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Advances in Cricket in the 21St Century: Science, Performance and Technology

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Advances in Cricket in the 21St Century: Science, Performance and Technology African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Volume 21(4:2), December 2015, pp. 1310-1320. Advances in cricket in the 21st century: Science, performance and technology M.H. NOORBHAI1 AND T.D. NOAKES2 1Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Business, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa; E-mail: [email protected] 2Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (Received: 01 July 2015; Revision Accepted: 29 October 2015) Abstract Cricket has a known history spanning from the 16thcentury till present, with international matches having been played since 1844. The game of cricket arrived in Australia as early as colonisation began in 1788. Cricketers started playing on turf wickets in the late 1800’s but the dimensions only became available later for both the boundary and pitch. As the years evolved, performances, batting, cricket gear, equipment, technology, playing surfaces and the three formats of the game gradually adapted to the laws of cricket. In addition, cricket bats were adapted to the playing conditions and the evolving laws of cricket. In modern cricket, the bats are bigger and stronger than those used in the earlier eras. Boundaries are also currently smaller which provides batsmen with an added advantage of scoring runs easily and at a rapid rate. Considerable research has also shown the range of evolvements in the cricket sciences. As the demand of players’ contracts increase, the commitment and performance levels from players also increase which might also place players at an increased risk for injury. Technology has emerged and has been used to assist players to improve their performances as well as ways to prevent injuries. Based on these interventions, technology and innovative approaches have also shown to have both advantages and disadvantages of the game. The relevant questions to ask is: how far have we really advanced in the cricketing world? Have all facets since the game’s inception become institutionalized to a business model? Legislations, ethical considerations and education are needed in order to ensure that there is an equilibrium of effective transitions and management not only for players, but also for the credibility of this beautiful game. Keywords: Cricket, science, performance, technology, batting, backlift. How to cite this article: Noorbhai, M.H. & Noakes, T.D. (2015). Advances in cricket in the 21st century: Science, performance and technology. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 21(4:2), 1310-1320. Introduction Cricket has a known history spanning from the 16thcentury, with international matches being played since 1844, although the official history of International Test cricketonly began in 1877 (Altham, 1962). During the late 1800’s, the game developed in England into a sport which is now played professionally in most of the Commonwealth countries (Altham, 1962). The game was first introduced to Advances in Cricket 1311 North America via the English colonies in the 17thcentury (Birley, 1999) even before it had reached the north of England. It then reached Australia in 1788 followed by the West Indies and India by the first half of the 18thcentury (Birley, 1999; Bowen, 1970). The game of cricket finally arrived in Australia as soon as colonisation began in 1788 (Bowen, 1970). Cricket continued between the 16th and 20th century where the game was a common sport played for passion and pure enjoyment. Cricket administrators of the Georgian Age had seen the game primarily as part of the entertainment industry and was aggressively sold and introduced to the market (Box, 1868). The game continued for many years to treat itself as a sport format and was long regarded as national symbols and community enterprises rather than an industry (Box, 1868). At the same time, industries began to observe potential global opportunities through diversified business ventures in the game (as well as in other sports played globally). Subsequently, cricket became a career not only for players, but also for administrators, coaches, the media, health professionals, managers and the corporate world (Easton, 1996). There still however exists a clear distinction between amateur (those who regard cricket as just a sport) and professional (those who participate for entertainment and financial reasons) cricket (Sandiford, 1985). During the late 1900’s, the shorter version of the game (twenty-twenty (T20)) was introduced in order to attract crowds to stadiums. In addition, branding was also introduced which would create a sustained nature to this format of the game through television viewing and broadcasting rights (Easton, 1996). One could argue that this venture was merely for business purposes only or it could have been capitalised as a platform for the enhancement and performance of cricketers. Evolution of Cricket Bats The cricket bat has evolved as the game has changed (Harte, 1993). The straight bat was introduced in response to the pitched delivery but the original "hockey stick" style of bat was only effective against the ball being “trundled” or rolled along the ground (Box, 1868) (Figure 1). With time, cricket bats were adapted to the playing conditions and the evolving laws of cricket (Shillinglaw & Hale, 2008). The evolution of the bat design begins from the left (1729) and ends to the right of Figure 2 (1930). This figure displays the early curved bat in 1729 followed by the curved bat in 1750 and the early straight bat in 1774. Further to the right, there is a bat known as the ‘Little Joey’ in 1792 followed by the ‘E. Bagot Skyscraper' in 1793 and the ‘Fuller Pilchs’ bat in 1835. One can notice the great WG Grace’s bat (1901) to the left of Jack Hobbs bat (1930) which is towards the right end of the below figure (Barty-King, 1979). As seen in the figure below, the first bats made were more effective when the ball was rolled on the ground and not when the ball was thrown in the air. The game changed when 1312 Noorbhai and Noakes the ball was thrown and therefore as the bats evolved, it became more advantageous for hitting the ball more effectively. Figure 1: The evolution of bats used between 1720 and 1930 (Adapted from the History of Cricket Bats: http://en.wikipedia.org/) Cricket Technology and Innovation Cricket research would not be the same without the assistance and importance of technology and innovative approaches. Technology can assist us in various ways; however one needs to be careful of how it is used. There has been many technological evolutions in the game such as Hawk-eye for seeing whether the ball has been hit by the batsman or used for leg before wicket (lbw), lighted wickets for ensuring accurate run outs, Snicko used to see whether the bat has hit the ball before it proceeds towards the wicket-keeper or slip cordon and Duckworth Lewis Stern (DLS) used to calculate match totals in the event of unfavourable weather (Technology in Cricket, 2012; Introducing Duckworth Lewis Stern Method, 2015). A key question here is: has technology made umpires, coaches and players think less or has technology assisted us in the analysis of players and for match preparations? One could argue that although it has interrupted the once upon a time called spirit of the game, it has also assisted in making on and off-field decisions more accurate and convenient. It would therefore prove interesting to see how past cricketers, particularly batsmen, would have benefited or progressed with current technology, playing surfaces, resources and equipment that are currently made available to modern cricketers. Cricketers time away from home Due to the rapid evolvement of the game, modern cricketers in the 21st century are faced with many overwhelming commitments. One of these commitments is playing cricket for 11 months in a year, which equates to more than 250 days Advances in Cricket 1313 away from their families (Baum & Butler, 2014; Pearce, 2014). Therefore, as the demand of players’ contracts increase, the commitment and performance levels from players also increase which might also place players at an increased risk for injury. Modern Performance and Science in Cricket At present, the game of cricket has been significantly enhanced by improving performances and administering injury prevention frameworks among cricket players from the use of technology, sports sciences and other mechanisms. Unfortunately, these were not available during the earlier years of cricket and it would prove interesting to witness how the great names of the game, such as Sir Donald Bradman would have benefited from such developments. Bowling Considerable amounts of research have shown the range of evolvements in the cricket sciences. Examples of such evolvements include bowling techniques as studied by Ferdinand, Kerstig and Marshall (2010) which suggest that a large proportion of fast bowlers may be at a higher risk of lumbar injury from the use of the mixed-action bowling technique. The authors indicated that it is advisable to recommend the semi-open action as an alternative to the front-on action bowling technique. It was also indicated that the adopted angle convention is more practical than previous conventions for bowling action classifications (Ferdinand et al., 2010) (Table 1). Table 1: A description showing the anatomical positions and classifications of bowling actions Bowling Technique Position of chest Position of hips Position of feet Front-on Front/Anterior Front/Anterior Front/Anetrior Side-on Closed/Lateral Closed/Lateral Side-on/Lateral Mixed Anterior OR Lateral Anterior OR Lateral Anterolateral Currently, Biomechanists and Cricket Scientists have classified the bowling action techniques as mentioned above into more than several types of actions which poses a challenge for modern-day coaches to translate what exactly should be prescribed for bowlers.
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