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Chapter One Gender and Imperial Sport Notes Chapter One Gender and Imperial Sport 1. John Nauright,“Colonial Manhood and Imperial Race Virility: British Responses to Post-Boer War Colonial Rugby Tours,” in John Nauright and Timothy J.L. Chandler, eds., Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity (London: Frank Cass, 1996), 121–39. 2. For a discussion of the Games Revolution, see Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School:The Emergence and Consolidation of an Educational Ideology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 3. Edward Said discusses the process of interplay between the culture of colonial metropoles and subject peoples in Culture and Imperialism (New York:Vintage Books, 1993). 4. Allen Guttmann, Women’s Sports:A History (New York:Columbia University Press, 1991), 71–78. 5. Kathleen E. McCrone, Playing the Game: Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women, 1870–1914 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988), 7–18, 192–95. For an American comparison, see Susan K. Cahn, Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport (New York:The Free Press, 1994), 7–30. 6. Alan R. Haig-Brown,“Women and Sport,” Baily’s Magazine, lxxxiii: 539 (January 1905), 25. 7. Clifford Geertz, Myth, Symbol, and Culture (New York:W.W.Norton, 1971), 23–29. 8. J.A. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); idem, Pleasure, Profit, Proselytism: British Culture and Sport at Home and Abroad 1700–1914 (London: Frank Cass, 1988); idem, ed., “Benefits bestowed?” Education and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988). 9. Paul Dimeo and James Mills, eds., Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora (London: Frank Cass, 2001), 1–15. 10. Jean-Marie Brohm, Sport:A Prison of Measured Time (London: Ink Lins, 1978). 11. Cheryl L. Cole,“Resisting the Canon: Feminist Cultural Studies, Sport and Technologies of the Body, ” in Susan Birrell and Cheryl L. Cole, Women, Sport, and Culture (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994), 5–29. Although Foucault does not address modern sport per se, for his theories of panopticism, see Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 195–228. 12. John Hargreaves, “Sport and Hegemony: Some Theoretical Problems” in Cantelon, Hart, and Richard Grueau, eds., Sport, Culture and the Modern State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1982), 104–05. I use the term “dialectical” here in the Marxian connotation as described by Raymond Williams; he writes that the Marxian sense of “dialectic” was used to indicate:“a pro- gressive unification through the contradiction of opposites.” Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York:Oxford University Press, 1983), 107. 13. Jim Bullock,O.B.E.,Bowers Row:Recollections of a Mining Village (London:EP Publishing,1976),74–77. 14. For some detailed regional studies which illustrate this general process, see Martin Johnes, Soccer and Society: South Wales, 1900–1939 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002); Tony Collins, Rugby’s Great Split: Class, Culture and the Origins of Rugby League Football (London: Frank Cass, 1998); Grant Jarvie and John Burnett, eds., Sport, Scotland and the Scots (East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2000). Notes 145 15. Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915 (London: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel, eds., Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Mrinalini Sinha, “Gender in the Critique of Colonialism and Nationalism: Locating the ‘Indian Woman,’” in Ann-Louise Shapiro, ed., Feminists Revision History (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1994); Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1992);Anna Davin, “Imperial Motherhood,” in Raphael Samuel, ed., Patriotism:The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity (New York:Routledge, 1989); Clare Midgley, ed., Gender and Imperialism (New York:Manchester University Press, 1998). 16. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York:Vintage Books,1979); Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The “Manly Englishman” and the “Effeminate Bengali” in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995). 17. Catherine Hall,“Gender Politics and Imperial Politics: Rethinking the Histories of Empire,” in Verene Shepherd, Bridget Brereton, and Barbara Bailey, eds., Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective (Kingston, Jamaica: I. Randle, 1995), 48–52. 18. David Andrews, “Sport and the Masculine Hegemony of the Modern Nation: Welsh Rugby, Culture and Society, 1890–1914,” in Nauright and Chandler, eds., Making Men, 50. 19. Jock Phillips, A Man’s Country? The Image of the Pakeha Male—A History (Auckland: Penguin Books, 1987), 108–22, 163–65. 20. Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988), 10. 21. This follows the logic of Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger:Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966). 22. For a parallel examination of the American context, see Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 1–44. 23. David D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity (London:Yale univer- sity Press, 1990), 1–12. See also Judith A. Allen, “Men Interminably in Crisis? Historians on Masculinity, Sexual Boundaries, and Manhood,” Radical History Review 82 (2002): 199–202. 24. Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 41–61; also, Andrea Cornwall and Nancy Lindisfarne, eds., Dislocating Masculinities: Comparative Ethnographies (London: Routledge, 1994), 20. 25. Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 8. 26. Homi Bhabha discusses this ambivalence in other, non-sporting colonial contexts in “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse” in Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, eds., Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 152–60. 27. E.P.Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York:Vintage Books, 1966), 9–10. While Thompson’s inattention to gender has been well criticized, most notably by Scott in Gender and the Politics of History, 68–90, the virtual invisibility of Empire in his work has received less analysis. Robert Gregg and Madhavi Kale provide an insightful critique of the necessary role of Empire in the construction of an adequate history of the development of the working classes in England in “The Empire and Mr.Thompson:The Making of Indian Princes and the English Working Class,” in Gregg, Inside Out, Outside In: Essays in Comparative History (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 39–80. 28. C.L.R. James, Beyond a Boundary (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993), 49–56. See also R. Gregg “Beyond Silly Mid-Off: C.L.R. James, Ranjitsinhhi, and the Boundaries of Englishness,” in Inside Out, Outside In, 96–123; Grant Farred, “The Maple Man: How Cricket Made a Postcolonial Intellectual,” in Farred, ed., Rethinking C.L.R. James (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1996), 165–86. 29. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993). 30. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism, 24–25. 31. Asa Briggs, Victorian People: Some Reassessments of People, Institutions, Ideas and Events 1851–1867 (London: Odhams Press, 1954), 152–53; David Newsome, Godliness and Good Learning (London: Cassell Publishers, 1961), 37; J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public 146 Notes School: The Emergence and Consolidation of an Educational Ideology (London: The Falmer Press, 1981), 13–21. 32. Henry Newbolt, Selected Poems of Henry Newbolt, ed., Patrick Dickinson (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1981). 33. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism, 48. This connection between public school sporting ideology and volunteerism is examined in Colin Veitch,“ ‘Play Up! Play Up! and Win the War!’ Football,The Nation and the First World War,” Journal of Contemporary History 20 (1985): 363–78. 34. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism, 42. 35. Leonie Sandercock and Ian Turner, Up Where Cazaly? The Great Australian Game (London: Granada, 1981), 33. 36. Sandercock and Turner, The Great Australian Game, 70. 37. Allen J. Greenberger, The British Image of India: A Study in the Literature of Imperialism (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1969), 47. 38. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism, 37. 39. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism, 22. 40. W.F. Mandle, “Games People Played: Cricket and Football in England and Victoria in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Historical Studies 15: 60 (1973), 526. 41. Martin Barker, Cosmics: Ideology, Power and the Critics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 292. 42. John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism:A Critical Introduction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 7–12. 43. It has been argued, most prominently by Ranajit Guha in his Dominance Without Hegemony:
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