Klasyfikacja Gwiazd Zmiennych Na Podstawie Analizy Danych

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Klasyfikacja Gwiazd Zmiennych Na Podstawie Analizy Danych Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Fizyki Małgorzata Siudek Nr albumu: 195632 Klasyfikacja gwiazd zmiennych na podstawie analizy danych fotometrycznych w eksperymencie „Pi of the Sky” Classification of variable stars based on analysis of photometric data from „Pi of the Sky” experiment Praca magisterska Promotor: dr hab. Lech Mankiewicz Centrum Fizyki Teoretycznej PAN Kierujący pracą na Wydziale Fizyki PW: dr inż. Przemysław Duda Marzec 2010 Streszczenie Badanie gwiazd zmiennych jest jedną z najpopularniejszych dziedzin współczesnej astronomii. Kamery CCD dały astronomom potężne narzędzie do obserwacji. Umożliwiły one rozwój badań obiektów, których szybkość, a często nawet gwałtowność zmian, fascynuje i wzbudza zainteresowanie wielu naukowców. Jednym z projektów zajmujących się automatyczną obserwacją jest eksperyment „Pi of the Sky”. Jego głównym celem jest badanie szybkozmiennych zjawisk astrofizycz- nych, takich jak błyski gamma, czy gwiazdy zmienne. Obserwacje obiektów, które zmieniają się w skali czasowej znacznie krótszej niż skali ewolucji gwiazd jest zadaniem trudnym i wyma- gającym. Na tym polu dominują kamery, które szybko potrafią wymierzyć swoje obiektywy na nowy cel. W chwili obecnej na świecie jest kilkanaście teleskopów prowadzących automa- tyczne obserwacje. Projekt „Pi of the Sky” przyjął innowacyjne rozwiązanie stawiając na ciągła obserwację dużego obszaru nieba oraz dużą rozdzielczość czasową. Prototyp aparatury po krótkich te- stach w Brwinowie pod Warszawą, rozpoczął działanie w 2004 roku w Las Campanas (LCO) w Chile. W 2006 roku detektor został zmodernizowany, od poprzedniego różnił się przede wszystkim obiektywami kamer. Prace nad docelowym system wciąż trwają. Docelowo zapla- nowane są dwa moduły po 12 kamer, umieszczone od siebie w odległości około 100 kilometrów. Obserwacje tego samego fragmentu nieba z dwóch różnych miejsc pozwolą na wyeliminowa- nie sztucznych rozbłysków, pochodzących od satelitów czy samolotów. Ostateczna wersja systemu umożliwi ciągłą obserwację dużego fragmentu nieba. Spodziewamy się, że detektor wyposażony w solidne algorytmy on–line przynajmniej raz na kilka dni będzie rejestrował nowe obiekty. Prezentowane wyniki zostały zebrane przez prototyp docelowego systemu, składającego się z dwóch kamer CCD o rozdzielczości 2048×2048 pikseli z teleobiektywami fotograficzny- mi,umieszczonych na ruchomym montażu podczas dwóch lat, od maja 2006 do listopada 2007 roku. W tym czasie zostało zgromadzonych ponad miliard pomiarów dla prawie 11 milionów obiektów. Dla tak ogromnej ilości gwiazd została przeprowadzona procedura wyszukiwania, wyznaczenia okresu zmienności, a następnie klasyfikacji gwiazd zmiennych. Celem pracy jest znalezienie gwiazd zmiennych oraz klasyfikacja typu zmienności na pod- stawie własności krzywych blasku. W pracy przedstawiona zostanie procedura klasyfikacji gwiazd zmiennych, oparta na wyborze optymalnej procedury spośród dostępnych algorytmów poszukiwania okresu gwiazd zmiennych. Podczas identyfikacji bardzo istotnym parametrem jest dokładne wyznaczenie okresu zmienności gwiazdy. Zostaną przedstawione najczęściej uży- wane algorytmy wyszukiwania okresów gwiazd zmiennych oraz wyniki uzyskane po wybraniu najlepszego algorytmu dla danych obserwacyjnych z eksperymentu „Pi of the Sky” pochodzą- cych z sezonu 2006–2007. Na podstawie wyznaczonego okresu została również przeprowadzona analiza sfazowanej krzywej blasku, co pozwoliło określić typ zmienności danej gwiazdy. W pra- cy przedstawione zostaną podstawowe parametry gwiazd wyznaczone na podstawie krzywych blasku, które pozwolą identyfikować, skąd biorą się obserwowalne różnice w jasności gwiazd. 3 Praca zawiera również opis budowy i szczegóły działania detektora „Pi of the Sky” oraz me- tody przetwarzania danych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy powstał katalog ponad tysiąca gwiazd zmiennych, zarówno krótko, jak i długookresowych,w tym prawie sto gwiazd nie zostało zidentyfikowanych do tej pory w dwóch największych katalogach gwiazd zmien- nych. Pierwsze rozdziały zawierają opis eksperymentu „Pi of the Sky”. W rozdziale [1] zo- stały omówione podstawowe cele projektu. W kolejnych rozdziałach przedstawione zostały: aparatura– rozdział [2], sposób obróbki zdjęć– rozdział [3] oraz metody archiwizacji danych– rozdział [4]. W rozdziale [7] przedstawiony jest opis najbardziej interesujących zjawisk astrofi- zycznych z punktu widzenia projektu: błyski gamma oraz gwiazdy zmienne. W rozdziale tym został też omówiony dotychczasowy największy sukces projektu „Pi of the Sky” potwierdza- jący słuszność metody działania, jaką przyjął projekt. Następnie w kolejnym rozdziale [8] przedstawiona zostaje ogólna procedura identyfikacji i klasyfikacji gwiazd zmiennych. W roz- dziale tym zostały omówione dokładnie kroki przeprowadzonej analizy. Zawarta jest analiza algorytmu zastosowanego do wykrywania błędów pomiarowych w zebranych danych. Przed- stawione zostały również najpopularniejsze algorytmy używane do poszukiwania zmienności gwiazd [10]. Omówienie wyników poszukiwania takich gwiazd i ich klasyfikacji na podstawie danych z eksperymentu „Pi of the Sky” został przedstawiony w rozdziale [11]. Słowa kluczowe: gwiazdy zmienne, katalog gwiazd zmiennych, analiza danych, klasyfi- kacja, krzywa blasku, Analysis of Variance, błysk gamma. 4 Summary Variable stars are one of the most popular subject of investigation in modern astrono- my. Thanks to digital photography development, powerful research tools are now available for astronomers. After domination of big telescopes the time of tiny, handy and fully auto- mated telescopes equipped with movable CCD cameras has come. These new technological solutions allow to observe phenomena, so speed and intensive, that fascinate a lot of scientists. One of the projects that deal with automated sky observation is „Pi of the Sky”. It’s main goal is to investigate short timescale astrophysical phenomena such as Gamma–Ray Bursts or variable stars. Observation of objects that are changing on a time scale shorter than stars evolution time scale is difficult and demanding task. Huge telescopes that aim constantly in one direction are not suitable for that particular task. Cameras,which are capable of quick change of observed area serve, that purpose much better. „Pi of the Sky” project applied innovative solutions focusing on big area of sky and short time resolution. Prototype star- ted to work in 2004 in Las Campanas (LCO) in Chile after preliminary testing procedure in Brwinow near Warsaw. In 2006 equipment was modernized. The most important modifi- cation concerned objectives. The full version of detector is under construction now. The final version will consist of 2 sets of 12 cameras each, localized in a distance of 100km. This solu- tion will allow to reject optical flashes caused by planes or satellites, using the parallax effect. Final version of detector will be suitable for constant observation of large part of sky what to- gether with reliable on–line algorithms will make possible to record new objects at least once per few days. Presented analysis is made on data collected from May 2006 till November 2007 by proto- type. At this time detector consist of two CCD cameras of 2048×2048 resolution on a single paralactic mount. Over this time there were collected over milliard measurements for almost 11 million objects. Procedures of star selection, variability period search and variable star classification were applied for such immense amount of data. Aims of master thesis project are identification and classification of variable stars on the ba- sis of light curve properties. In this thesis is presented procedure of analysis and classification of variable stars. There are presented optimal algorithm of searching period, that was cho- sen from many others and used during research. Precise period of variability determination is a very important step during described procedure so there are also presented others popular algorithms used for variable stars analysis. At the and presented are results obtained after the most promising algorithms for data set collected in season 2006–2007 by „Pi of the Sky” experiment. After choosing algorithm and determination of period it was possible to analyze phased light curve on which is based classification of variable stars. Master’s dissertation includes also parameters of stars that are determined on a basic of light curve and allow to identify of type of the variability. Besides of analysis procedure,description of data pro- cessing methods, construction and way of function of „Pi of the Sky” detector is described. At the end catalogue of Variable Stars is presented. The catalogue was created on a basis of performed analysis and includes over one thousand short– and long–period stars. There is 5 almost 100 objects, which are not included in two biggest catalogues of variable stars. First chapters describe „Pi of the Sky” experiment [1], it’s equipment [2] and method of processing i [3] and storage of data [4]. In chapter [7] are presented the most interesting astrophysical phenomena regarding „Pi of the Sky” project: Gamma–Ray Bursts and variable stars. In that chapter there is also mentioned about the biggest successes of „Pi of the Sky” project– observation of GRB080319B, that confirm effectiveness of undertook experimental strategy. Next chapter [8] describes scheme and details of way of identification and classifi- cation of variable stars. It also contains comparison between algorithms used for searching period [10]. Results of variability detection and classification within „Pi of
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