DOCSLIB.ORG

Mechanisms Controlling the Selective Iron and Zinc Biofortification of Rice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mechanisms Controlling the Selective Iron and Zinc Biofortification of Rice Nom/Logotip de la Universitat on s’ha llegit la tesi Mechanisms controlling the selective iron and zinc biofortification of rice Raviraj Banakar http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384320 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. UNIVERSITAT DE LLEIDA ESCOLA TÈCNICA SUPERIOR D’ENGINYERIA AGRÀRIA DEPARTAMENT DE PRODUCCIÓ VEGETAL I CIÈNCIA FORESTAL GRUP DE RECERCA DE BIOTECNOLOGIA VEGETAL APLICADA Mechanisms controlling the selective iron and zinc biofortification of rice RAVIRAJ BANAKAR DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Lleida, February 2016 Supervisor: Dr Paul Christou Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal Escola Tècnica i Superior d’Enginyeria Agrària Universitat de Lleida Supervisor: Dr Changfu Zhu Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal Escola Tècnica i Superior d’Enginyeria Agrària Universitat de Lleida UNIVERSITAT DE LLEIDA ESCOLA TÈCNICA SUPERIOR D’ENGINYERIA AGRÀRIA Paul Christou profesor i Changfu Zhu, catedràtica i professor, del Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, i directors de la tesi realitzada per l senyor Raviraj Banakar, “Mechanisms controlling the selective iron and zinc biofortification of rice”, INFORMEM: Que el treball d’investigació es considera ja finalitzat i que compleix les condicions exigibles a la legislació vigent per optar al grau de Doctor. Per tant, autoritzem la seva presentació perquè pugui ser jutjada pel Tribunal corresponent a la Universitat de Lleida. Lleida, 18 de novembre de 2015 Dr. Paul Christou Dr. Changfu Zhu Dedication To my mother late Sumitra Banakar TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. V SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... VII RESUM ............................................................................................................................... IX RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... XI INDEX OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... XIII INDEX OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... XV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... XVII Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................... 1 1 General introduction .................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Global rice consumption and the importance of Fe and Zn in human nutrition ...... 3 1.2 Fe and Zn deficiency in rice consuming countries ....................................................... 3 1.3 Strategies to address Fe and Zn deficiency ................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Dietary diversification ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Supplementation ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.3 Food fortification ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.4 Biofortification .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.4.1 Agronomic biofortification of rice ................................................................................... 6 1.3.4.2 Breeding Fe and Zn rich rice ............................................................................................ 6 1.3.4.3 Genetic engineering of rice for improved Fe and Zn content ........................................... 7 1.4 Fe and Zn homeostasis in rice ........................................................................................ 8 1.5 Transgenic approaches to improve Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains ............. 9 1.6 The problem of strictly toxic heavy metal Cd and possibility of decreasing Cd levels in Fe and Zn biofortified rice through genetic engineering ................................................... 13 1.7 References ...................................................................................................................... 15 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 25 Aims ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................. 29 2 Combinatorial genetic transformation of rice with genes involved in Fe and Zn homeostasis ......................................................................................................................... 31 2.1 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Aims ............................................................................................................................... 32 2.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 32 2.3.1 Gene cloning and transformation vectors ................................................................................ 32 I 2.3.2 Rice combinatorial transformation .......................................................................................... 33 2.3.3 Expression analysis.................................................................................................................. 36 2.3.4 Determination of mineral levels .............................................................................................. 36 2.3.5 Measurements of Nicotianamine and Deoxy mugenic Acid.................................................... 37 2.3.6 Fe bioavailability ..................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.7 Statistical analysis.................................................................................................................... 39 2.4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 39 2.4.1 Recovery of transgenic plants .................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Integration of Adaptive Changes to Iron Deficiency in Plants
    G Model CPB-30; No. of Pages 12 ARTICLE IN PRESS Current Plant Biology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Current Plant Biology jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cpb From the proteomic point of view: Integration of adaptive changes to iron deficiency in plants a a,b,∗ Hans-Jörg Mai , Petra Bauer a Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Building 26.13, 02.36, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany b CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Knowledge about the proteomic adaptations to iron deficiency in plants may contribute to find possible Received 10 July 2015 new research targets in order to generate crop plants that are more tolerant to iron deficiency, to increase Received in revised form 22 January 2016 the iron content or to enhance the bioavailability of iron in food plants. We provide this update on adap- Accepted 1 February 2016 tations to iron deficiency from the proteomic standpoint. We have mined the data and compared ten studies on iron deficiency-related proteomic changes in six different Strategy I plant species. We sum- Keywords: marize these results and point out common iron deficiency-induced alterations of important biochemical Arabidopsis pathways based on the data provided by these publications, deliver explanations on the possible benefits Iron Proteome that arise from these adaptations in iron-deficient plants and present a concluding model of these adap- tations.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyamines Under Abiotic Stress: Metabolic Crossroads and Hormonal Crosstalks in Plants
    Metabolites 2012, 2, 516-528; doi:10.3390/metabo2030516 OPEN ACCESS metabolites ISSN 2218-1989 www.mdpi.com/journal/metabolites/ Review Polyamines under Abiotic Stress: Metabolic Crossroads and Hormonal Crosstalks in Plants Marta Bitrián, Xavier Zarza, Teresa Altabella, Antonio F. Tiburcio and Rubén Alcázar * Unit of Plant Physiology, Department of Natural Products and Plant Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel: +34 934024492; Fax: +34 934029043. Received: 22 June 2012; in revised form: 6 August 2012 / Accepted: 10 August 2012 / Published: 20 August 2012 Abstract: Polyamines are essential compounds for cell survival and have key roles in plant stress protection. Current evidence points to the occurrence of intricate cross-talks between polyamines, stress hormones and other metabolic pathways required for their function. In this review we integrate the polyamine metabolic pathway in the context of its immediate metabolic network which is required to understand the multiple ways by which polyamines can maintain their homeostasis and participate in plant stress responses. Keywords: polyamines; stress; metabolism; SAM; GABA; proline; ABA 1. Introduction Abiotic stresses such as cold/freezing, salinity, heat and drought represent serious threats to agriculture. Climatic change is predicted to increase global temperature, alter precipitation patterns and intensify drought, increasing the need to grow crops in saline soil [1,2]. Plants, which are sessile organisms, have evolved metabolic and hormonal pathways to cope with environmental challenges. The study of this natural evolution on stress responsiveness is providing new leads to crop protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Activation of a Gene Network in Durum Wheat Roots Exposed to Cadmium
    Aprile et al. BMC Plant Biology (2018) 18:238 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1473-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Activation of a gene network in durum wheat roots exposed to cadmium Alessio Aprile, Erika Sabella*, Marzia Vergine, Alessandra Genga, Maria Siciliano, Eliana Nutricati, Patrizia Rampino, Mariarosaria De Pascali, Andrea Luvisi, Antonio Miceli, Carmine Negro and Luigi De Bellis Abstract Background: Among cereals, durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) accumulates cadmium (Cd) at higher concentration if grown in Cd-polluted soils. Since cadmium accumulation is a risk for human health, the international trade organizations have limited the acceptable concentration of Cd in edible crops. Therefore, durum wheat cultivars accumulating low cadmium in grains should be preferred by farmers and consumers. To identify the response of durum wheat to the presence of Cd, the transcriptomes of roots and shoots of Creso and Svevo cultivars were sequenced after a 50-day exposure to 0.5 μM Cd in hydroponic solution. Results: No phytotoxic effects or biomass reduction was observed in Creso and Svevo plants at this Cd concentration. Despite this null effect, cadmium was accumulated in root tissues, in shoots and in grains suggesting a good cadmium translocation rate among tissues. The mRNA sequencing revealed a general transcriptome rearrangement after Cd treatment and more than 7000 genes were found differentially expressed in root and shoot tissues. Among these, the up-regulated genes in roots showed a clear correlation with cadmium uptake and detoxification. In particular, about three hundred genes were commonly up-regulated in Creso and Svevo roots suggesting a well defined molecular strategy characterized by the transcriptomic activation of several transcription factors mainly belonging to bHLH and WRKY families.
    [Show full text]
  • Phloem Loading Via the Abaxial Bundle Sheath Cells in Maize Leaves
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.06.284943; this version posted September 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Phloem loading via the abaxial bundle sheath cells in maize leaves 2 3 4 Margaret Bezrutczyk1, Nora R. Zöllner1, Colin P. S. Kruse2, Thomas Hartwig1, Tobias 5 Lautwein3, Karl Köhrer3, Wolf B. Frommer1,4,* and Ji-Yun Kim1 6 7 8 AFFILIATIONS 9 1 Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, 10 Germany 11 2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 87545 12 3 Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory 13 (GTL), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany 14 4 Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 15 464-8601, Japan 16 17 * Correspondence: [email protected] 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.06.284943; this version posted September 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 19 ABSTRACT 20 Leaves are asymmetric, with differential functionalization of abaxial and adaxial tissues. The 21 bundle sheath (BS) surrounding the vasculature of the C3 crop barley is dorsoventrally 22 differentiated into three domains: adaxial structural, lateral S-type, and abaxial L-type. S-type cells 23 seem to transfer assimilates towards the phloem. Here we used single-cell RNA sequencing to 24 investigate BS differentiation in C4 maize.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptional Responses of Soybean Roots to Colonization With
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Transcriptional responses of soybean roots to colonization with the root endophytic fungus Received: 20 November 2017 Accepted: 15 May 2018 Piriformospora indica reveals Published: xx xx xxxx altered phenylpropanoid and secondary metabolism Ruchika Bajaj1,2, Yinyin Huang1, Sebhat Gebrechristos3, Brian Mikolajczyk4, Heather Brown5, Ram Prasad 2, Ajit Varma2 & Kathryn E. Bushley1 Piriformospora indica, a root endophytic fungus, has been shown to enhance biomass production and confer tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses in many plant hosts. A growth chamber experiment of soybean (Glycine max) colonized by P. indica compared to uninoculated control plants showed that the fungus signifcantly increased shoot dry weight, nutrient content, and rhizobial biomass. RNA-Seq analyses of root tissue showed upregulation of 61 genes and downregulation of 238 genes in colonized plants. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses demonstrated that upregulated genes were most signifcantly enriched in GO categories related to lignin biosynthesis and regulation of iron transport and metabolism but also mapped to categories of nutrient acquisition, hormone signaling, and response to drought stress. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed upregulation of genes within the phenylpropanoid and derivative pathways such as biosynthesis of monolignol subunits, favonoids and favonols (luteolin and quercetin), and iron scavenging siderophores. Highly enriched downregulated GO categories included heat shock proteins involved
    [Show full text]
  • (GSNOR1) Function Leads to an Altered DNA and Histone Methylation Pattern in Arabidopsis Thaliana
    TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt (WZW) Lehrstuhl für Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie Loss of S-NITROSOGLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE 1 (GSNOR1) function leads to an altered DNA and histone methylation pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana Eva Rudolf Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Frank Johannes Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Jörg Durner 2. apl. Prof. Dr. Ramon A. Torres Ruiz Die Dissertation wurde am 30.01.2020 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 20.04.2020 angenommen. To my family, Florian and Tobias. Publications and conference contributions related to this thesis: Izabella Kovacs, Alexandra Ageeva, Eva König and Christian Lindermayr, 2016. Chapter Two – S-Nitrosylation of Nuclear Proteins: New Pathways in Regulation of Gene Expression. In Advances in Botanical Research edited by David Wendehenne. Nitric Oxide and Signaling in Plants. Academic Press, 77, 15–39. Eva Rudolf, Markus Wirtz, Ignasi Forné and Christian Lindermayr. S-Nitrosothiols as architect of the methylome in Arabidopsis thaliana. EMBO Conference - Chromatin and Epigenetics 2017, Heidelberg, Germany, Poster. Eva Rudolf, Alexandra Ageeva-Kieferle, Alexander Mengel, Ignasi Forné, Rüdiger Hell, Axel Imhof, Markus Wirtz, Jörg Durner and Christian Lindermayr. Post-translational modification of histones: Nitric oxide modulates chromatin structure. Symposium - From Proteome to Phenotype: role of post- translational modifications 2017, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Oral presentation. Alexandra Ageeva-Kieferle, Eva Rudolf and Christian Lindermayr, 2019. Redox-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling: A New Function of Nitric Oxide as Architect of Chromatin Structure in Plants.
    [Show full text]
  • BMC Structural Biology Biomed Central
    BMC Structural Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Natural history of S-adenosylmethionine-binding proteins Piotr Z Kozbial*1 and Arcady R Mushegian1,2 Address: 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and 2Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA Email: Piotr Z Kozbial* - [email protected]; Arcady R Mushegian - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 14 October 2005 Received: 21 July 2005 Accepted: 14 October 2005 BMC Structural Biology 2005, 5:19 doi:10.1186/1472-6807-5-19 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6807/5/19 © 2005 Kozbial and Mushegian; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: S-adenosylmethionine is a source of diverse chemical groups used in biosynthesis and modification of virtually every class of biomolecules. The most notable reaction requiring S- adenosylmethionine, transfer of methyl group, is performed by a large class of enzymes, S- adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, which have been the focus of considerable structure-function studies. Evolutionary trajectories of these enzymes, and especially of other classes of S-adenosylmethionine-binding proteins, nevertheless, remain poorly understood. We addressed this issue by computational comparison of sequences and structures of various S- adenosylmethionine-binding proteins. Results: Two widespread folds, Rossmann fold and TIM barrel, have been repeatedly used in evolution for diverse types of S-adenosylmethionine conversion.
    [Show full text]
  • 12) United States Patent (10
    US007635572B2 (12) UnitedO States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,635,572 B2 Zhou et al. (45) Date of Patent: Dec. 22, 2009 (54) METHODS FOR CONDUCTING ASSAYS FOR 5,506,121 A 4/1996 Skerra et al. ENZYME ACTIVITY ON PROTEIN 5,510,270 A 4/1996 Fodor et al. MICROARRAYS 5,512,492 A 4/1996 Herron et al. 5,516,635 A 5/1996 Ekins et al. (75) Inventors: Fang X. Zhou, New Haven, CT (US); 5,532,128 A 7/1996 Eggers Barry Schweitzer, Cheshire, CT (US) 5,538,897 A 7/1996 Yates, III et al. s s 5,541,070 A 7/1996 Kauvar (73) Assignee: Life Technologies Corporation, .. S.E. al Carlsbad, CA (US) 5,585,069 A 12/1996 Zanzucchi et al. 5,585,639 A 12/1996 Dorsel et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,593,838 A 1/1997 Zanzucchi et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 5,605,662 A 2f1997 Heller et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 5,620,850 A 4/1997 Bamdad et al. 5,624,711 A 4/1997 Sundberg et al. (21) Appl. No.: 10/865,431 5,627,369 A 5/1997 Vestal et al. 5,629,213 A 5/1997 Kornguth et al. (22) Filed: Jun. 9, 2004 (Continued) (65) Prior Publication Data FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS US 2005/O118665 A1 Jun. 2, 2005 EP 596421 10, 1993 EP 0619321 12/1994 (51) Int. Cl. EP O664452 7, 1995 CI2O 1/50 (2006.01) EP O818467 1, 1998 (52) U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Version
    Lehrstuhl für Genetik der Technischen Universität München Genetic and transcriptome analysis of autopolyploid Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Zheng Yu Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangungdes akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.- Prof. Dr. A. Gierl Prüfer der Dissertation: apl. Prof. Dr. R. A. Torres Ruiz Univ.- Prof. Dr. E. Grill Die Dissertation wurde am 13.10.2014 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 24.11.2014 angenommen. Table of contents Table of contents Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................ 1 Summary ........................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 4 Abbreviation Index ......................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 8 1.1 Polyploidisation in evolution and speciation ..................................................... 8 1.2 Mechanisms of polyploidy formation ................................................................ 9 1.3 Types of polyploids
    [Show full text]
  • Dissecting the Molecular Responses of Sorghum Bicolor to Macrophomina Phaseolina Infection
    Dissecting the molecular responses of Sorghum bicolor to Macrophomina phaseolina infection by Y. M. Ananda Yapa Bandara B.S., University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2008 M.S., University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2010 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Plant Pathology College of Agriculture KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2017 Abstract Charcoal rot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., is an important disease in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The molecular interactions between sorghum and M. phaseolina are poorly understood. In this study, a large-scale RNA-Seq experiment and four follow-up functional experiments were conducted to understand the molecular basis of charcoal rot resistance and/or susceptibility in sorghum. In the first experiment, stalk mRNA was extracted from charcoal-rot-resistant (SC599) and susceptible (Tx7000) genotypes and subjected to RNA sequencing. Upon M. phaseolina inoculation, 8560 genes were differentially expressed between the two genotypes, out of which 2053 were components of 200 known metabolic pathways. Many of these pathways were significantly up-regulated in the susceptible genotype and are thought to contribute to enhanced pathogen nutrition and virulence, impeded host basal immunity, and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS)-mediated host cell death. The paradoxical hormonal regulation observed in pathogen-inoculated Tx7000 was characterized by strongly upregulated salicylic acid and down-regulated jasmonic acid pathways. These findings provided useful insights into induced host susceptibility in response to this necrotrophic fungus at the whole-genome scale. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of host oxidative stress under pathogen infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Rice Biofortification
    agronomy Review Rice Biofortification: High Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin-A to Fight against “Hidden Hunger” Shuvobrata Majumder , Karabi Datta and Swapan Kumar Datta * Laboratory of Translational Research on Transgenic Crops, University of Calcutta, Annex Building II, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (K.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +91-876-864-4777 Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 4 November 2019; Published: 25 November 2019 Abstract: One out of three humans suffer from micronutrient deficiencies called “hidden hunger”. Underprivileged people, including preschool children and women, suffer most from deficiency diseases and other health-related issues. Rice (Oryza sativa), a staple food, is their source of nutrients, contributing up to 70% of daily calories for more than half of the world’s population. Solving “hidden hunger” through rice biofortification would be a sustainable approach for those people who mainly consume rice and have limited access to diversified food. White milled rice grains lose essential nutrients through polishing. Therefore, seed-specific higher accumulation of essential nutrients is a necessity. Through the method of biofortification (via genetic engineering/molecular breeding), significant increases in iron and zinc with other essential minerals and provitamin-A (β-carotene) was achieved in rice grain. Many indica and japonica rice cultivars have been biofortified worldwide, being popularly known as ‘high iron rice’, ‘low phytate rice’, ‘high zinc rice’, and ‘high carotenoid rice’ (golden rice) varieties. Market availability of such varieties could reduce “hidden hunger”, and a large population of the world could be cured from iron deficiency anemia (IDA), zinc deficiency, and vitamin-A deficiency (VAD).
    [Show full text]
  • Does DNA Methylation Level Play a Role?
    Epigenetic regulation of Verticillium dahliae virulence: does DNA methylation level play a role? Jorge A. Ramírez-Tejero1, Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás2, Antonio Valverde- Corredor2, Jesús Mercado-Blanco2 and Francisco Luque1* 1Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, Univ. Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus ‘Alameda del Obispo’, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Apartado 14004 Córdoba, Spain Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. *Corresponding author F. Luque, [email protected]. ORCiD ID: 0000-0003-1354-3533 Table S1 937‐HP_NODE_NU GENE NAME GENE LENGDIFF % 937‐138_NODE_NUMGENE LE DIFF % 937‐150_NODE_NGENE LE DIFF % 937‐403_NODE_NGENE LENDIFF % 100g0000040.1 Unknown protein 2903 55 1,894591802 100g0000040.1 2903 ‐197,5 ‐6,803306924 100g0000040.1 2903 41,5 1,429555632 100g0000040.1 2903 ‐68 ‐2,342404409 100g0000050.1 Unknown protein 2732 66 2,415812592 100g0000050.1 2732 ‐133 ‐4,868228404 100g0000050.1 2732 69,5 2,543923865 100g0000050.1 2732 ‐44,5 ‐1,628843338 100g0000060.1 Unknown protein 1986 27,5 1,38469285 100g0000060.1 1986 ‐108,5 ‐5,463242699 100g0000060.1 1986 36 1,812688822 100g0000060.1 1986 ‐27 ‐1,359516616 100g0000190.1 Unknown protein 569 60 10,54481547 100g0000190.1 569 ‐26 ‐4,569420035 100g0000190.1 569 24 4,217926186 100g0000190.1 569 ‐12,5 ‐2,196836555 1013g0000010.1
    [Show full text]