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Identifying the Health, Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19

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Identifying the Health, Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 YOUNG PEOPLE, HEALTH, AND WELLBEING PILOT PROJECT REPORT Identifying the health, social and economic impacts of COVID-19 on young people in South Sulawesi PAIR: The Partnership for Australia-Indonesia Research (PAIR), an initiative of The Australia-Indonesia Centre, is supported by the Australian Government and run in partnership with the Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology, the Indonesian Ministry of Transport, the South Sulawesi Provincial Government and many organisations and individuals from communities and industry. The Australia-Indonesia Centre: The Australia-Indonesia Centre is a bilateral research consortium supported by both governments, leading Authors: universities and industry. Established in 2014, the Centre Prof. Anu Rammohan, The University of Western Australia works to advance the people-to-people and institutional Dr Sudirman Nasir, Universitas Hasanuddin links between the two nations in the fields of science, Dr Christrijogo Sumartono, Universitas Airlangga technology, education, innovation and culture. We do Dr Achmad Tohari, The University of Western Australia this through a research program that tackles shared Dr Healthy Hidayanti, Universitas Hasanuddin challenges, and through our outreach activities that Dr Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin, Universitas Airlangga promote greater understanding of contemporary Indonesia Anis Wulandari, Universitas Airlangga and strengthen bilateral research linkages. To discover more about the Centre and its activities, Report date: June 2021 please visit: ausindcentre.org Disclaimer: This report is the result of research funded by the Australian Government through the Australia-Indonesia To cite this report: Centre under the PAIR program. The report was edited This report is the result of research funded by the by the Australia-Indonesia Centre (AIC). The report is not Australian Government through the Australia-Indonesia intended to provide exhaustive coverage of the topic. The Centre under the PAIR program. Visit ausindcentre.org information is made available on the understanding that the AIC is not providing professional advice. While care Rammohan A., Nasir S., Sumartono C., Tohari A., has been taken to ensure the information in this report is Hidayanti H., Pandin M. G. R., Wulandari A., (2021), accurate, we do not accept any liability for any loss arising Identifying the health, social and economic impacts of from reliance on the information, or from any error or COVID-19 on young people in South Sulawesi, omission, in the report. We do not endorse any company The Australia-Indonesia Centre. or activity referred to in the report, and do not accept responsibility for any losses suffered in connection with any company or its activities. THE PARTNERSHIP FOR AUSTRALIA-INDONESIA RESEARCH (PAIR) I am delighted to share our preliminary findings from the Partnership for Australia-Indonesia Research (PAIR). PAIR is a development initiative that brings together researchers, policymakers, business and community groups to find solutions to real 1 problems. We do this in an integrated, Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������P5 collaborative and evidence-based way. We anchor our research on a segment of Indonesia’s ambitious Trans- Sulawesi railway network – the new 145-kilometre railway line connecting two major port cities: Makassar and 2 Parepare. Methodology ��������������������������������������������������������� P6 The railway line will provide much- needed transport for people and goods. It also stands to stimulate the local economy, boost commodities and transform communities. Yet, 3 experience shows that investments in Analysis and results ���������������������������������������P7 connectivity do not necessarily benefit 3.1. COVID-19 in South Sulawesi ���������P7 local communities if they are not 3.2. Disability and poverty �����������������������P10 ‘people-centric’ - that is sustainable, affordable and accessible. Businesses 3.3 Dietary diversity and government are unable to realise the new railway policy ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������P13 line’s potential without good planning 3.4 Mapping the incidence of mental and design of infrastructure. Poor health ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������P17 intermodal connectivity, scheduling and intervention are unlikely to encourage use. Moreover, people are likely to remain disadvantaged if they lack the knowledge needed to take advantage of opportunities, and if they 4 lack access to resources, or the skills Conclusions and required to thrive and enterprise. recommendations �����������������������������������������P17 Our research explores four areas: commodities; transport, logistics and supply chain; young people, health and wellbeing; and young people and development. We investigate what the railway lines mean for local 5 communities, how they respond References �������������������������������������������������������������P18 to change, and how they can take advantage of emerging opportunities. Warm regards, Dr Eugene Sebastian PAIR Program Director The Australia-Indonesia Centre YOUNG PEOPLE, HEALTH, AND WELLBEING PILOT PROJECT REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY COVID-19 has brought unprecedented challenges worldwide. Our analysis focuses on four aspects of the pandemic’s impact on seaweed farming communities in Maros, Barru and Pangkep in South Sulawesi. Firstly, we studied the impact of COVID-19 on household incomes and expenditure, using secondary data. In South Sulawesi, income increased by about 2 per cent compared with other provinces in Indonesia. However, household consumption decreased by about 3 per cent. Secondly, we mapped the incidence of people with disability (PWD) in our study sites using the Village Potential Statistics (PODES) 2018 dataset. We found on average, villages in PAIR districts have more PWD compared to South Sulawesi (Figure 7). Every village in Pangkajene and Kepulauan (Pangkep) municipality has PWD – an average of more than four per village, the highest of our three PAIR study areas. Some villages have more than three PWD and in one village there were 30 PWD. Thirdly, we evaluated the impact of in-kind food subsidies (the Rastra program, which provides rice) versus food vouchers (BPNT) on the dietary diversity of poor households. We found the provision of food vouchers via BPNT has improved the households’ consumption of essential nutrients, except daily fat, and increased the daily consumption of calories and carbohydrates. The impact on daily calorie intake was greater on BPNT participants than those receiving rice through Rastra. Lastly, we used nationally representative data from the Indonesian Family Health Survey (2007 and 2014) to investigate the association between individuals’ socio-economic and demographic characteristics and poor mental health. Early results show a statistically significant and positive relationship between poor health and mental health disorders. Females and unmarried individuals are more likely to report poor mental health. YOUNG PEOPLE, HEALTH, AND WELLBEING PILOT PROJECT REPORT Source: Ariv Kurniawan 1.0. INTRODUCTION This We focus on four aspects: • the impact of COVID-19 on COVID-19 has had huge economic, interdisciplinary household incomes and health and social costs on expenditure countries worldwide. Indonesia is research project • the incidence of disability in our no exception. brings together three PAIR districts Although South Sulawesi has one • an evaluation of in-kind food of Indonesia’s highest rates of researchers subsidies versus food vouchers economic growth, recent evidence (BPNT program) and their impact points to high economic inequality, from Australia on dietary diversity high prevalence of stunting and • the association between poor maternal health (TNP2K, and Indonesia individuals’ socio-economic and 2019 based on SUSENAS 2018, to address the demographic characteristics and SUPAS 2015). There is also poor poor mental health. and uneven access to sanitation, health and This research will inform our and challenges associated with proposed Strategic Integrated poor nutrition. economic issues Project (SIP) – a key piece of work for understanding the development Against this backdrop, an affecting rural needs of Indonesia, and estimated 1.2 million workers in particularly South Sulawesi. the informal sector have lost their communities and jobs due to COVID-19 related restrictions (Ministry of Manpower, their households 2020). These challenges are more prevalent in rural areas. in South Sulawesi. THE AUSTRALIA-INDONESIA CENTRE | PARTNERSHIP FOR AUSTRALIA-INDONESIA RESEARCH 5 YOUNG PEOPLE, HEALTH, AND WELLBEING PILOT PROJECT REPORT 2.0. METHODOLOGY We used secondary data from various sources (SUSENAS, PODES, IFLS and data on COVID-19 from the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) COVID-19 survey) to address four distinct research questions. The research methodology used graphical analysis and statistical modelling using multivariate regression analysis. THE AUSTRALIA-INDONESIA CENTRE | PARTNERSHIP FOR AUSTRALIA-INDONESIA RESEARCH 6 YOUNG PEOPLE, HEALTH, AND WELLBEING PILOT PROJECT REPORT Risk Factor High Medium Low No Classification No Data Figure 1.1: The Risk Factor of COVID-19 at Sub-district Level - July 2020 3.0 ANALYSIS AND of COVID-19 Task Force, and local Notes: Figures 1.1 and 1.2 present the RESULTS governments. risk factors of COVID-19 at every sub- district (kecamatan) in Indonesia. This The analysis in the Pilot
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