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Ecological Distribution of Cellular Slime Molds in Forest Soils of Germany James C

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Ecological Distribution of Cellular Slime Molds in Forest Soils of Germany James C Bot Relv 105:199-219 0253-1453/95/020199-21 $1.50+0.20/0 @ 1995 Birkhiiuser Verlag, Basel Ecological distribution of cellular slime molds in forest soils of Germany James C. Cavender 1, Jeannine Cavender-Bares2 and Hans R. Hohl3 1 Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 457011-2979 USA 2 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts 02138 USA 3 I!lstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland Manuscript acceptedSeptember 18, 1995 Abstract Cavender J. C., Cavender-Bares J., and Hohl H. R. 1995. Ecological distribution of cellular slime molds in forest soils of Germany. Bot. Helv. 105: 199-219. Surface soils were collected from deciduous, coniferous and mixed coniferous-decid- uous forest of Germany during the latter half of July 1993 and were plated out for cellular slime molds at Ohio University during the first half of August, 1993. Twenty-four sites were sampled from different geographical regions in southern, central and western Germany. Germany has a fairly diverse cellular slime mold flora/fauna similar to that of the cool temperate zone of Japan and to the North American bi-state region of Ohio and West Virginia. Eighteen morphological species were isolated which match those de- scribed in the literature. Three entities were isolated only once, hence are considered to be rare: Acytostelium leptosomum, Dictyostelium capitatum, and a new species, Dictyos- telium germanicum. Four species originally described from Japan were isolated for the first time from Europe: Dictyostelium microsporum, D. capitatum, D. implicatum and Polysphondylium candidum. The most commonly isolated were Dictyostelium mucoroides, S-type and Polysphondylium violaceum. Cellular slime mold populations of deciduous and coni(erous forests have distinct differences. Numbers of clones per gram and species richness were higher in soils of deciduous forests than in coniferous forests. Key words: Cellular slime mold, dictyostelid, ecological distribution, forest soil. Introduction Cellular slime molds were introduced to the world by Oskar Brefeld, a German mycologist, with his report of the discovery of Dictyostelium mucoroides in 1869. He also described Polysphondylium violaceum (1884), although he did not find these cellular slime molds in.(orest soils. Oehler (1922), working in Wiirzburg, reported that D. mucoroides could be isolated from forest soil. We have found these two species to be the most common in Central Europe. Hagiwara (1984) has assembled evidence to show that 199 200 JamesC. Cavenderet al. Brefeld's descriptionof D. mucoroidesmatches most closely another cosmopolitanspe- cies which Raper (1984) designatedas D. sphaerocephalum(Oud.) Saccoet March. Hagiwara createdthe nameD. brefeldianumfor the taxon we are naming D. mucoroides, S-type.Because there is no holotype designatedand preservedfrom Brefeld's description, we are, for the time being, using Raper's taxonomy. Cavender(1969) was the first to make an ecologically-baseddistributional study of Europe. However,only two siteswere sampled in Central Europe,one in WestGermany and one in Switzerland.Traub (1972)later did a comprehensivesurvey of cellular slime molds in Switzerland which was augmented by further collections of Cavenderand published in 1981 (Traub, Hohl and Cavender1981 a, 1981b). Three new specieswere described:Dictyostelium fasciculatum, D. polycarpum,and Polysphondyliumfilamento- sum. Traub also designatedtwo types of D. mucoroidesas Sand L types. This differen- tiation of D. mucoroideshas beencontinued in this study. They may representdistinct species.Leitner (1987)made someinteresting observations of three cellular slime molds with respectto forest soil pH. He found Dictyosteliummucoroides and D. fasciculatum more prevalent in deciduousforest with neutral or slightly alkaline soils while D. minu- turn was more common in deciduousforest soils which were acidic (ca. pH 5.0). In this study, Dictyostelium implicatum Hagiwara, D. microsporum Hagiwara, D. capitatum Hagiwara, D. germanicumnsp., D. septentrionalisCavender, and Poly- sphondyliumcandidum Hagiwara are reported for the first time from Europe. Dictyoste- lium germanicumwas isolated from a mature beechforest within a Tertiary volcaniccone in the Eifel region of the Rhineland Palatinate. It is unique in having small solitary sorocarpsbearing oblong sporeswith numerousunconsolidated polar granules. Study Area Germany,with an areaof357,000 square kIn, hasa great diversity of topographyand soils due to a rather complexorogeny. Among the microenvironmentspresent are those influencedby glacial till, including sandand bog environments,limestone, sandstone and basaltic bedrock, as well as considerableloess deposits in certain areas. Most of the country is broken into mountains and valleys by a network of rivers of considerable water volume indicative of an abundant rainfall distributed throughout the year (Ellen- berg 1988). Air temperature in summer seldomexceeds 30°C and in winter -20°C. "Such a climate encouragesthe universal growth of trees" (Ellenberg 1988). Despite considerableagricultural activity, Germany still has over one third of its land in forest. The climate favors beech(Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercusrobur) but there are also somedeciduous woodlands with an assortmentof dominants suchas maple (Acer)and linden (Tilia). Conifers,spruce (Picea abies) and Scotspine (Pinussylvestris) are naturally dominant in the northeast and at higher elevations although much of the deciduous forest of central and westernGermany has beenreplaced by conifer plantations. Methods Fifty gram soil sampleswere collected in Whirl Pac plastic bags during late July and early August 19~ and processedfor Dictyostelidaein a way similar to that reported by Cavenderand Raper(1965). However,all cultureswere shakenby hand rather than by machine.All of the soils were processedduring late August 1993at Ohio University upon return from Germany. Botanica Helvetica 105/2, 1995 201 The method of analyzingdictyostelid populations in soil is basedon the appearanceof clones of cellular slime molds on a dilute hay-infusion agar surface which has beeninoculated with an appropriate soil dilution and a pre-grownbacterial food supply. Coloniesof the developingorgan- isms are identified and counted in the isolation plates. Unidentifiable colonies are removed to two-memberedcultures with Escherichiacoli Blr for further study.The acrasianpopulations in each forestare expressedin terms of frequency,relative density,and density(Tables 2-4). Densityis the total number of clonesper gram of soil while frequencyis the number of times a speciesoccurs at a particular site expressedas a percentage,and relative densityis the relative number of colonies of eachspecies at a site expressedas a percentage.Isolates of eachspecies were cultivated on non-nu- trient agar with 24 hour pre-grownE. coli and preservedby lyophilization in the KennethB. Raper cellular slime mold collectionhoused at Ohio University. Soil pH was measuredin the lab using a RadiometerION83 ION METER. Photomicrographswere takenusing an Olympusphase contrast microscope. Forests in foothills, mountainousareas and lowlands were sampled in central, western,and southernGermany (Fig. 1). The lowlands of northernand easternGermany, however, were exclud- ed due to time constrai~tsexcept for one site (LH). Characteristicsof eachsite are listed in Table 1. Theseinclude location, date of collection,geographical region, forest type, dominant trees,geolog- ical features,elevation, humus type and soil pH. Results The results of the distributional study are presented in Tables 2-4. Dictyostelids recovered from soils of coniferous or mixed coniferous deciduous forest are presented in Table 2, dictyostelids recovered from neutral or alkaline soils in deciduous forests are presented in Table 3, and dictyostelids recovered from acid soils in deciduous forests are presented in Table 4. Comparisons of the cellular slime mold populations in these three environments within Germany can, therefore, be made more easily. Eighteen of the nineteen species isolated are illustrated with photomicrographs in Figs. 2-55. Spores, aggregation pattern and sorocarps are reproduced. Descriptions of these species except for Traub's D. mucoroides L-type may be found in either Raper's (1984) or Hagiwara's (1989) monographs, therefore our comments are limited to salient features. A description and Latin diagnosis of D. germanicum is presented here. Dictyostelium germanicum Cavender, Cavender-Bares, et Hohl sp. novo (Figs. 50, 51, 52) Sorocarpia plerumque solitaria, erecta, magnitudine regularissima, normaliter 0.5-1.5 mm longa, ecolorata; sorophoria cellulis uniserialiter dispositis, diametro basali circa 23-26 J.Ufiad 4-6 J.Ufiangustata ad apicem; sori globosi 60-120 J.Ufi;aggregationes tumuliformes 160-260 !lm, interdum margine brevibus radiis striatae, sporae ellipticae obtusae, plerumque 3-4 x 6-8 !lm granulis polaribus non consolidatis, Stirps typica: ME-1. Sorocarps usually solitary, erect, very uniform in size, usually 0.5-1.5 mm long, unpigmented, sorophores with a single tier of cells taper from about 23 -26 !lm at the base to 4-6 !lm at the tip; sori spherical mostly 60-120 !lm in diameter; aggregations mound-like 160-260 !lm, sometimes with short streams, spores elliptical with blunt ends, mostly 3-4 x 6-8!lm with numerous unconsolidated polar granules. Type strain ME-1 deposited in Kenneth B. Raper
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