International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 432–442, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_043 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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TRADITIONAL PROCEDURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL VISION BUGIS ARCHITECTURE BULDING MATERIALS IN SOUTH , (BASED ON LONTARA AND OPINIONS BY PANRITA BOLA AS THE ARCHITECTS OF BUGIS TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE)

Syarif, Afifah Harizah and Moh Mohsen Sir Theoritical Labo, Architecture History and Behavioral Environment, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, , Indonesia

Ananto Yudono Labo Planning and Designing Labo, Departement of PWK, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This research aims to identify meanings of the environmental vision Bugis architecture building materials. The research method is descriptive and explorative qualitative methods; data collection techniques were unstructured interview to interviewees (panritabola as Bugis traditional building architects) as the primary data and lontara manuscript as the secondary data; as well as incidental and purposive sampling techniques. Results of the analysis indicate that selection of Bugis traditional architecture buildings are conducted in a natural manner based on lontara and traditional knowledge by panrita bola, based on high quality control, for example there are no building materials that have been struct by lighting, have been twisted by vines plant, have been rubbed by its branch at the time of growing in the forest and others. All of which are by considering on ‘meanings’ and structural ‘power’ of the materials, based on opinions or traditional knowledge given by panrita bola, as Bugis traditional architecture architects. Keywords: Material buildings, Bugis Traditional Architecture, Panrita Bola

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Cite this Article: Syarif, Ananto Yudono, Afifah Harizah and Moh Mohsen Sir, Traditional Procedures of Environmental Vision Bugis Architecture Bulding Materials in South Sulawesi, Indonesia (Based on Lontara and Opinions by Panrita Bola as the Architects of Bugis Traditional Architecture), International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp. 432–442. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11

1. INTRODUCTION There are many models and forms inhabited by various ethnic groups; each of which has distinguished forms and characteristics as well as unique value as the reflection of their culture. The values create more meanings for its inhabitation environment. Each house is inhabited and has its own image, and characterizes mental and spirit of each ethnic group as its builder. House does not only serve as a dwelling place, but also has symbolic values for its owners. Physical performance of the house and its environment reflects the “owner”. Existence of the traditional houses is back grounded by traditional norms, cultural habits, spirituality, including selectivity of building materials to be used. According to Robinson (2005) variations of house styles in each region reflects that the houses are built from any available local materials; old houses reflect the use of extensive materials such as big woods or bamboos. In selecting building materials, it is based on traditional knowledge; this is caused by cosmogony trust from ancient mythology, so that the trust concept always bases each of their life step and move that they take wherever they are and they live. Bugis community gives great respect at their inhabitation buildings; houses are parts of their life so that owning stilt house serves as life symbolization and ability as well as establishment. According to Christina et.al. (2014) they stated that long-lasting buildings depend on natural resources, and dialogical inclusive culture with newness as well as era taste. Architecture as a cultural product is a great past work with intensive ‘dialogue’ with its community as the owner and surrounding natural environment giving supports throughout the history period until the current era. And then,Shima (2006) described that traditional house is a product of evolution process, based on human empirical experiences in the past in the interaction with nature. So that it can be considered as a reflection of traditional community mindset and life pattern in the past; it certainly presents many lessons about wisdom in the interaction with natural environment. This activity can be seen in Hinduism cosmology ideas. There are many written events, but the practices, carpenters have been understood about these events (Waterson,1990). And then, Hamzahet.al (1984)described that many Bugis people before building houses, they would previously examine the woods to be used as the house composition. The house composition must be free from any attacks; lasoanging (windstorm), anreapi (fire), nakennaoling / lette (struck from lightning), nanoriwuju’(corpse), and all of which are regulated and determined by a house expert called as “panrita bola”. Based on the description above, there are ‘sacred’ values used as the basic of selection procedures of Bugis traditional building materials, based on thoughts and logics though their knowledge level is still categorized in traditional knowledge. The existence of panrita bolaas an architect of Bugis traditional house, serves as the ‘qualitycontrol’in selecting Bugis traditional building materials. Selection procedure of building materials is part of local wisdom values of Bugis traditional architecture. Then it is necessary to conduct a study of “exploration” about selection principles or procedures of Bugis traditional building materials.

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It is necessary to understand the local wisdom on the material selection principles, that are still known and trusted by South Sulawesi community; particularly for those are living in remote areas and familiar to stilt inhabitation environment. And for clearer description, then the problem formulations are as follow: 1. It is yet explained about the traditional selection procedure of environmental vision Bugis architectural building materials that are. 2. It is yet referred to the principles of symbolic value content-philosophical Bugis architectural building materials. Based on the above problems, the authors will focus on examining the traditional selection principles or procedures of Bugis architecture building materials; and will be confirmed in the forms of research questions as follows: 1. How is the traditional procedure of selecting building materials in Bugis architecture buildings. 2. What are the content principles of the symbolic-philosophical value meaning of Bugis architecture building materials; This study aims to find out the selection principles of Bugis architectural building material; and the linkage of local wisdom values owned and understood by panrita bola and panre bola. The benefits of this research are to preserve local wisdom values in the selection of Bugis architectural building materials, owned by Bugis community; (panrita bola and panre bola); and document in the research report.

2. RESEARCH METHODS According to Sugiyono (2014), qualitative method can be used to understand meanings behind visible data. Then the life historical development of a society will be traced through descriptive and explorative qualitative methods, using documentary data or manuscripts. Qualitative research methods are often called as naturalistic research methods, because the research is done on natural settings. Data collection technique is purposive incidental sampling, source of primary data is from interviewees, panrita bola and panre bola; while the secondary data is obtained from lontara manuscripts and literature. The data analysis process of qualitative research begins by examining all available data from various sources; namely from interview with panrita bola and panre bola, field observations written in the log books, official documents, personal documents (lontara manuscripts), pictures, photos and others.

3. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

3.1. Research Location The research location was conducted in Soppeng Sub district (figure 1), as one of the centres of Bugis tribe community in South Sulawesi province. The number of population in 2013 census was 225.512 people (101.111 male and 119.401 female). The area of Soppengsub district is 1.359,44 km2. Population residential is only centred in Watansoppeng city but also distributes until remote areas and environment, the comparison of stilt buildings (Bugis Traditional house) and non-stilt (walled-house) is 90% stilt house and 10% non-stilt house (9 : 1)

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Figure 1 Soppeng Sub district Map, (a) Map of the Republic of Indonesia, (b) Map of Sulawesi Island, (c) Map of Soppeng sub district (Source: Office of Spatial Department of Soppeng Sub district) Figure 1 above Soppeng sub district presents its location in the center of South Sulawesi peninsula, borders with in the east and south, in the east and north, Sidrap regency in the north as well as in the west.

3.2. Research Focus This research is focused on five sub districts, in which are dominated by wooden stilt buildings, and each sub-district is represented by one sample. The distribution of the samples is as follows:

Figure 2 Sample distribution map in Soppeng Regency

3.3. Mario Riawa Sub district Is the sub district located in the most northerly part of Soppeng regency, its population inhabitation in general is wooden stilt house.

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Table 1 Selection of building materials and construction process, houses in anincong village, Soppeng Regency Construction Ready for Pre-construction Re-construction Poleconstruction materials occupancy

Process of 1. Kumiah wood Process of inserting establishing the Process of making / House in the 2. Baramming wood pegs (pattolo)into buildings worked installing board floor finishingstage the pole(aliri) 3. White Jatiwood by many people In the Table1 above, it shows traditional selection of environmental vision building materials by Panre bolawith agreement by Panrita bola.

3.4. Donri-donrisub district Donri-donrisub district is the division of Lalabatasub district in Soppeng regency, borders with Barru regency.Its population inhabitation in general is in the form of wooden stilt house.

Table 2 Selection of building materials and construction process, houses in Tana Bellangnge village, Soppeng regency Construction Ready for Pre-construction Re-construction Poleconstruction materials occupancy

1. Kumia wood Process of making / Process of Process of making House is ready for 2. White Jati wood installing board installing or trestle and occupancy 3. Baramming wood floor temporary walls building roof In the Table 2 above, it shows traditional selection of environmental vision building materials by Panre bola.

3.5. Lalabatasub district Lalabatasub district includes in the area ofWatansoppeng city. Its population inhabitation is mixed between walled/stone buildings and wooden stilt house.

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Table 3 Selection of building materials and construction process, houses in Paowe village, Soppeng regency Construction Ready for Pre-construction Re-construction Poleconstruction materials occupancy

1. Kumiah wood Process of Process of 2. Baramming Process of making inserting pegs establishing the House in the wood the building (pattolo) into the buildings worked finishingstage elements 3. White Jati pole(aliri) by many people wood In the Table 3 above, it shows traditional selection of environmental vision building materials by Panre bola with agreement by Panrita bola.

3.6. Mario riwawosub district Is the sub district in the most southerly part in Soppeng regency and borders with Boneregency, its population inhabitation in general is wooded stilt house.

Table 4 Selection of building materials and construction process, houses in Bellalao village, Soppeng regency Construction Ready for Pre-construction Re-construction Poleconstruction materials occupancy

Process of Process of making installing the 1. Jati wood Process of making / holes in the pegs (pattolo) in House is ready for 2. Bitti wood installing board pole(aliri) for the crosswise and occupancy floor 3. Mangga wood pegs (pattolo) lengthwise positions In the Table 4 above, it shows traditional selection of environmental vision building materials by Panre bola with agreement by Panrita bola.

3.7. Ganrasub district Is the division of Lili rilausub district in Soppeng regency, Ganra sub district directly borders with Wajoregency. Its population inhabitation in general is wooden stilt house.

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Table 5 Selection of building materials and construction process, houses in Enrekeng, Soppeng regency Construction Ready for Pre-construction Re-construction Poleconstruction materials occupancy

Process of Process of 1. Jati wood installing the establishing the Process of 2. Bitti wood pegs (pattolo) in House is ready for pole(aliri) and installing board crosswise and occupancy 3. White Jati installing the pegs floor in floor box lengthwise wood (pattolo) positions In the Table 5 above, it shows traditional selection of environmental vision building materials by Panre bola with agreement by Panrita bola.

4. TRADITIONAL SELECTION PROCEDURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VISION BUGIS ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS Each building element is monitored and examined in physical and visual manner by panrita bola and panre bola,any bulding material to be used will be considered its construction and strength.

4.1. Selecting good time The Bugis have traditional knowledge of "good times" for an activity, good time is considered as a good fortune and will then determine the future. Panrita bola has knowledge of "good times and bad times" to start a job. In the cycle time; hours, days, weeks, months, and years there is "substantial time " (good) and "empty time" (bad). For example, morning is considered better than afternoon. Within a week, the first Wednesday and the last Thursday of each month are considered good days to start building a house. The time is not good on the first Thursday and the last Wednesday of each month. The moon of Muharram is considered a "hot" month meaning it contains many dangers, fires, epidemics and others (Mardanas, 1985).

4.2. Cutting trees In Bugisese manuscripts, there is a record of action and words to be followed, at the time of logging into the woods. It reads "you need to sleep on your axes at night before entering the forest and leave home before dawn; depart from east then south, then move towards the desired direction". Then walk around the trees, approach all directions, make a fireplace. Get close to the trees, and hold the axes, hold your breath and start to cut the tree. After three times cutting off the trees, just then breath. Throw pieces that have fallen in the direction of the sun rising, followed by the logging process until it falls (Robinson, 1996).

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4.3. Examining Pasu (knot) There will be any Pasuwhen there are any branches in the wood, pasu usually in the form of hollow or patterned / circular fiber knots. Pasuaffects negatively when it is placed in the wrong place, otherwise pasu will bring good luck if it is in the right place. During the selection of building materials by panrita bola, then pasu is one of the focus of observation, although actually pasu can be accepted, seen by the size of the pasu (Figure 3).

Table 6 Pasuposition and its meanings No. Position of Pasu Its meanings 1. Pasu in the poleis scratched by chicken. There will be many fights Pasubelow the polecan be urinated by 2. Dwellers will be not respected by others dogs. 3. Pasuis close to the base of walls Dwellers (female) will elope. Pasuin the poleis in the similar height with 4. Dwellers can get stab. salima floor (bamboo floor). 5. Pasuclose to the door is facing the door. Callers of guest and fortune Pasuin the poleis mutually facing the 6. Dwellers faces many deaths. corner of the house. Source: Robinson 1996, interview results with panrita bola 2016 In the table 6 above, it can be seen the meanings of pasu positions to provide goodness and badness for house owners.

4.4. Tolerance of Pasu (defected wood) Panrita bola andpanre bolahas traditional knowledge to determine the reliability or not of a pasu. Results of interview withpanrita bola “Haji Jufri” (70) fromPinrangRegency South Sulawesi, he mentioned that if there are any pasuin the building materials, which its diameter is “small” (diameter of 2 cm) then, it can be closed by “thumb” and invisible, then thepasuis considered reliable since it does not affect on the related material (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Haji Jufri(Panrita Bola/Sanro Bola)showed reliable wooden pasu to be maintained

4.5. Pole(aliri) is established to be installed in the reserve direction Bugis vertically upright stage poles functions as supporting structures and distributing loads from buildings. Stilt houses should stand upright, with the base at the bottom; while the tip is on the top. Panrita bola or panre bola, strongly forbids pole (aliri) installed upside, namely; the base is at the top and the end is below (Figure 4).

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Figure 4 Position of the pole (aliri)is installed vertical as at the time it is grows

4.6. To determine the bottom or tip of the pole (aliri) If a pole between the bottom and the tip is almost in the same dimension, so it is rather difficult to determine which part of the base and the tip. There are two ways that are often done to find out which part of the base and the end of the pole. The first pole is "weighed" in its middle point (Figure 5a), and if the pole is in motion (non balancing) it will determine that the base will be heavier. Both poles are immersed in water, then the sinking part is further down in the water, then it is considered as the base of the pole (Figure 5b).

Figure 5 Determine the base of the pole (aliri) (a) the pole is weighted then the weight part will be sunk to the bellow direction, (b) The pole will be sunk and the weight part will go into the water

4.7. Classification of environmental vision material There are several issues to be considered at the time of selecting building materials. According to panrita bola (Bugis traditional architect) who plays as "quality control" of the material, that prohibition of the use of wood is based on philosophical reasons presenting certain meanings. But when it is examined deeper, in these meanings, it contains values of structural strength, hope, care for the environment (Ludang and Mangkoedihardjo, 2009; Mangkoedihardjo, 2010), preserving flora and fauna. The classification type of material and philosophical meaning is as presented in Table 7.

4.8. Selection of “AliriPosi Bola” (Center Pole of the house) AliriPosi Bola means as the center pole of the house (soko guru); a pole that is considered a "the center of the house" and is considered as the sacred part. Posi bola is considered as a symbol of a "woman", the mother who controls the life of the household. The material for the center pole of the house is ajupanasa (jackfruit tree). Panasa in Bugis language means minasa meaning aspired. It means that what is desired is always achieved. If the center pole of the house is purchased from the timber seller, then the selected wood is the "intact" one (not split). It means that the residents of the house will always be in one piece, never short of something (Shima, 2006).

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Table 7 Classification of Material Types and Its Philosophical meaning No. Classification of Material types (wood profile) Its philosophical meanings The wood is struck by lightning at the time it grows in the 1. The wood is dead in unnatural way. forest. The wood is rubbed in the tip part or in its branch when it 2. The wood is defected, less strength. grows in the forest. When cutting the wood, it is fallen into living creatures (the 3. The wood takes a life of a creature. creature is dead). The wood has less strength, its fiber 4. At the time of growing, the wood is twisted by vines plants. is twisted. The wood has less strength since it 5. The wood is holed by bees when it grows in the forest. has holes. when it grows in the forest, there are birds making nets on Preserving natural preservation 6. it (the birds wait for hatching the eggs and then the small (fauna). bird can fly,) the bird just fly away. If there are a set of woods containing some stems, then it is Giving other stem opportunity to 7. selected the most perfect wood to be cut. grow The wood is treated as it grows so The pole is forbidden to be installed in inverse direction (as 8. that the dwellers will always be it is when it grows in the forest), the tip part is in the top. healthy. When the wood is cut, seeing at its fallen direction, since 9. when establishing the house, the direction of establishment Treating the wood as it grows. is in the contrary to its cutting process. Source: Mardanas 1985, interview results with panrita bola 2015, 2017 Table 7above shows that the woods at the time of growing in the forest and have defected part because of natural environmental effects. Actually, philosophical meanings have full moral messages.

5. CONCLUSION Bugis community is very concerned about the selection procedures of environmentally sound building materials, based on local wisdom values for stilt house buildings, the house is established on itself (human reflection), which is often referred to as the rupa tau (human form). The traditional selection procedure of Bugis architectural building materials has been applied by panrita bola and panre bola, which function as the "quality control" for example; avoiding the use of wood, having been struck by lightning, once tangled by vines, once rubbing its branches while in the forest, once perforated by beetles / birds, wood will not be felled when a bird is nesting, only whole and perfect timber will be cut. The selection of building materials had begun at the time of logging in the forests of ancient times. Currently, woods are purchased on the market, panrita bola or panre bola will still check the wood such as; wood defects, wooden pegs, wood dimensions, base and tip of wood and type of wood. The content of symbolic-philosophical meanings and values of building material selection is very symbolic and philosophical for the purpose of prosperity, welfare, and well-beings; so the meaning is very noble, polite, spiritual and humane.

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