understand the ‘crisis’, and ascertain the impact of policy changes and new initiatives on both the Prison Service and the experiences of men serving long sentences in Scotland’s prisons. The research places official discourse, which incorporates the ‘view from above’, alongside the views of those individuals whose experiences provide essential testimony concerning the daily reality of operational policy on regimes. CONTENTS Acknowledgements Introduction. 1-13 PART ONE. 14-135 Chapter One. The Historical Development of British Prisons. 16-71 Chapter Two. ‘The Power To Punish’: The State, Punishment And Legitimacy. 72-135 PART TWO. 136-234 Chapter Three. Scotland’s Prisons: Crisis Or Malaise? 139-173 Chapter Four. Oficial Discourse Versus Alternative Accounts: Understanding The Malaise Throughout The Scottish Prison Service. 174-213 Chapter Five. Viewing The Destabilisation Of Scottish Prisons: Reflections On The 1980s. 214-234 PART THREE. 235-394 Chapter Six. From Policy To Practice: The Response Of The Scottish Prison Service 238-271 Chapter Seven. The Contemporary Experience Of Long Term Imprisonment In Scotland. 278-3 15 Chapter Eight. Change Throughout The Scottish Prison Service. 316-360 Conclusion 361-394 Footnotes 395-397 Appendix One. 398-426 Appendix Two 427-436 Bibliography. 437-462 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Researching and writing this thesis has been a lengthy process. Throughout the years many people have influenced the direction of the work and provided considerable personal and academic support and help. To those colleagues at work, past and present, who have shared ideas and taken on more than their fair share of the load in order for me to complete this work I am most grateful. I would particularly like to thank Linda Moore, Margaret Malloch, Ann Jemphrey, Alan Morton and all members of the Advanced Research Group at the Centre for Studies in Crime and Social Justice. Also, past and present undergraduate and post graduate students, who have shown considerable interest in the project. Over the years I have received considerable support from members of INQUEST and the European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control. I am particularly indebted to staff at SPS Headquarters, Research Unit and Library who provided invaluable sources. The project would not have been possible without the staff of the SPS who spoke to me openly and honestly, but most importantly, the prisoners who placed in me their trust and shared what were at times painful experiences. Many thanks to Louise, Susan and Lynne MacFarlane for typing chapters. Particular thanks to Barbara Houghton for typing and being a constant support throughout the duration of the thesis and to Pauline Martland for typing and giving up her personal time to put the final draft together. Thanks to Gordon Dean, Seema and Jenna Patel for keeping my spirits high. My close friends Vicki Coppock, Ingrid Hall and Deena Haydon have provided considerable support over the years and learnt to live with the burden of an ongoing Ph.D. Hopefully we can now start to have some fun! The project has been influenced considerably by my colleague, great friend and supervisor, Phil Scraton who has been an immense support, not only in the development of this work but also throughout my career. We have shared the highs and lows of prison research over a number of years. I am greatly indebted to his supervisory skills and the considerable time, effort and wisdom that he has offered. I would also like to thank John Clarke for providing invaluable material and support throughout the latter stages of the project. Finally this thesis would never have been completed without some very special people. My Mum, Dad, David, Andrew, Joan and Mahesh have always had faith in me and have typed, transcribed tapes, proof read and forsaken many things for this research project to be completed. I thank them for their love, support, care, concern and practical help. Most importantly, I would like to thank Mahesh for being there for me all the time and for ‘putting up with me’, particularly throughout the most stressful periods of the research. Hopefully we can now begin to enjoy a life together. INTRODUCTION 1 By intention and design prisons and their prisoners are hidden from public view. Yet, imprisonment, outside the direct experience of most people, is constantly in the news, the focus of public and political debate over crime, disorder and criminal justice policy. It is extraordinary that in a society which confines more people to prison and for longer periods of time, than any comparable European state, the persistent myth is one of prisons as a ‘soft option’. Undoubtedly this has been fed by media sitcoms such as ‘Pomdge’ and by reactionary political opinion which retains a long - discredited belief in the deterrent potential of severe regimes. It is precisely because of their invisibility that prisons can be so misrepresented. Even serious media coverage of prisons and imprisonment rely heavily on official sources for news and information. Inevitably, state agencies are administered in the context of professional ideologies and agendas (Cohen, 1985). The pre-eminence of official discourse mitigates against the experiences, views and voices of those confined becoming part of the public debate. This does not happen by chance and, as Foucault (1977) indicates, the processes by which certain information, or knowledge, is disqualified historically have been essential to penal policy and practice. Also central to the perception and portrayal of imprisonment is the long-standing representation of a system in ‘crisis’. On the one hand is the portrayal of ‘weak’ regimes lacking in control, discipline and security. On the other, is the portrayal of ‘harsh’ regimes, over-committed to punishment and brutality at the expense of reform, 2 rehabilitation and humane containment. Manifestations of the ‘crisis’ also include: an ever-increasing prison population resulting in serious overcrowding; out-dated prisons, poor physical conditions and unacceptable sanitation; low staff morale; prisoner protest and unrest. With sensationalised media coverage of selected, dramatic
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