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How Voluntary Organisations Can Solve the Problems of International Students: Examples of Turkey

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How Voluntary Organisations Can Solve the Problems of International Students: Examples of Turkey How Voluntary Organisations Can Solve the Problems of International Students: Examples of Turkey Rahmat Ullah1 Abstract. Turkey is becoming a centre of higher education to the students of developing countries. In the 2015-2016 academic year, the number of international students in Turkey was 87,903 and they were from 181 countries. However, the management of this increasing number of foreign students is very difficult for the government agencies. In this context, a large number of voluntary organisations have formed at the local level and working with the international students. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of the voluntary organisations in the management of the problems of the international students in Turkey. Data were collected from 40 non-scholarship international students through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The respondents were from Asia, Africa and Europe and enrolled in different universities of the big cities of Turkey like Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Konya and Trabzon. They were asked about different kinds of problems that were they facing and the nature of support of the voluntary organisations towards them. Results show that the international students faced socio-cultural, economic, administrative and academic problems, while voluntary organisations played important roles by providing dormitories, student houses, legal supports, scholarships, language courses, food supports as well as other supports when students need. Keywords: International Students, Problems, Turkey, Voluntary Organisations. 1 * Ph. D. Candidate, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey, [email protected] How Voluntary Organisations Can Solve the Problems of International Students: Examples of Turkey 1. Introduction Turkey has broadly opened its door for international students after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. It has started the Great Student Exchange Project in 1992 to form strong cultural ties with Central Asia, the Caucasia and Balkan countries by funding graduate students. The main objective of this project was to establish relations between Turkey and the related communities in various areas including culture, education and science2. The specific goals of this were to increase the educational level of the Turkic Republics and Turkic communities; to create a generation familiar with and sympathetic to Turkish culture; to meet the need for trained manpower in these republics and communities and to establish a permanent bridge of brotherhood and friendship with the Turkic world3. In the academic year of 1992-1993 Turkey offered 10,000 education scholarships to the students from Turkic Republics and Turkic communities and 1000 for the Eurasian students. Almost 38,407 scholarships were allocated to students from the Turkic Republics and Turkic communities between the years 1992 and 20084. Turkey has taken different initiatives for internationalising of its higher education. Government authorities, including the Presidents and Prime ministers of Turkey, has been giving importance of internationalisation by underlining academic, institutional and economic imperatives. Attracting more full-fee-paying international students including a number of government scholarships has recently become a crucial part of Turkey’s internationalisation agenda5. As Turkey broadens the focus of its internationalisation agenda the Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB) was established in 2010 to update education policies6. In addition, various structural, executive and legislative arrangements have been introduced. In 2010, the coordinating body of the higher education system revoked the central placement exam namely Foreign Student Exam or YÖS that international students were required to take for admission to higher education institutions in Turkey. Universities have rights to determine its own placement criteria and to place international students on its own. They are taking Foreign Student Exam in different countries. Moreover, the higher education authority emphasised to establish a well-functioning international student office in the universities. Furthermore, the Ministry of Trade took steps to support and continues to encourage the international marketing of higher education institutions providing half of all the transportation, accommodation and advertising expenses universities for their marketing efforts abroad7. Turkey Scholarship authority and higher education institutions attend international education fairs and exhibitions. Since 2012 Turkey Scholarship, has been used by the presidency to organise and finance international education in Turkey. It is giving various scholarships at undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels. At undergraduate level government have some scholarships on the basis of regions like Turkic Speaking Countries Scholarship Program, Balkans Scholarship Program, Black Sea Scholarship Program, Harran Scholarship Program, Turkey- Africa Scholarship Program, and Bosporus Scholarship Program. Ali Kuscu Science and Technology Scholarship and Ibni Haldun Social Sciences Scholarship for the graduate level non-Turkish student from all over the world. 2 Cennet Engin-Demir, Educational Policies of Turkey on Turkic Republics and Turkic Communities: The Great Student Exchange Project, NNRRAG-NN45, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011, pp. 93-95. 3 Pınar Akçalı and Cennet Engin-Demir, Turkey’s Educational Policies in Central Asia and Caucasia: Perceptions of Policy Makers and Experts, International Journal of Educational Development, 32 (1), 2012, pp.11-21. 4 Ibid. 5 Murat Özoğlu, Bekir S. Gür and İpek Coşkun, Factors influencing international students’ choice to study in Turkey and challenges they experience in Turkey. Research in Comparative and International Education, 10(2), 2015, pp. 1-15. 6 Farkhad Alimukhamedov, Türkiye’ye Uluslararası Öğrenci Göçünün Analizi, Bilge Strateji, 7(12), 2015, pp. 117-132. 7 Murat Özoğlu, Bekir S. Gür and İpek Coşkun, ibid. 2 Rahmat Ullah Besides, Ibni Sina Medical Sciences Scholarship Program for the undergraduate degree, Yunus Emre Turkish Language Scholarship, Islamic Studies Scholarship, Sports Scholarship and Arts Scholarship Program for all levels. Furthermore, Short Term Scholarships like Turkish Language Program for Public Officials and Academicians, Research Scholarships for PhD level are the popular scholarship schemes for the international students8. Non-scholarship students also receive attention from the Turkish government program. They are monitored and supported by the projects designed for international students such as Success Scholarship and Support Scholarship Program for enrolled international students in Turkey. Besides, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) and Turkey Diyanet Foundation provide undergraduate, graduate and post- graduate level scholarships to the international students. In addition to these scholarships, universities and nongovernmental organisations have some scholarship schemes for the international students. Many foundations and some state universities offer merit scholarships to those who have outstanding academic backgrounds. Merit scholarships usually cover tuition fees; living costs through a ten-month stipend; and dormitory accommodation fees. Some universities provide additional sources of funding like partial scholarships, such as the Academic Success Scholarship. Almost all foundation universities offer partial scholarships, which depend on the academic merits of the applicant and cover between 20% and 70% of the total tuition fees9. Besides, increasing number of universities, quality education, fewer tuition fees, a big number of seats for the international students and organised dormitory systems made Turkey a hub for international students. As a part of its national policy, Turkey is planning to increase this number to 200,000 by 202310. 2.1 Methodology The purpose of the study was to identify the role of the voluntary organisations in the management of the problems of the international students in Turkey. Research work was conducted using a qualitative research method. Data were collected from 40 non-scholarship international students through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Convenience sampling was chosen on the basis of their availability and willingness to respond. The content analysis of the semi-interviews was transferred to frequencies by identifying the common issues. The respondents were from Asia, Africa and Europe and enrolled in different universities of the big cities of Turkey like Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Konya and Trabzon. The male participates were 72.5% and female participants were 27.5%, 65% had undergraduate degrees, 22.5% had master’s degrees, and 12.5% had a PhD degree. 2.2 International Students in Turkey Turkey has become one of the main destinations of international students in the Middle East region. In the 2015-2016 academic year, the number of international students in Turkey’s higher education sectors was 87,903 and they were from 181 countries. Newly admitted students were 23,614 in that academic year. The neighbour Azerbaijan has the largest number of students in Turkey, followed by Turkmenistan and Syria11. 8 Turkiyeburslari, Scholarship Programs, https://www.turkiyeburslari.gov.tr/ 9 Studyinturkey , Financial Aid & Scholarships, www.studyinturkey.com 10 Hürriyet, Yabancı öğrenci sayısı yüzde 182 arttı, www.hurriyet.com.tr/ 11 Council
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