L'enjeu Historiographique De L'affaire Bompressi, Pietrostefani, Sofri
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Secrets and Bombs: the Piazza Fontana Bombing and the Strategy of Tension - Luciano Lanza
Secrets and Bombs: The Piazza Fontana bombing and the Strategy of Tension - Luciano Lanza Secrets and Bombs 21: TIMETABLE – A Basic Chronology (with video links) January 29, 2012 // 1 2 Votes Gladio (Italian section of the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC), founded in 1951 and overseen by SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe) 1969 25 April — Two bombs explode in Milan: one at the FIAT stand at the Trade Fair and another at the bureau de change in the Banca Nazionale delle Communicazione at Central Station. Dozens are injured but none seriously. AnarchistsEliane Vincileone, Giovanni Corradini, Paolo Braschi,Paolo Faccioli, Angelo Piero Della Savia and Tito Pulsinelliare arrested soon after. 2 July — Unified Socialist Party (PSU), created out of an amalgamation of the PSI and the PSDI on 30 October 1966, splits into the PSI and the PSU. 5 July — Crisis in the three-party coalition government (DC, PSU and PRI) led by Mariano Rumor. 5 August — Rumor takes the helm of a single party (DC — Christian Democrat) government. 9 August — Ten bombs planted on as many trains. Eight explode and 12 people are injured. 7 December — Corradini and Vincileone are released from jail for lack of evidence. Gladio 12 December — Four bombs explode. One planted in the Banca Nazionale dell’Agricoltura in the Piazza Fontana in Milan claims 16 lives and wounds a further hundred people. In Rome a bomb explodes in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, wounding 14, and two devices go off at the cenotaph in the Piazza Venezia, wounding 4. Another bomb — unexploded — is discovered at the Banca Commerciale in the Piazza della Scala in Milan. -
IHF REPORT 2006 ITALY 213 Reduce the Number of Applications Against Judges and Prosecutors Among Magis- Italy in the Ecthr
ITALY* 211 IHF FOCUS: freedom of expression and free media; judicial system and the right to a fair trial; ill-treatment and police misconduct; prisons; freedom of religion and re- ligious tolerance; migrants and asylum seekers; ethnic minorities (Roma). Excessive length of court proceedings 90% of all television revenues and audi- and overcrowding in prisons remained ences in Italy were controlled by the pri- among the most serious human rights vately owned company “Mediaset” and by problems in Italy. the public broadcaster RAI. “Fininvest,” a Waves of illegal immigrants continued holding company owned by Prime Minister to arrive in the country, creating problems Silvio Berlusconi’s family, is a major share- in the provision of temporary assistance, holder in “Mediaset,” and Berlusconi indi- the fight against human trafficking, and so- rectly controls also many other media cial integration, and which were followed companies, including the “Mondadori” by mass expulsions. Asylum seekers, al- publishing group, two daily newspapers, though protected by the constitution, were and several weekly publications. The OSCE not covered by specific legislation to im- representative stated that in a democracy, plement the right to asylum. it is incompatible to be both in charge of Freedom of expression and media news media and to hold a public post, freedom, which were generally protected, pointing out that such a link results in con- were still affected by media concentration flicts between political and business inter- and by the fact that defamation through ests in the shaping of public opinion.2 the press remained a criminal offence. Under the 2004 “Gasparri Act,”3 a me- The serious problems faced by the dia group may now control more than Italian judicial system were reflected by the 20% of television or print media, provided fact that Italy had the fifth highest number that its share of the total market is less of applications to the European Court of than 20%. -
Archivio D'autore: Le Carte Di Fabrizio De André
STRUMENTI CXCIV OSCADELLI M ANO F TE Nella facciata anteriore della sovracoperta: e S Particolare di una stesura, di mano di Fabrizio De André, del testo della canzone Crêuza de ABBRINI (AFDA, G.V.28 [1997, novembre]). F mä ante © «Fondazione Fabrizio De André onlus». ARTA M Nella facciata posteriore della sovracoperta: Fabrizio De André in concerto al Teatro Tenda di Firenze (gennaio 1982). Archivio d’Autore: Fotografia di Lorenzo Maffei. le carte di Fabrizio De André © «Archivio Lorenzo Maffei». Inventario a cura di Inventario Archivio d’Autore: le carte di Fabrizio De André d’Autore: le carteArchivio di Fabrizio Le scansioni dei documenti sono state realizza- te presso l’Università degli studi di Siena, Inventario a cura di Sistema Bibliotecario di Ateneo. MARTA FABBRINI e STE F ANO MOSCADELLI I curatori e l’editore del volume ringraziano Introduzione di la «Fondazione Fabrizio De André onlus» e STE F ANO MOSCADELLI l’«Archivio Lorenzo Maffei» per aver messo gentilmente a disposizione i documenti che R O M A compaiono nelle facciate della sovracoperta. 2012 MINISTERO PER I BENI E LE ATTIVITÀ CULTURALI La riproduzione sotto qualsiasi forma di tali DIREZIONE GENERALE PER GLI ARCHIVI documenti non può avvenire senza specifica 2012 autorizzazione da parte degli aventi diritto. PUBBLICAZIONI DEGLI ARCHIVI DI STATO STRUMENTI CXCIV STRUMENTI CXCIV 978-88-7125-323-7 N SB I Archivio d’Autore: OSCADELLI M le carte di Fabrizio De André ANO F TE e S ABBRINI Inventario a cura di F MARTA FABBRINI e STE F ANO MOSCADELLI ARTA M Introduzione di STE -
Introduction to Part I
2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 17 Part I Villains? The Judicial Truth 2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 18 2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 19 Introduction to Part I Stragismo, as discussed in Chapter 1, refers to a bombing campaign which started in the late 1960s and lasted for several years, causing a high toll in terms of the number of people killed and wounded. Initially, investigations targeted extreme- left, especially anarchist, groups (the so-called ‘red trail’), since the available evi- dence appeared to point in their direction. Later investigations started to probe an alternative path, the so-called ‘black trail’, which pointed the finger at extreme- right groups as the culprits for the massacres, albeit acting in ways that would pin the blame upon the extreme left. In connection to this discovery, investigating magistrates also brought to light the existence of a strategy, which became widely known as the Strategy of Tension, whose aim was to create an atmosphere of sub- version and fear in the country so as to promote a turn to an authoritarian type of government. Since the strategy was mainly directed at containing communism in Italy (especially in the light of the formation of centre-left governments from 1963, and increasing unrest on the part of students and workers in 1968 and 1969), it was an essential part of this strategy that the threat of political subversion should be seen as coming from the left, not from the right. This explained to many why much of the early evidence had appeared to point in the direction of anarchist groups. -
Milan and the Memory of Piazza Fontana Elena Caoduro Terrorism
Performing Reconciliation: Milan and the Memory of Piazza Fontana Elena Caoduro Terrorism was arguably the greatest challenge faced by Western Europe in the 1970s with the whole continent shaken by old resentments which turned into violent revolt: Corsican separatists in France, German speaking minorities in Italy’s South Tyrol, and Flemish nationalists in Belgium. Throughout that decade more problematic situations escalated in the Basque Provinces and Northern Ireland, where ETA and the Provisional IRA, as well as the Loyalist paramilitary groups (such as the UVF, and UDA) participated in long armed campaigns. According to Tony Judt, two countries in particular, West Germany and Italy, witnessed a different violent wave, as the radical ideas of 1968 did not harmlessly dissipate, but turned into a ‘psychosis of self- justifying aggression’ (2007, p. 469). In Italy, the period between 1969 and 1983, where political terrorism reached its most violent peak, is often defined as anni di piombo, ‘the years of lead’. This idiomatic expression derives from the Italian title given to Margarethe Von Trotta’s Die bleierne Zeit (1981, W. Ger, 106 mins.), also known in the UK as The German Sisters and in the USA as Marianne and Juliane.1 Following the film’s Golden Lion award at the 1981 Venice Film Festival, the catchy phrase ‘years of lead’ entered common language, and is now accepted as a unifying term for the various terrorist phenomena occurred in the long 1970s, both in Italy and West Germany. By the mid 1980s, however, terrorism had begun to decline in Italy. Although isolated episodes of left-wing violence continued to occur – two governmental consultants were murdered in 1999 and in 2002 respectively – special laws and the reorganisation of anti-terrorist police forces enabled its eradication, as did the 1 collaboration of many former radical militants. -
Archivio Mario Capanna
Soprintendenza archivistica e bibliografica dell'Umbria Archivio Mario Capanna Inventario a cura di Leonardo Musci Roma, ottobre 2020 Il presente inventario è stato realizzato grazie al contributo della Direzione generale Archivi - MIBACT, capitolo 3121, esercizio finanziario 2020, con il coordinamento scientifico della So- printendenza archivistica e bibliografica dell'Umbria nella persona della dott.ssa Rossella Santolamazza. L’esecuzione del lavoro è stata affidata alla società Memoria srl. In copertina: Mario Capanna e Luca Cafiero a una manifestazione del Movimento Studentesco a Milano, 1970. SOMMARIO Nota biografica 1 Nota archivistica 4 Serie 1. Movimento Studentesco milanese 8 Serie 2. Vita di partito e impegno istituzionale 15 Serie 3. Il '68 dopo il '68 24 Serie 4. Produzione saggistica e rubriche giornalistiche 30 Serie 5. Miscellanea stampa, corrispondenza diversa e varie minori 35 Serie 6. Attività nella Fondazione per i diritti genetici 38 Indici dei nomi 39 Introduzione Introduzione Nota biografica Mario Capanna (Badia di Petroia, frazione di Città di Castello, 1945) si è formato nell'associazionismo cattolico e ha manifestato da subito una non comune attitudine allo studio. La sua famiglia apparteneva al ceto artigiano e contadino. Gli ottimi ri- sultati scolastici al liceo classico di Città di Castello gli permisero di essere indirizza- to, tramite la filiera ecclesiale, all'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano do- ve, superato il difficile esame di ammissione, si iscrisse alla Facoltà di Lettere e filoso- fia (corso di laurea in Filosofia) nell'autunno 1964. Il diritto a risiedere gratuitamente nel collegio Augustinianum (quello per gli studenti fuori sede, mentre le donne ri- siedevano in stretto regime separatista al Marianum) era legato all'ottenimento dei massimi voti di profitto in tutti gli esami, cosa nella quale Mario Capanna riuscì. -
Accidental Death of an Anarchist DARIO FO 1970
Accidental Death of an Anarchist DARIO FO 1970 https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/accidental-death-anarchist INTRODUCTION Dario Fo's Accidental Death of an Anarchist (1970) responds to events unfolding in Italy in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Generally, it looks at police corruption and suspicions regarding the government's collusion in this corruption. More specifically, it addresses the actual death of an anarchist who was being held in police custody following the bombing of a Milan bank that killed sixteen people and wounded about ninety. The police asserted that the anarchist's death was a suicide, that the man threw himself from a fourth-floor window in despair at being found out for his crime. At the subsequent inquest, the presiding judge declared the death not a suicide but an accident. Most Italians believed that the death was the result of overly harsh interrogation techniques, if not a case of outright murder on the part of the interrogators. Accidental Death of an Anarchist is mainly about police corruption, underscored by the play's focus on impersonation, infiltration, and double-talk. A fast-talking major character, the Maniac, infiltrates a police headquarters. Posing as an investigating judge, he tricks the policemen into contradicting themselves and admitting that they are part of a cover-up involving the death of an anarchist. In infiltrating police headquarters by misrepresenting himself (impersonation), the Maniac reminds audiences of how most political groups in Italy, particularly left-wing groups, were infiltrated by police agents who acted as informers. The Maniac's flip-flop of point of view and statement achieves much the same effect as his impersonations do. -
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University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/77618 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Kate Elizabeth Willman PhD Thesis September 2015 NEW ITALIAN EPIC History, Journalism and the 21st Century ‘Novel’ Italian Studies School of Modern Languages and Cultures University of Warwick 1 ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS ~ Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………...... 4 Declaration …………………………………………………………………………………... 5 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………….... 6 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………..... 7 - Wu Ming and the New Italian Epic …………………………………………………. 7 - Postmodern Impegno ……………………………………………………………….. 12 - History and Memory ……………………………………………………………….. 15 - Representing Reality in the Digital Age ………………………………………….... 20 - Structure and Organisation …………………………………………………………. 25 CHAPTER ONE ‘Nelle lettere italiane sta accadendo qualcosa’: The Memorandum on the New Italian Epic ……………………………………………………………………..... 32 - New ………………………………………………………………………………… 36 - Italian ……………………………………………………………………………….. 50 - Epic …………………………………………………………………………………. 60 CHAPTER TWO Periodisation ………………………………………………………….. 73 - 1993 ………………………………………………………………………………… 74 - 2001 ........................................................................................................................... -
The History and Memory of 1968 in Italy by Rosaria Carbotti a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfa
Of Ghosts and Survivors: The History and Memory of 1968 in Italy By Rosaria Carbotti A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Italian Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory and the Designated Emphasis in Film Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Barbara Spackman, Chair Professor Mia Fuller Professor Linda Williams Fall 2015 Abstract Of Ghosts and Survivors: The History and Memory of 1968 in Italy by Rosaria Carbotti Doctor of Philosophy in Italian Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory and the Designated Emphasis in Film Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Barbara Spackman, Chair The year 1968 saw the rise of a manifold protest movement among Italian university students that evolved well into the late 1970s and spread to all segments of society. Today, the memory of this collective experience represents one of the most haunting episodes of the 20th century. Torn between celebrating national events and giving in to cultural amnesia, the Italian cultural discourse around ’68 appears deliberately opaque. In recent historiography, fiction, and film this momentous year appears to be condensed in a puzzle of contrasting snapshots that do not fit well together. On one hand, it is remembered as a watershed event that altered the course of the nation’s history and the lives of individuals in radical ways. On the other hand, many ’68 storytellers mourn the complete erasure of their experience from contemporary culture and criticize the moral wasteland that is associated with the current political arena when contrasted with the vanished hopes of the past. -
This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: King, Amy Title: Italy’s secular martyrs the construction, role and maintenance of secular martyrdom in Italy from the twentieth century to the present day General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Italy’s secular martyrs: the construction, role and maintenance of secular martyrdom in Italy from the twentieth century to the present day Amy King A thesis submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts. -
Accidental Death of an Anarchist Dario Fo
Accidental Death of an Anarchist Dario Fo Introduction “The public who came to the theatre – progressive students, workers, but also large numbers of the lower middle classes – was overwhelmed by the grotesque and apparently mad way in which the play worked. They split their side laughing at the effects produced by the comical and at the same time satirical situations. But as the performance went on, they gradually came to see that they were laughing at the whole time at real events, events which were criminal and obscene in their brutality: crimes of the state.” Dario Fo on the audience reactions to the first performances of Morte accidentale di un anarchico in Milan. Dario Fo has long been regarded as one of Italy’s foremost writers whose plays have been published and performed all over the world. He is also seen as one of the leading, modern political satirists. Accidental Death of an Anarchist is one of his defining plays and its origins are absolutely rooted in the left-wing workers’ political struggle against injustice, oppression and corruption. At 16:45 on the 12th of December 1969 a slow burning fuse detonated 18lbs of explosives hidden in Milan’s Banca Nazionale Dell’Agricoltura (National Agricultural Bank), in Piazza Fontana. The resulting explosion ripped through the building, killing 16 people and injuring 88. At the same time another bomb detonated in a bank in Rome and yet another unexploded device was discovered in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Soon after the Piazza Fontana explosion, the police arrested around 80 socialists, communists and known anarchists, including Giuseppe ‘Pino’ Pinelli. -
CONSTRUCTING a COLLECTIVE MEMORY of ALDO MORO in ITALIAN CINEMA Katherine Greenburg Gilliom a Dissertation
SEARCHING FOR TRUTH: CONSTRUCTING A COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF ALDO MORO IN ITALIAN CINEMA Katherine Greenburg Gilliom A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Marisa Escolar Federico Luisetti Samuel Amago Ennio Rao Amy Chambless © 2016 Katherine Greenburg Gilliom ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Katherine Greenburg Gilliom: Searching for Truth: Constructing a Collective Memory of Aldo Moro in Italian Cinema (Under the Direction of Marisa Escolar) This dissertation will address Aldo Moro’s presence in film and the changing manifestations of the politician in film throughout the years. I will argue that through film a comprehensive collective memory can be formed from examining what is known of the statesman, before and after his death, helping to ease the continuing sense of guilt felt by the Italian people in regards to his tragic end. In the first chapter of my dissertation I will discuss the concept of martyrdom in two films that depict Aldo Moro before his death; Elio Petri’s Todo Modo (1976) and Marco Tulio Giordana’s Romanzo di una strage (2012). Although two totally different films, historically and stylistically, both films portray a devoutly Catholic Moro and a rhetoric dealing with political martyrdom. In the second chapter of my dissertation I will address the conspiracy theories surrounding Aldo Moro’s death depicted in the films Il caso Moro (Ferrara 1986) and Piazza delle cinque lune (Martinelli 2003). Both films present their retellings of the Moro affair as revelations of the truth, focusing on the possible involvement of the Italian government, as well as the United States, in Moro’s death.