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UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Transportation Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xq6b093 Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Vinson, Steve Publication Date 2013-08-25 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California TRANSPORTATION المواصﻻت Steve Vinson EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief Area Editor Material Culture, Art, and Architecture University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Vinson 2013, Transportation. UEE. Full Citation: Vinson, Steve, 2013, Transportation. In Willeke Wendrich (ed), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hczw6 8064 Version 1, August 2013 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hczw6 TRANSPORTATION المواصﻻت Steve Vinson Transport Transport Transportation in ancient Egypt entailed the use of boats and ships for water travel; for land transportation, attested methods include foot-traffic and the use of draft animals—especially donkeys and oxen, but also, from the first millennium BCE onward, camels. Land vehicles, including carts, chariots, sledges, and carrying chairs, were dependent on the existence and nature of suitable routes, some of which may have been improved or paved along at least part of their extent. The transport of large objects, especially stone blocks, obelisks, and statues, required specialized techniques, infrastructure, and vehicles. تضمنت وسائل المواصﻻت فى مصر القديمة المواصﻻت المائية حيث استخدمت المراكب والسفن ، وبالنسبة للمواصﻻت البرية ، كان السير على اﻷقدام واستخدام حيوانات الجر باﻷخص الحمير والثيران، ولكن أيضا منذ اﻷلفية اﻷولى قبل الميﻻد بدأ المصريون القدماء في استخدام الجمال. كان استخدام المركبات البرية والتى تتضمن العربات الصغيرة والكبيرة (مثل العجﻻت الحربية) والزﻻجات والكراسي المحمولة معتمدا ً على وجود طرق مﻻئمة والتي قد يكون البعض منھا ممھد جزئيا ً أو كليا ً. كان نقل حموﻻت كبيرة خاصة ً الكتل الحجرية والمسﻻت والتماثيل تطلب تقنيات وبنية تحتية ومركبات متخصصة. gypt is a large country. The economic cohesion, reliable transportation distance along the Nile from the was essential. Egypt’s most important, most E Mediterranean coast to the First visible, and best-documented means of Cataract is about 1,100 kilometers, or about transportation was its watercraft. However, 660 miles, and the straight-line distance from pack animals, porters, wheeled vehicles, the Red Sea coast to the site of ancient sledges, and even carrying chairs were also Koptos, where overland transport routes used to move goods and people across both from the Red Sea to the Nile Valley short and long distances, and each played an historically converged, is about 90 miles or important role. The regular transportation of 145 kilometers. Egyptian merchants, stone from quarries that might lie far from the messengers, and armies frequently traveled river, and grain from the countless large and beyond the borders of Egypt to areas in small farms that existed throughout the Nile which they had interests, especially Syria- Valley, also required the organization and Palestine and Nubia. Therefore, in order for maintenance of integrated transportation Egypt to maintain cultural, political, and Transportation, Vinson, UEE 2013 1 facilities and networks that involved both land as the hoof-prints of the countless donkeys and water transport. that had hauled gneiss along the 80-kilometer route (Shaw 2006: 257 - 258). Very large Transportation of Heavy or Bulk Cargoes stones, whether building blocks or finished objects like colossal statues or obelisks, were Among the most important and most difficult moved in the Pharaonic Period by sledges, items to transport in Egypt were large cargoes which might have been used in conjunction of stone and wood for monumental building with prepared hauling tracks. The most projects, and large cargoes of grain collected famous scene of such transport in action is as in-kind taxation and turned over to the the Middle Kingdom image of a colossal state or to the temples. The transportation of statue being hauled on a sledge to the tomb of both classes of cargo called for an integrated Djehutyhotep at el-Bersha. This operation transportation system that combined both involved hauling the 80-ton statue no less land- and river-transport, including the than fifteen kilometers (see in general Willems construction and maintenance of specialized et al. 2005). The relief also shows another infrastructure and vehicles. important detail: water being poured to lubricate the track over which the sledge is Stone being hauled. However, sledges were, Egypt’s quarries required an extensive themselves, occasionally fitted with rollers network of specialized loading docks, roads, (Kitchen 1961) or even wheels (Littauer and and quays, and in some cases specialized Crouwel 1985: 96, note 4), and they might vehicles, in order to get large building-stone have been hauled by either men or draft out of the ground and to its designated animals (Arnold 1991: 277). construction sites. Massive objects like obelisks and monumental statues were even Over large distances, stone cargoes could more difficult to handle. Although these only be hauled by river. Famous images of operations cannot be reconstructed in detail stone columns being conveyed for the and the methods used to carry them out no construction of the Valley Temple of Unas doubt varied considerably across space and (Fifth Dynasty; Landström 1970: 62, fig. 185) time, various aspects of the process of moving or the colossal obelisks of Hatshepsut (fig. 3; stone are documented in, or inferable from, Eighteenth Dynasty; Landström 1970: 128 - wall reliefs, documentary texts, or 133; figs. 381 - 388) show the transport of archaeological remains (figs. 1 and 2). large stone cargoes on board ships, but precisely how such cargoes were loaded and Over relatively short distances, small loads unloaded has always been something of a of stone might be carried by donkey or even mystery. In a discussion dating to the early human porters (Arnold 1991: 57 - 58). A road Roman Imperial Period, Pliny the Elder linking a gneiss quarry at Toshka in Nubia to describes his understanding of methods that the Nile River consisted of a track had been used by Ptolemy II to load an systematically cleared of gravel and debris, obelisk some three centuries earlier. and marked with cairns and campsites, as well Figure 1. Transportation of a quarried block on a sledge drawn by oxen. Transportation, Vinson, UEE 2013 2 Figure 2. Transportation of a colossal statue from the quarries. Tomb of Djehutihotep, Deir el-Bersha. According to Pliny, the obelisk was said to One early method for moving stones by have been laid across a canal, and two barges, water, however, is suggested by the loaded down with smaller stones so that they archaeological excavation of “Chephren’s were heavy enough to pass below the obelisk, Quarry,” a site some 65 kilometers northwest were maneuvered into position underneath it. of Abu Simbel in the Western Desert. The smaller stones were then removed from Featured here was a special, purpose-built the transport ships until they were light loading ramp that may have been designed to enough to float the obelisks (Arnold 1991: 62 receive an amphibious raft that could be - 63, discussing Pliny, Natural History, 36.14). drawn up out of the river and pulled on The mention of two ships (navesque duas) in runners (similar to the runners on sledges; see this context has suggested to some that a sort below). According to the excavators of this of catamaran or double-hulled vessel was site, it seems possible that stone would then routinely used to move large stone cargoes be loaded from the loading ramp onto the (Wirsching 1999; rebuttal by Carlens 2003). It amphibious raft, which could then be dragged seems likely that double-hulled ships were back to the river and floated directly down- known in the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods stream to construction sites in lower Egypt, (Casson 1995: 110 - 114), but Pliny’s image as without the necessity to load the stone onto it stands seems improbable; Pharaonic images boats (see Bloxam 2000). of the hauling of stone columns or obelisks For the very largest cargoes, like the show a single ship with the cargo parallel to Hatshepsut obelisks, purpose-built ships were the axis of the transport vessel. For the necessary. However, smaller quantities of moment, the method or methods used by the building stone or brick might have been Egyptians at any period to load barges with hauled by ships intended for general cargo. heavy columns, obelisks, or large sculptures An entry in a Ramesside account ostracon is remain unknown. instructive (O Berlin P11292, 5-7): “The crew Transportation, Vinson, UEE 2013 3 Figure 3. Relief depicting the specially designed barges transporting Hatshepsut’s obelisks. Deir el-Bahri. what was done by them, consisting of the by sea. Imported wood was used in a number emptying of the vessels that were under the of First Dynasty royal tombs, and a First authority of Penamun: seven vessels make 15 Dynasty label from the tomb of Aha stones and 150 small bricks” (Vinson 1998a: associates an image of a ship with the word 158; Kitchen 1991). mr (cedar or pine) (Hoffman 1979: 296, fig. 70), although it is not clear whether the In the Roman Period, when both ancient reference here is to the vessel’s construction obelisks and exotic stone such as porphyry or its cargo. From the Fourth Dynasty (reign from Mons Porphyrites were exported to of Seneferu), the Palermo Stone records a Italy, the logistical problems were of course shipment of some 40 ships loaded with even greater. Unlike the Pharaonic Egyptians, coniferous wood (Wilkinson 2000: 141 - 142; the Roman-era stone-haulers made use of Strudwick 2005: 66).
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