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Rice Biofortification agronomy Review Rice Biofortification: High Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin-A to Fight against “Hidden Hunger” Shuvobrata Majumder , Karabi Datta and Swapan Kumar Datta * Laboratory of Translational Research on Transgenic Crops, University of Calcutta, Annex Building II, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (K.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +91-876-864-4777 Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 4 November 2019; Published: 25 November 2019 Abstract: One out of three humans suffer from micronutrient deficiencies called “hidden hunger”. Underprivileged people, including preschool children and women, suffer most from deficiency diseases and other health-related issues. Rice (Oryza sativa), a staple food, is their source of nutrients, contributing up to 70% of daily calories for more than half of the world’s population. Solving “hidden hunger” through rice biofortification would be a sustainable approach for those people who mainly consume rice and have limited access to diversified food. White milled rice grains lose essential nutrients through polishing. Therefore, seed-specific higher accumulation of essential nutrients is a necessity. Through the method of biofortification (via genetic engineering/molecular breeding), significant increases in iron and zinc with other essential minerals and provitamin-A (β-carotene) was achieved in rice grain. Many indica and japonica rice cultivars have been biofortified worldwide, being popularly known as ‘high iron rice’, ‘low phytate rice’, ‘high zinc rice’, and ‘high carotenoid rice’ (golden rice) varieties. Market availability of such varieties could reduce “hidden hunger”, and a large population of the world could be cured from iron deficiency anemia (IDA), zinc deficiency, and vitamin-A deficiency (VAD). In this review, different approaches of rice biofortification with their outcomes have been elaborated and discussed. Future strategies of nutrition improvement using genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9) and the need of policy support have been highlighted. Keywords: hidden hunger; biofortification; nutritional security; biofortified rice; high iron rice; ferritin rice; low phytate rice; high zinc rice; golden rice 1. Introduction A quick meal may satisfy hunger, but there is a deeper problem of “hidden hunger” which is only fulfilled by nutritionally enriched food. Having a balanced diet is a far-fetched dream for the underprivileged people of the world. A carbohydrate-rich diet including rice, wheat, or maize (the major staple food) is consumed worldwide and mainly contributes to solving the problem of hunger, however, “hidden hunger” still persists in the world. “Hidden hunger” is caused when the body is deprived of essential micronutrients. It remains hidden or unnoticed and only surfaces when a deficiency symptom is diagnosed. Nutrient deficiency or malnutrition has affected at least 2 billion people (or 1 out of 3), mostly in Africa, South Asia, and Latin America [1]. Micronutrient deficiency is a silent epidemic condition—it slowly weakens the immune system, stunts physical and intellectual growth, and even causes death. Under micronutrient deficiencies, iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia (IDA), zinc deficiency, and vitamin-A deficiency (VAD) are widespread and cause serious consequences. More than 24,000 people globally die daily owing to “hidden hunger” and malnutrition [2]. To combat these deficiencies, fortification of food with different biological and chemical supplements and the alternation of the food processing system are essential. Biofortified Agronomy 2019, 9, 803; doi:10.3390/agronomy9120803 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Agronomy 2019, 9, 803 2 of 22 chemical supplements and the alternation of the food processing system are essential. Biofortified (including bioengineered) staple food crops is a sustainable alternative that can be highly beneficial (includingfor people bioengineered)who have limited staple access food to crops varied is dietary a sustainable resources. alternative that can be highly beneficial for peopleGenetically who have modified limited access (GM) torice varied specifically dietary developed resources. to fight against “hidden hunger” is the mostGenetically promising modifiedover any (GM)other ricestaple specifically crops because developed half toof fightthe world’s against “hiddenpopulation hunger” depend is the on mostrice. promisingHulling of overfield any harvested other staple paddy crops (rough because rice) half produces of the world’s brown population rice, the most depend nutritious on rice. form Hulling of processedof field harvested rice. Unpolished paddy (rough brown rice) rice produces contains brown importan rice, thet mostminerals nutritious such as form iron, of processedzinc, copper, rice. Unpolished brown rice contains important minerals such as iron, zinc, copper, calcium, phosphorus, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins such as thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid and vitamins such as thiamin (B ), riboflavin (B ), niacin (B ), pantothenic acid (B ), pyridoxine (B ), (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate1 (B9), and α2 -tocopherol3 (E), but does not contain5 vitamins A, D,6 orbiotin C [3]. (B7 ),However, folate (B 9the), and averageα -tocopherol consumer (E), prefers but does white not containrice grains vitamins with lightness, A, D, or C softness, [3]. However, easy digestibility,the average consumer better eating prefers characteristics, white rice grains and shorter with lightness, cooking softness,time. White easy polished digestibility, (milled) better rice eating loses thecharacteristics, bran layer along and shorter with subaleurone, cooking time. embryo, White polished and a small (milled) part riceof the loses endosperm the bran layerunderneath along with [4]. Polishedsubaleurone, (milled) embryo, rice is and lower a small in nutritional part of the quality endosperm than brown underneath rice (Figure [4]. Polished 1), as its (milled)iron content rice is reducedlower in by nutritional 2.14 times quality (from than8.8 to brown 4.1 ppm) rice to (Figure 4.75 (from1), as 19 its to iron 4 ppm), content zinc is reducedby 1.83 times by 2.14 (33 times to 18 (fromppm), 8.8alon tog 4.1 with ppm) other to 4.75 minerals, (from 19 vitamins, to 4 ppm), fats, zinc proteins, by 1.83 timesand fibers (33 to 18[5– ppm),7]. Nonetheless, along with otherthese amountsminerals, of vitamins, reduction fats, in proteins, minerals and may fibers vary [ 5among–7]. Nonetheless, the rice cultivars these amountsand the grain of reduction milling in processes. minerals Educationmay vary amongand awareness the rice cultivars has increased and the brown grain millingrice consumption, processes. Education yet a vast and majority awareness of rice has consumersincreased brown still prefer rice consumption, white polished yet rice, a vast therefore majority leaving of rice it consumers to the scientists still prefer to consider white polished developing rice, nutritionallytherefore leaving enhanced it to the scientistsrice varieties to consider through developing biofortification nutritionally (endosperm enhanced specific) rice varieties that throughremain nutritiousbiofortification even (endospermafter processing specific) and thatpolishing. remain nutritious even after processing and polishing. Figure 1. Loss of nutrients and minerals from rice grain due to milling process. (From (From left left to right) Mature rice ready for harvesting, paddy (rough rice), brown rice, polished (milled) rice, cooked rice ready for consumption. This info info-graphic-graphic has been made from the information provided in [[55––77].]. 2. Rice Biofortification Biofortification BiofortificationBiofortification is considered to be an effective effective process to increase the micronutrients in food crops includingincluding rice. rice. It isIt alsois also a sustainable a sustainable and feasible and feasible strategy tostrateg alleviatey to micronutrient alleviate micronutrient deficiencies deficienciesfor people who for people mainly who consume mainly rice consume and have rice limited and have access limited to diversified access to diversified food (or food food markets)(or food markets)and good and health good facilities health [ 8facilities]. Under [8]. rice Under biofortification rice biofortification research projects research for projects maintaining, for maintaining, increasing, increasing,and introducing and newintrod micronutrientsucing new inmicronutrients rice grain, diff erentin rice approaches grain, different have been approaches strategized worldwide.have been Agronomy 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 21 Agronomy 2019, 9, 803 3 of 22 strategized worldwide. Such significant and successful approaches of rice biofortification in three broadSuch significant areas are discussed and successful in this approaches article as follows: of rice biofortification in three broad areas are discussed in this articleHigh iron as follows: rice; High zinc iron rice; • GoldenHigh zinc rice rice; (high carotenoid rice). • Golden rice (high carotenoid rice). 3.• High Iron Rice 3. HighIron Iron is one Rice of the essential minerals for human health. Rice iron concentration becomes drastically reduced more than any other mineral due to post-harvest processing. Paddy (rough rice) Iron is one of the essential minerals for human health. Rice iron concentration becomes drastically contains 38 ppm of iron that is reduced to 8.8 ppm in brown rice
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