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Reclaiming the Sacrament of Reconciliation

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Reclaiming the Sacrament of Reconciliation Reclaiming the Sacrament of Reconciliation by Christopher Dennis Cauchi A thesis submitted to Regis College and the Pastoral Department of the Toronto School of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Theology awarded conjointly by Regis College of University of Toronto, the Toronto School of Theology and the University of Toronto, and the degree of Licentiate in Sacred Theology awarded by Regis College © Copyright by Christopher Dennis Cauchi 2012 Reclaiming the Sacrament of Reconciliation Christopher Dennis Cauchi Master of Theology and Licentiate in Sacred Theology Regis College of University of Toronto 2012 Abstract The Sacrament of Reconciliation is in crisis. Many Catholics lack a solid understanding of the Sacrament and consequently abandon its practice. This study investigated the above-mentioned phenomenon by contextualizing the current Theology and practice of the Sacrament within its broader history – a history that is characterized by diversity, crises and development. The Sacrament’s Christological, ecclesial and personal dimensions were identified as the three fundamental elements that will help reclaim the Sacrament. More concretely, Adrienne von Speyr’s notion of the “confessional attitude” grounds the Sacrament of Reconciliation in Jesus Christ who, through his Church, instils his own attitude within those who celebrate the Sacrament. The same three dimensions present themselves in the teachings of John Paul II for whom the Sacrament is a personal encounter with Jesus and a part of the mission of the Church to be a reconciled and reconciling community. By expanding the understanding of the effects of the Sacrament to include both its ascetic and reconciling dimensions, this thesis argues in favour of the Confession of Devotion and the possibility of Spiritual Direction during the Sacrament of Reconciliation. In this way, the Sacrament acquires a more prominent role in the spiritual journey of every Christian and elicits significant implications for the life and mission of the Church. ii Acknowledgments My deep gratitude goes first to God whose mercy and love are everlasting. My gratitude also extends to Gill K. Goulding C.J., my thesis director, for her wisdom, guidance and patience. I am indebted to His Excellency Mario Grech and the late His Excellency Nicholas J. Cauchi, bishops of Gozo (Malta), and Thomas Cardinal Collins, archbishop of Toronto, for their sincere interest in my theological formation. Acknowledgments are also made to my relatives and friends for their constant support. Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to thank my family for the precious gifts of life, faith and unconditional love. To them I dedicate this thesis. iii Table of Contents Introduction 1 1. Context .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Thesis Statement.................................................................................................................... 7 3. Thesis Methodology and Overview ...................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: The Crisis 10 1. A Historical Overview......................................................................................................... 11 2. A Theological Enquiry ........................................................................................................ 21 3. The Response of the Magisterium....................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: The Confessional Attitude 35 1. The Sacrament of Reconciliation in the Life of von Speyr................................................. 36 2. The Confessional Attitude of Jesus Christ during his Public Life ...................................... 41 3. The Confessional Attitude of Jesus Christ during the Paschal Mystery .............................. 47 4. The Gift of Jesus Christ to the Church................................................................................ 51 5. The Practice of the Sacrament of Reconciliation ................................................................ 56 6. Living from the Sacrament of Reconciliation ..................................................................... 61 Chapter 3: The Effects of the Sacrament of Reconciliation 69 1. Forgiveness of Sins as the Primary Effect........................................................................... 70 1.1 Mysterium Iniquitatis .................................................................................................. 70 1.2 Mysterium Pietatis....................................................................................................... 76 2. Growth in Holiness as the Secondary Effect....................................................................... 83 2.1 Confession of Devotion............................................................................................... 83 2.3 The Sacrament of Reconciliation and Spiritual Direction........................................... 89 3. The Implications of the Sacrament of Reconciliation in the Life and Ministry of the Priest- confessor............................................................................................................................. 95 Conclusion 103 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 110 iv Abbreviations AAS Acta Apostolicae Sedis CCC Catechism of the Catholic Church CIC Code of Canon Law Denzinger The Sources of Catholic Dogma LOR L’Osservatore Romano (weekly English edition) MEA La Missione Ecclesiale di Adrienne von Speyr: Atti del II Colloquio Internazionale del Pensiero Cristiano NRSV New Revised Standard Version Ordo Rite of Penance Th. Inv. Theological Investigations v Introduction 1. Context According to Catholic Theology, the Sacrament of Reconciliation was instituted by Jesus Christ1 and is necessary for the salvation of those who sin gravely after their Baptism.2 A valid celebration of the Sacrament (in its ordinary form) requires the penitent to conduct an examination of conscience that leads to contrition,3 followed by an integral confession4 and the satisfaction5 of the penance that the minister6 assigns to the penitent before imparting the 1 XIX Ecumenical Council of Trent, Session 6 (13 January 1547), Chapter 14 in Heinrich Denzinger, The Sources of Catholic Dogma, trans. R. J. Deferrari from the thirtieth edition of Henry Denzinger's Enchiridion symbolorum definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (Fitzwilliam, NH: Loreto Publications, 2001), n. 807. Ibid., Session 7 (3 March 1547), Canon 1 on the Sacraments in General in Denzinger 844. Ibid., Session 14 (25 November 1551), Chapter 1 in Denzinger 894. Ibid., Canons 1 and 3 on the Sacrament of Penance in Denzinger 911 and 913. Karl Rahner, “Penance,” in Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi, 1189. 2 Clement VI, Super quibusdam (20 September 1351), 15 in Denzinger, 574a. XVI Ecumenical Council of Constance, Inter cunctas (22 February 1418) in Denzinger 670. XVII Ecumenical Council of Florence, Exultate Deo (22 November 1439) in Denzinger 696. Sixtus IV, Licet ea (9 August 1479), 1 in Denzinger 724. XIX Ecumenical Council of Trent, Session 7 (3 March 1547), Canon 10 on the Sacrament of Baptism, in Denzinger 866. Ibid., Session 14 (25 November 1551), Chapters 2 and 5 in Denzinger 895 and 901. Ibid., Canons 2 and 6 on the Sacrament of Penance in Denzinger 912 and 916f. Pius X, Lamentabili (3 July 1907), 46 in Denzinger 2046. See also: CCC, 1446. Ordo, 7a. CIC, 988-989. 3 XVII Ecumenical Council of Florence, Exultate Deo (22 November 1439) in Denzinger 699. XVIII Ecumenical Lateran Council, Exsurge Domini (15 June 1520), 11 in Denzinger 751. XIX Ecumenical Council of Trent, Session 6 (13 January 1547), Chapter 14 in Denzinger 807. Ibid., Canon 7 on Justification in Denzinger 817. Ibid., Session 14 (25 November 1551), Chapter 3 in Denzinger 896ff. Ibid., Canon 4 on the Sacrament of Penance in Denzinger 914. Innocent XI, Decree of the Holy Office (4 March 1679), 57, 60 and 64 in Denzinger 1207, 1210 and 1214. See also: CCC, 1450-1454. Ordo, 6a. 4 Alexander VII, Decree (24 September 1665), 11 in Denzinger, 1111. XVII Ecumenical Council of Florence, Exultate Deo (22 November 1439) in Denzinger 699. XVIII Ecumenical Lateran Council, Exsurge Domine (15 June 1520), 8 in Denzinger 748. XIX Ecumenical Council of Trent, Session 14 (25 November 1551), Chapter 5 in Denzinger 899f. Ibid., Canon 6 on the Sacrament of Penance in Denzinger 916ff. Innocent XI, Decree of the Holy Office (4 March 1679), 58 in Denzinger 1208. See also: CCC, 1455-1458. Ordo, 6b. 5 XVII Ecumenical Council of Florence, Exultate Deo (22 November 1439) in Denzinger 699. XIX Ecumenical Council of Trent, Session 14 (25 November 1551), Chapter 8 in Denzinger 905f. Ibid., Canons 13 and 15 on the Sacrament of Penance in Denzinger 923 and 925. See also: CCC, 1459-1460. Ordo, 6c, 11. CIC, 981. 6 Leo I, Solicitudinis quidem tuae (11 June 1452), 2 in Denzinger 146. XII Ecumenical Fourth Lateran Council (1215), Chapter 21 in Denzinger 437. XVI Ecumenical Council of Constance, Inter Cunctas (22 February 1418), 20 in Denzinger 670. Ibid., Exultate Deo (22 November 1439), in Denzinger 699. XVIII Ecumenical Fifth Lateran Council, Exsurge Domine (15 June 1520), 13 in Denzinger 753. Ibid., Session 14 (25 November 1551), Chapter 6 in Denzinger 902f. Ibid., Canon
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