MEXICO Estados Unidos Mexicanos

Table of Contents

 Geographical & Historical Background

 CULTURE

 Mexico’s Development in Detail . Demographic Indicators . Social Indicators . Economic Indicators . Urban Indicator Geographical Background GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND

• Location: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the US and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the US • Geographic coordinates: 23 00 N, 102 00 W • Map references: North America • Area: total: 1,972,550 sq km land: 1,923,040 sq km water: 49,510 sq km • Area—comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas • Land boundaries: total: 4,538 km border countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km • Coastline: 9,330 km • Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Source: WORLD BANK • Population (2014 est.): 120,286,655 (growth rate: 1.21%); birth rate: 19.02/1000; infant mortality rate: 12.58/1000; life expectancy: 75.43 • Capital and largest city (2011 est.):Mexico City, 20.446 million • Other large cities: Guadalajara 4.525 million; Monterrey 4.213 million; Puebla 2.335 million; Tijuana 1.82 million; Toluca de Lerdo 1.748 million (2011) • Climate: varies from tropical to desert • Terrain: high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert • Elevation extremes: lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m • Natural Resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Source: WORLD BANK • Land use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 39% forests and woodland: 26% other: 22% (1993 est.) • Irrigated land: 61,000 sq km (1993 est.) • Natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coasts • Environment—current issues: natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border

Source: WORLD BANK HISTORY & CULTURE

Mexico is a beautiful country, full of rich history and fascinating culture. From bullfighting to chocolate and rabbits, Mexico is a varied country. HISTORY

2000 election of historical importance. First time in 70 years the PRI loses power (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) Vincentre fox of PAN takes over (Partido Accion Nacional) Pre-Classical Period 3500 BC-300 AD First settlers arrive about 50,000 yea ago via Bering Straight. Fist human corpse found 12,000 years ago, El Hombre de Tepexpan. Agriculture begins about 7,000 years ago,ending nomadic lifestyle. Cultures included Olmeca,Mixteco- Zapoteca,Maya,Teohtihuacan,Tulteca, Azteca. The Classical Period 300-900 AD .Teothihuacan culture .First great civilization, Advanced metropolis, numbering system,260 day calendar ,agriculture. .Mayan Culture .One of the most advanced indigenous cultures, began as hunter gatherers and migrated into the Yucatán. .Zapotec Culture .The first Zapotecs came to Oaxaca from the north. they became the predominant ethnic group. They built many important cities, The Post Classical Period

Tenochtitlan founded in 1325 by Cortes .Rise of Aztec civilization and thriving culture. .Population estimates of over 200,000 .Modern city design Historical Timeline

Tenochtitlan conquered in 1521 by Cotes Including religious conquest, forcing their way of life upon the natives Mexico under Spanish rule for almost 300 years In 1810 the Mexican War for Independence begins Spearheaded by Miguel Hidalgo Iturbide and his armies become victorious August 24,1821 the treaty of Cordoba signed acknowledging Mexico’s Independence Mexican Revolution in 1910 Civil war of political ,social , and military turmoil Estimated that 1/15th of the population died during the war Pancho Villa emerged as one of the leaders of the revolution against Porfirio Diaz MEXICAN CULTURE The culture of Mexico reflects the complexity of their history through the blending of pre Hispanic civilizations and the culture of Spain , imparted during Spain’s 300-year colonization of Mexico.

Influences from the United States have shaped Mexican culture , and to a lesser extent , influences from Europe ,Africa ,and Asia. COMMUNITY

Citizens take pride in their lifestyle and economic independence. In Mexican culture the expectation of working and socializing together is a key component of society ,and has a basis in the strong ties formed within the family.

Reference, by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor Religion RELIGIONS PERCENTAGE With the Spanish conquest and Protestant colonization of Mexico, Catholicism was pentecostal 1% 1% 0% established as the 6% 14% dominant religion of 3% Jehovah's witnesses

75% Mexico. other Weekly church attendance is forty-six unspecified percent of the Mexican none population.

Roman catholic Source: Source: U.S. Library of Congress HOLIDAYS & CELEBRATIONS

The Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe.(Dec 12) The Day of the Dead.(Nov 2) Independence Day.(Sept 16)

Reference, by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor CUISINE

Mexican cuisine is known for its intense and varied flavors ,colorful decoration ,and variety of spices.

Mexican food varies by region, because of local climate and geography and ethnic differences

Reference, by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor TEQUILA

In Mexico, contrary to popular belief, Tequila is drum straight without salt and lemon. Sangrita-a sweet. Sour and spicy drink typically made from orange juice, grenadine (or tomato juice) and hot chilies. 2006 Tequila Trade Agreement Reference, by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor Sports Soccer(futbol in Spanish) is by far the most popular sport in Mexico. The country hosted the Summer Olympic Cup in 1970 and 1986.

In Mexico bullfighting is also highly popular and appreciated.

Reference, by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor Mexican art and Music

Clay pottery, embroidered cotton garments, wool shawls and outer garments with angular designs, colorful baskets and rugs are some of the common items associated with Mexican folk art. The country is closely associated with the Mariachi style of folk music.  It involves a group of musicians — playing violins, guitars and trumpets .  wearing silver-studded charro suits and elaborate hats. "La Cucaracha" is a well-known Mariachi staple.

Reference, by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor

POPULATATION

(119,938,473) Second most population country in Latin American

. Age Structure: 0-14 year : 30.1 (male 16,696,089 / female 16,011,563)  15 – 64 years : 64% (male 33,624,812 / female 35,925.372)  65 years and over :5.9% (male 2,917,563 / female 3,525,492)  Median age 25.6 years

Source: IMF POPULATION CONTINUED

 Population Growth Rate :1.153% Birth Rate: 20.36 birth / 1,000 population Death Rate: 4.76 death / 1,000 population Infant Mortality Rate: 19.63 Life Expectancy : 7563 years Fertility Rate : 2.39 children born / women

Source: World Bank ETHNIC GROUPS

60% Mestizo ( American-Spanish ) 30% Amerindian or predominality Amerindian 09% White 01% Others

Source: Source: U.S. Library of Congress RELIGIONS

0% Protestant 1% 1% .76.5% Roman 6% 14% pentecostal Catholic 3%

Jehovah's 75%  6.3 % Protestant witnesses 1.4 % Jehovah’s other

Witnesses unspecified

0.3 % Others none

13.8 % Unspecified Roman catholic 3.1 % None

Source: World Bank LANGUAGES

Official Languages is Spanish About 50 different languages spoken by indigenous people Nahuati Otomi Mayan etc.

Source: World Bank LITERACY

91% of people 15 and over can read and write  92.4% are male 89.6% are female

Reference, by Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor GOVERNMENT  Country name : Estados Unidos Maxicanos

 Government Type : Federal Republic

 Capital : Mexico (Distrito Federal)

 Flag Description : three equal vertical bands of green, white, and red, the coat of arms(an eagle perched on a cactus with a smock in its beak ) is centered in the white band  Source: Source: U.S. Library of Congress MEXICAN STATES . 31 States and 1 Federal District. INDEPENDENCE Independence was declared Sept 16th 1810 Independence was recognized by Spanish Sept. 27th 1821 Independence day celebrated on Sept. 16th (1810)

Source: world bank POLITICAL PARTIES

 National Action party ( PAN)  Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)  Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)  Convergence for Democracy ( CD)  Labor Party (PT)  Mexico GAREEN Ecological Party (PVEM)  New Alliance Party (PNA) Future Prospect DEMOGRAPHIC

Annual growth rate 2030 APPROX GRAPH OF 2030 • In 2030 , the population of Mexico will reach 148 millions, an MEXICO increase of 16.6 from 2015. 20 Mexico’s population growth although positive, will be slowing down over the period due to 15 declining birth and increasing death as well as continuing negative net migration . Although 10 the country will age rapidly over this period it will remain young by 5 median age than the reground average in 2030. Mexico will be ninth largest country in the world 0 in 2030 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Source: Sample report Dominican republic in 2030 Social Indicators POPULATION IN MEXICO

 The current population of the United Mexican States is estimated to be about 123,278,559. The Mexican population makes up about 1.71% of the entire world’s population and ranks 11th in population rankings. Source: World Bank Unemployment Rate

Source: World Bank How people earn their living GiniCoefficient: (2008–2012)

Mexico has a GINI COEFFICIENT of 0.441 (2008-2012),whereas the average is only 0.373. In the standardized world Income Inequality Database, organizing countries from lower to higher levels of inequality, Mexico is ranked 87 among 113 countries; 76% of the countries in this sample demonstrate lower income inequality. The second data base-with 132 countries from the year 2000 to date. Mexico has a GINI COEFFICIENT of 0.483 whereas the average is merely 0.404. By organizing countries according to increasing inequality, Mexico is ranked 107 of 132.  Mexico falls within the 25% of countries with the highest levels of inequality in the world.

Source:OECD Education

STUDENT RECEIVING HIGHER EDUCATION Difference in different fields with Korea

Source: World Bank

Mexico is an Information Technology Powerhouse

• Mexico has become a solid World manufacturing powerhouse , reaching high quality levels and competiveness that have positioned the country at the top levels in a series of industries. • But, it has not only been in manufactures that Mexico has reached a leadership place at world level. During the last years, it has reached an every day more important role in the growing world industry of information technology (IT).

GENERATION OF HEALTH HEALTH REFORM.. REFORM IN MEXICO..

Source: IMF

Transportation • A significant component of the Mexican economy, the transport sector accounted for 6.4% of the country’s GDP and 5.3% of national employment in 2014, according to the Mexican Chamber for the Construction Industry. • The country’s significant expansion of manufacturing in recent years is both benefitting the transport sector and placing it under increased pressure. Transport ratio

Source: World Bank The Agenda for the future

. 1. The creation of a genuine Social State and a change in focus from an assistant list State to a State that guarantees access to basic services while focusing on rights. . 2. If a progressive fiscal policy and a fairer distribution are created, we will be able to speak about a policy more aligned to the medium and long term objectives. . 3. Expenditure should focus on education, health and access to basic services, on infrastructure, on schools with services to reduce—not widen—the inequality gap. . 4. Employment and salary policies must also change. The purchasing level of the minimum wage must be strengthened, urgently. . 5. Transparency and accountability: if corruption is to really be eradicated, tax returns of all civil servants must be made public. Only then can a State under the rule of law be strengthened. TRADE: •Mexico is an export-oriented economy. It is an important trade power as measured by the value of merchandise traded, and the country with the greatest number of free trade agreements. Mexico is the biggest exporter and importer in Latin America.

Exports US $248.8 billion f.o.b. (2006) Imports US $253.1 billion f.o.b. (2006) Current account US $400.1 million (2006) Export partners US 90.9%, Canada 2.2%, Spain 1.4%, Germany 1.3%, Colombia 0.9% (2006) World Trade Center in Mexico City Import partners US 53.4%, China 8%, Japan 5.9% (2005) FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS:

• Mexico joined the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986, and today is an active and constructive participant of the World Trade Organization. • Mexico has signed 12 free trade agreements with 44 countries.

Countries with which Mexico has signed a FTA IMPORTS & EXPORTS IMPORTS

•Imports: $411.6 billion (2014). •Import goods: Metal working machines, Steel mill products, Agricultural machinery, metals, repair parts for motor vehicles, aircraft and aircraft parts, oil production equipment. •Main import partners: UNITED STATES: 49.1% CHINA: 16.1% JAPAN: 4.5% (2013 est.). EMPORTS

•EXPORTS: $397.5 billion (2014). •Export goods: Automobile, Electronics, Televisions, Computer, Mobile phones, LCD displays, Oil and oil products, Silver, Fruits, Vegeta ble, Coffee, Cotton. •Main export partners: UNITES STATES: 78.8% (2013 est.).

Source: Source: U.S. Library of Congress Mexican Drug War: The Mexican Drug War (also known as the Mexican War Sources: on Drugs) • Mexico is a major drug transit and producing country. It is the main foreign supplier of cannabis and an important entry point of South American cocaine and Asian methamphetamines to the United State. • Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of the heroin distributed in the United States. Use: • The prevalence of illicit drug use in Mexico is still low compared to Canada and the United States. • The main goal of Mexican Drug Cartels is to introduce narcotics into the US. Drug traffic routes in Mexico DRUGS RELATED DEATHS:

•Since the start of the Mexican Drug War in 2006, the drug trafficking organizations have slaughtered their rivals, killed policemen, and now increasingly targeted politicians – especially local leaders. Most of the places where these politicians have been killed are areas plagued by drug- related violence.

Source: IMF TOURISM

• Tourism is one of the most important industries in Mexico, ranking as its 4th largest source of foreign exchange in the country.

• Mexico has been traditionally among the most visited countries in the world according to the World Tourism Organization and it is the most visited country in the Americas, after the United States. GDP PERCENTAGE

TOURISM 8.90% 11.40%

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

12.30% RESTAURANTS AND BARS

29.20% HOTEL AND LODGING

12.70% COMMERCE

HANDICRAFTS

24.80% 10 TOP TOURIST ATTRACTION

Acapulco Guanajuato Dias des los Cozumel Muertos, Oaxaca

Los Cabos

Los Cabos Palenque Copper Canyon Tulum Chichen Itza Teotihuacan STATISTIC

• Most visitors arriving to Mexico by air for tourism in 2014 came from the following.

8,000,000

7,000,000

6,000,000

5,000,000

4,000,000

3,000,000 Series1 2,000,000

1,000,000

0 ECONOMIC INDICATORS ECONONOMIC INDICATORS • GDP RANKS 14TH ON GLOBAL SCALE • BY 2050 MEXICO WILL BECOME THE 8TH LARGEST ECONOMY GDP GROWTH RATE

• The Mexican economy advanced 0.6 percent on quarter in the three months to December of 2015, slowing from a 0.8 percent expansion in the previous period but staying above expectations of 0.5 percent, according to preliminary estimates. The services sector was the main driver of expansion while agriculture shrank and industry showed no growth. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

• The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Mexico was last recorded at 8626.20 US dollars in 2014. The GDP per Capita in Mexico is equivalent to 68 percent of the world's average. GDP per capita in Mexico averaged 6303.53 USD from 1960 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 8626.20 USD in 2014 and a record low of 3299.03 USD in 1960. GDP per capita in Mexico is reported by the World Bank. GDP COMPOSITION

BY SECTOR OF ORIGIN In Mexico, services account for 63 percent of total GDP.

Agriculture 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3%

Industry 34%

Service 63% GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY

• Mexico’s agriculture industry accounts for slightly less than 5% of the country’s gross domestic product and more than 18% of the nation’s employment. • AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS: corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; beef, poultry, dairy products; wood products. GRWOTH OF THE ECONOMY • Tourism in Mexico is a very large industry. Mexico has been traditionally among the most visited countries in the world according to the World Tourism Organization and it is the second most visited country in the Americas, after the United States. • In Mexico, Tourism Revenues includes tourism, border area traveling and travelers in cruises. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS NETWORK

• Mexico’s pursuit of free trade agreements with other countries is a way to bring benefits to the economy, but also to reduce its economic dependence on the United States. • The United States is, by far, Mexico’s most significant trading partner. Nearly 80% of Mexico’s exports go to the United States and 50% of Mexico’s imports come from the United States. • In an effort to diversify and increase trade with other countries, Mexico has a total of 12 trade agreements involving 44 countries . • The network allows to access a market of more than 100,0000 potential consumers( 60% of World’s GDP). NAFTA • Effective as of January 1, 1994 • A trade agreement between CANADA, MEXICO and UNITED STATES which provides for the elimination of tariffs on North American goods shipped among the three countries. • TOP TRADING PARTNERS • Mexico´s main trading partner is the UNITED STATES (80 percent of total exports and 51 percent of imports). • Others include: CANADA, CHINA and JAPAN. 1. United States: US$319.2 billion (80.3% of total Mexican exports) • A list showcasing 15 of Mexico’s top 2. Canada: $10.7 billion (2.7%) import partners, countries that imported 3. China: $6 billion (1.5%) 4. Spain: $5.9 billion (1.5%) the most Mexican shipments by dollar 5. Brazil: $4.7 billion (1.2%) value during 2014. Also shown is each 6. Colombia: $4.7 billion (1.2%) import country’s percentage of total 7. Germany: $3.5 billion (0.9%) Mexican exports. 8. India: $2.7 billion (0.7%) • In 2014, 93.5% of Mexican exports were 9. Japan: $2.6 billion (0.7%) 10. Netherlands: $2.3 billion (0.6%) delivered to the above 15 trade partners. 11. Chile: $2.1 billion (0.5%) • Germany was the only top importer to 12. South Korea: $2 billion (0.5%) decrease its imports from Mexico from 13. United Kingdom: $1.8 billion 2010 to 2014. For the other 14 importing (0.5%) 14. Guatemala: $1.8 billion (0.4%) partners, our studies showed a minimum 15. Peru: $1.7 billion (0.4%) gain of 0.1% for Canada up to a 158.9% improvement for India. IMPACT OF NAFTA

PROS CONS • Goods/services at lower costs • Fuel for peso crisis • Most underdeveloped countries gain • Benefits Mexico more than U.S. the most(i.e. standards of trade • U.S. deficit with trading partners increased) • Loss of low-wage American jobs to • Tariffs reduced Mexico • Jobs created • Environmental problems • Mexico’s economy growing • Traffic congestion and delays along the borders EXTERNAL DEBT

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 External debt (or foreign debt) External 18.4 17.9 18.8 20.2 21.9 is the total debt a country Debt( % owes to foreign creditors. The of GDP) debtors can be the government, corporations or citizens of that country.

Source: Ministry of Finance and Focus Economics calculations.

Source: World Bank FOREIGN AID The U.S. Government gave a total of $209,432,920 to Mexico in 2012

Source: World Bank The aid was broken down in the following manner:

 Economic  Child Survival and Health: $-12,200  Department of Defense Security Assistance: $39,854  Development Assistance: $17,948,047  Economic Support Fund/Security Support Assistance: $40,810,450  Global Health and Child Survival: $3,894,197  Narcotics Control: $27,565,779  Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining and Related: $7,074,531  Other Active Grant Programs: $15,381,152  Other State Assistance: $2,700,596Other USAID Assistance: $2,764  Other USDA Assistance: $372,914  Peace Corps: $2,000,836  Military Military Assistance, Total: $91,654,000

SOURCE: Data provided by USAID. FISCAL POLICY

 While fiscal policy continues to be prudent, public debt has increased during the recession.  Fiscal policy narrowed the deficits strengthening the credibility of Mexico’s macroeconomics framework.  The government budget is overly dependent on oil.  The government aims a balanced budget this year which excludes oil investment in state oil company.  The public sector borrowing requirement, a measure of combined deficit of the federal government and its enterprise would still show a deficit of 2.4% of GDP Source: IMF FUTURE PROSPECTS- ECONOMIC INDICATORS

REFORMS : The government of Mexico has put forth a bold package of structural reforms to help reverse years of slow economic growth. • High levels of labor market informality, and increasing income inequality. • Passed labor reforms, that makes it simpler for businesses to hire/fire employees • Passed educational reforms to make the system based more on quality and value. • New legislation regarding telecommunications and media have been created to try and create a broadened view and availability. • Recent tax reforms should increase government income while also redistributing the tax burden. • Focused on energy reforms, for example foreign investment in energy. • Government pursued financial changes to motivate lenders to extend credit. • Mexico can take advantage of its greatest potential with a strong economic base, this includes two important economic ties: North America and the Pacific Alliance. The most important region for Mexico is and will be North America. CONCLUSION

• Impressive number of structural reforms lifted the image according to international investors. • Energy reforms • The oil sector, education system, competition and labor laws, are going through significant changes that will be beneficial for Mexico. • International markets seem to have realized that much of the groundwork has been laid for the bright future, even though Mexico’s GDP was not the best. • Today Mexico’s fiscal position is solid, unemployment is low and the economy has gained in competitiveness. • Mexico has the lowest tax take in the OECD as a percentage of GDP: a fiscal reform has started to broaden its sources of revenues. • Certainly, the transitions of the Mexican economy from a closed one to an open one, from an agricultural to an industrial one, and from one that values public ownership to one that values private ownership are all steps in the right direction. URBAN INDICATORS OF MEXICO… Urban and Rural Population … Current Position. YEAR 1990 2000 2010 2014 URBAN POPULATION 32.3 34.8 34.9 36.3 RURAL POPULATION 28.6 25.3 22.2 21

34.8 34.9 36.3 40 32.3 28.6 25.3 30 22.2 21 20

10

0 1990 2000 2010 2014 URBAN POPULATION RURAL POPULATION Source: World Bank Urban & Rural Population Future Trends

YEAR 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Urban Population Percental change 79% 80% 80% 81% 82% 82% 82% Rural Population Percental change 22% 21% 21% 19% 19% 18% 18% 90% 82% 82% 79% 80% 80% 81% 82% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40%

30% 22% 21% 21% 19% 19% 20% 18% 18% 10% 0% 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Urban Population Percental change Rural Population Percental change

Source: World Bank Degree of Urbanization in Mexico…

PREDOMINATELY URBAN 89% VERY URBAN 84.95% URBAN 73.45% SEMI-URBAN 62.95% RURAL 59% RURAL, 59%

PREDOMINATELY PREDOMINATELY URBAN URBAN, 89% VERY URBAN SEMI-URBAN, URBAN 62.95% SEMI-URBAN VERY URBAN, RURAL 84.95% URBAN, 73.45%

Source: Mexico Country Report Annual Growth Rates of Urban Population

Annual Growth Rates of Urban Population

1990 2000 2010 2014 Mexico 2.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 Guatemala 3.2 3.3 3.4 2.9

Annual Growth Rates of Rural Population

1990 2000 2010 2014 Mexico 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0 Guatemala 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.1

Tempo of Urbanization (Urban Growth – Rural Growth)

1990 2000 2010 2014 Mexico 2.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 Guatemala 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.2

Source: World Bank Annual Growth Rates of Urban Population in Mexico

1990 2000 2010 2014 Urban growth rate 2.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 Rural growth rate 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0

3 2.6 2.5

2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.5

1

0.5 0.4 0.2 0 1990 2000 2010 2014 -0.5 Urban growth rate Rural growth rate Source: World Bank Comparison among Urban Migrants, Non-Migrants & Emigrants From 1995 to 2015…

90% 81% 80% 75% 70% 70%

60% 53% 54% 50% 41% 40% 30% 32% 30% 25% 23% 21% 19% 20% 20% 17% 15%

10%

0% Under 15 years old Over 15 years old Over 15 with only With higher education Economically Active primary education or less NON MIGRANTS IMIGRANTS EMMIGRANTS Source: World Bank SLUM POPULATION IN Urban Slum Dwellers MILLIONS

2001 2007 POPULATION IN SLUMS (% OF URBAN POPULATION) 1.8 4

2007 41% 14%

2005 43% 14% ANNUAL SLUM 2000 48% Guatemala GROWTH RATE 2.5% 20% Mexico

1995 53% 22%

1990 59% 21%

- 20 40 60 80 Source: World Bank Urban Systems

Population Share of Largest Cities % of Inhabitants % of Urban National Population 1990 2009 Population

Mexico city 15,000,000 21,020,000 40% 18.50%

Guadalajara 3,012,000 4,424,000 20% 23% Source: World Bank URBAN STRATEGIES OF MEXICO… SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS IN MEXICO CITY…

• Many conflicting statements about squatter settlements in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s were the result of a lack of detailed micro levels analysis and a tendency to evaluate them according to inappropriate middle class values and standards. • The classic stereo typed analogies to an urban cancer, inhabitated by ruralities who arrived in ever-increasing numbers and constructed houses according to a rural technology, gave credence to demands for their eradication and replacement by public sector housing. TYPES OF LAND TENURE…

 The Constitution of Mexico (1917) establishes the basis for land relations. The key article regarding land tenure, Article 27, was amended in 1992 to reflect the country‘s new tenure regime which allows the certification, transfer, and privatization of ejidal and comunidad land. TYPES OF LAND TENURE

 Private Equity : Property owned by a private individual or corporate body and can be freely bought, sold, leased, mortgaged and inherited.  Federal Equity : This term applies to land owned by the national government and includes areas of public interest such as forests, and areas of public benefit, such as roads and airports.  Ejidad and comunidad lands :- Owned by the state, ejidos and communicates are managed communally by their residents. Individual households often hold individual land plots. Land Tenure Regularizations Policy …

• Tenure regularization policy offers an analytical lens through which to understand land tenure issues. De Soto’s advocacy of formalized property titles as the solution to poverty, tenure regularization programmers have become increasingly widespread, affecting millions of urban dwellers. Forced evictions are carried out in a variety of circumstances and for a variety of reasons, for instance ,to make way for development and infra structure projects, Urban redevelopment or city beautification , as a result of conflicts over land rights, armed conflicts or societal patterns of discrimination.

 The resettlement programme launched under the Mexico plan of action ,with a view to improving and consolidating it. The RAP will set the criteria determining the value of the compensation and assistance to be provided, and describe the methodology by which displaced persons are determined to be eligible. Mexico Housing and Urban Poverty Reduction Program

• The Mexico housing and urban poverty reduction program continues to be robust with strong ownership from the Government of Mexico.

• The number of housing subsidies continues to increase while being better targeted to the poor and (for the first time in Mexico) incentivizing the used housing market.

• The housing microfinance pilot has made steady progress and the number of microfinance loans is increasing. The number of plots allocated to beneficiaries of the program Habitat for low-income housing also has increased.

• The Third Affordable Housing and Urban Poverty Reduction Development Policy Loan (HUDPL III) will support a number of the new administration's priorities and initiatives in the housing and construction sector. It consolidates and deepens the reforms undertaken under the first and second loans, HUSAL-I and HUDPL-II, which were approved in April 2004 and November 2005, respectively Low Income settlements in Mexico City….

Low income settlements in third world cities i.e. Mexico city have been the subject of inquiry and debate from a variety of view points. the main issues include the process of self help housing and settlement upgrading, social strategies over land and services and , in general ,the nature and role of the informal sector. although it is widely recognized that informal access to land .i.e. ., outside the existing institutional frame work, involves some kind of population of those areas, little attention has been paid to the definition of this problem. FUTURE PROSPECTS - URBAN INDICATOR

 The proportion of Urban poverty rates in Mexico stuck at 11.3% which depicts that poverty rates in urban sector have not improved .

 Annual rates of Urban Population Growth in the Mexico is 1.7 % for the upcoming years which will mean that a less changes are required for the local authority, opinion leaders and developers.

 The development in Mexico symbolizes a change in the Mexican social order, which was and still maintained agrarian (Presently, 15 million inhabitants by 1990 and 21 million by 2009 ) .

 Consequently, Mexico must consider its funding resources for environmental infrastructure needs for the urban poor. FUTURE PROSPECTS-URBAN STRATEGIES

 The study regarding the national urban strategy ,is an effort to maximize Mexico’s cities competitiveness, and livelihood , in the urban economist’s terms.

 The country is in a good position for this challenge , it has relatively a mature urban system, implying an over all urban population growth , and , a reasonably balance system of cities.

 The key issues affecting the competitiveness and livelihood of its cities are identified in three broad categories : dysfunctional nexus of land management ,housing markets, and urban transport ; unsatisfied demand for quality basic services – water ,sanitation ,and waste management ; and the lack of instruments to address the growing urbanization of poverty.

 Thus, the study suggests elements for an urban strategy , by addressing the implementation of institutional and regulatory reform for improved urban management . Sources http://prezi.com/vqryufxmgebg/education-technology-in-mexico http://www.slidessharesnet/uwglobalhealth/mexico-health-reform http://www.docsity.com/en/mexoco_population_-_geography_-_lecture_slides/378372/ IMF World Bank •https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40784.pdf •http://www.tradingeconomics.com/mexico/balance-of-trade •http://www.worldstopexports.com/mexicos-top-import-partners/ •http://www.faiez.co/wp-content/uploads/Foriegn-Debt-and-Its-Impact-on-Development- Economics.pdf •https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/mexico/external-debt •http://mexicosolidarity.org/ausmstudyabroad/mastersprogram/financialaid •http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators •https://finances.worldbank.org/en/countries/Mexico •http://www.worldstopexports.com/mexicos-top-import-partners/ •http://mexico.usembassy.gov/eng/aid.html •http://www.worldstopexports.com/mexicos-top-import-partners/ •http://www.tradingeconomics.com/mexico/balance-of-trade •http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/html/113418.htm •https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement •http://www.promexico.gob.mx/en/mx/tratados-comerciales http://www.tradingeconomics.com/mexico/foreign-direct-investment