The Disko Bay Area on the Diskobugten på Grønlands vest- Qeqertarsuup Tunua Kalaallit west coast of Greenland is at kyst er midtpunkt for en enestå- Nunaata Kitaani tassaavoq the heart of a unique and spec- ende og storslået arktisk natur. Issittumi pinngortitaq naleqan- tacular Arctic environment. Den rejsende vil blandt andet ngitsoq, tupinnarluinnartoq. The traveller will experience opleve knejsende fjelde, bru- Angalasup naammattuugassa- rising mountains, rushing sende elve, frodige kratheder og rai qaqqat kingittut, kuuit kuup- streams, lush shrublands, and kælvende gletsjere, der skubber palaartut, orpigaqarf it naggo- calving glaciers, pushing giant gigantiske stykker indlandsis ud rissut iigartartullu iluliarsuarnik chunks of ice into the sea. i havet. Sermersuarmeersunik imaanut aniatitsisut. In this photo book, the pho- I dette fotoværk tager fotografen tographer and writer Bo og forfatteren Bo Normander Uani atuakkami assilisanik tun- Normander invites the reader læseren med på opdagelse i den- ngaveqartumi assiliisup atu- to explore the diversity of na- ne unikke del af Arktis. Omtrent akkiortullu Bo Normanderip ture and climate in this unique en fjerdedel af Grønlands be- atuartoq Issittup ilaanut immik- part of the Arctic. Roughly folkning bor ved Diskobugten, kooruteqarluartumut takornar- one fourth of Greenland's og området er ikke alene kendt niartippaa. Kalaallit Nunaata population lives in the Disko for naturens skønhed og de inuisa sisamararterutingajaat KO BAY IS AR D EA Bay Area. The area is known mange isfjelde men også som et Qeqertarsuup Tunuani najuga- E N H AT not only for its natural beau- omdrejningspunkt for den glo- qarput, tamannalu pinngortitap T UR N O ty and the many icebergs, but bale klimadebat. Det skyldes, at pinnissusia piinnarnagu kisianni I G
E K also as a hub for the glob- klimaforandringerne er særligt nunarssuatsinni silaannaap allan- L T I
al climate debate, as climate synlige her med stigende tem- ngulernera pillugu oqallinnermi A M M A
change is particularly visible peraturer og øget afsmeltning af qitiulluni. Tamatumunnga si- I L I
here with rising temperatures indlandsisen. laannaap allanngulernerata maa- C D
IS and increased melting of the ni malunnarluarnera, silaannaap D K Greenland ice sheet. Med denne bog i hånden får læ- kissatsilernera, Sermersuullu N O A B seren et unikt indblik i Grønlands U aakkiartornerulernera pissutaal- E GT With this book in hand, the natur og klima på tværs af de R EN
lutik. U
T
reader gets an exclusive insight skiftende årstider og med blik for A
A
A
into Greenland's nature and de forandringer, der er i vente. Atuagaq una tigummiarlugu N
S
climate across the changing atuartup periarf ssaqarf gillu- U
S
seasons and with a look into alerpaa Kalaallit Nunaata pin- S
I P
the changes likely to happen ngortitaassutaa klimaalu ukiup
in the near future. ingerlanerani allanngorartuartoq U L paasisaqarf gissallugu, aammalu L A allannguutissat siunissami pisus- GREENLANDIC SEASONS L I sat takorloorsinnaalerlugit. S BO NORMANDER AQ TIT OR Q NG E I PIN QER AN TA NU FORLAGET NATUR & MILJØ, 2016 RS U ISBN: 978-87-999180-0-3 U T WWW.NORMANDER.DK U P 190 191 PROLOGUE 7 PROLOG / SIULEQQIUT MAP 8 KORT / NUNAP ASSINGI INTRODUCTION 10 INTRODUKTION / AALLAQQAASIUT ARCTIC NATURE 18 DEN ARKTISKE NATUR / ISSITTUMI PINNGORTITAQ A CHANGING CLIMATE 38 ET KLIMA I FORANDRING / KLIMA ALLANNGORIARTORTOQ GREENLANDIC SEASONS WORLD HERITAGE IN ILULISSAT 56 – NATURE AND CLIMATE IN THE DISKO BAY AREA VERDENSARVEN I ILULISSAT / ILULISSANI NUNARSUARMIUNUT ERIAGISASSAQ – NATUR OG KLIMA I DISKOBUGTEN – QEQERTARSUUP TUNUANI PINNGORTITAQ SILALLU PISSUSAA DISKO – THE VOLCANIC ISLAND 76 VULKANØEN DISKO / QEQERTARSUAQ INNERMIK ANITSISARFIUSIMASOQ SEA, SUN, AND SAND – THE ARCTIC SUMMER 98 COPYRIGHT © BO NORMANDER 2016 SOL, SAND OG VAND – ARKTISK SOMMER / SEQINEQ, SIOQQAT IMARLU – ISSITTUMI AASAQ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING, OR BY ANY INFORMATION STORAGE OR COLD, SNOW, AND ICE – THE ARCTIC WINTER 116 RETRIEVAL SYSTEM NOW KNOWN OR HEREAFTER INVENTED WITHOUT THE PRIOR PERMISSION IN WRITING OF THE PUBLISHER. KULDE, SNE OG IS – ARKTISK VINTER / ISSI, APUT SERMERLU – ISSITTUMI UKIUUNERANI ISBN: 978-87-999180-0-3 HUMAN AND NATURE 132 TEXT AND PHOTOGRAPHS: BO NORMANDER MENNESKET OG NATUREN / INUK PINNGORTITARLU EDITORIAL BOARD: JACOB SØRENSEN, METTE FROST, MARTIN BO HANSEN, TORKEL GISSEL NIELSEN, ULLA SKOVSBØL, MARTIN EMIL BLICHER AND GUSTAV BECH SETTLEMENT LIFE 150 DESIGN: JOHAN ROSENMUNTHE BYGDELIV / NUNAQARFIMMI INUUNEQ TRANSLATION FROM DANISH TO GREENLANDIC: NIELS-HENRIK LYNGE TRANSLATION FROM DANISH TO ENGLISH: BO NORMANDER AND DANIEL YEOW THE FUTURE OF DISKO 164 PRINTED IN LITHUANIA BY DESIGN AND PUBLISHING JSC KOPA DISKOBUGTEN I FREMTIDEN / QEQERTARSUAQ SIUNISSAMI
THE PRODUCTION OF THIS BOOK WAS SUPPORTED BY HOTEL ARCTIC, WORLD OF GREENLAND, BANK OF GREENLAND, BANKNORDIK, HOTEL ICEFIORD, AND ICECAP TOURS. THANK YOU 183 TAK TIL / QUJAFFIGAAVUT NOTE ON PHOTOGRAPHS: COLOUR FILTERS, FLASHES, DRONES, AND SIMILAR AIDS HAVE NOT BEEN USED AND POST-PROCESSING OF IMAGES HAS BEEN MINIMISED TO MAINTAIN AN AS-CLOSE-TO-NATURE IMPRESSION AS POSSIBLE. ALL PHOTOS BY SOURCES AND RECOMMENDED LITERATURE 188 BO NORMANDER EXCEPT FOR PHOTOS ON P. 36 (LOWER) AND P. 37 BY WORLD OF GREENLAND’S BOAT KILDER OG ANBEFALET LITTERATUR / NAJOQQUTARISAT ATUAGASSATULLU INNERSUUSSAT CAMERA AND PORTRAIT ON THE INSIDE BACK COVER BY VIBEKE SKOUSEN.
FIRST PUBLISHED IN DENMARK AND GREENLAND IN 2016 BY NATURE & ENVIRONMENT PUBLISHERS / FORLAGET NATUR & MILJØ HØJLANDSVANGEN 82, DK-2700 BRØNSHØJ, DENMARK WWW.NORMANDER.DK
2 3 Ukkusissat
Niaqomat
Qaarsut Uummannaq Saattut
1933 m
NUUSSUAQ
Ikerasak
1550 m 1877 m
Qullissat SERMERSUAQ GREENLAND ICE SHEET
VAIGAT
Qeqertag QEQERTARSUAQ DISKO ISLAND
ALLUTTOQ EQIP SERMIA GLACIER SERMERSUAQ GLACIER
Kangerluk 1220 m
LYNGMARK GLACIER
Qeqertarsuaq
669 m Oqaatsut
QEQERTAARSUUP TUNUA DISKO BAY Ilulissat
KANGIA SERMEQ KUJALLEQ GLACIER Ilimanaq
Kitsissuarsuit
Qasigiannguit Akunnaaq
Aasiaat
Ikamiut 8 9 16 17 TUMI P ITAQ SIT INNGORT IS ARCTIC NATURE
R U AT D N EN ARKTISKE
18 19 Characterized by its location in a tran- Naturen omkring Diskobugten er både Qeqertarsuup Tunuani pinngortitaq peqqarniiutiga- sition zone between the low Arctic and streng og gavmild, præget af beliggen- luni tukkusuuvoq, Issittup Avannaarsuata (højarktis) high Arctic, the biotope in the Disko Bay heden i overgangszonen mellem høj- Issittullu (lavarktis) ikaarsaariarfanni inissisimanini Area is both harsh and generous. The arktis og lavarktis. Den lange vinter pissutigalugu. Ukiuunerini sivisuuni aput, sermeq long winter with snow, ice, and extreme med sne, is og kulde gør det svært for issilu nunami uumasunut timmissanullu neriniarf- cold makes it difcult for mammals and pattedyr og fugle at fnde føde, mens luttitsisarput, aasaanerinili sivikitsuni seqinnerluar- birds to feed, while the short bright sum- den korte solrige sommer byder på en tartuni naasut naagasuartarput, taamalu sullinernut mer ofers an intense growing season for intens vækstsæson for planterne, der uumasunullu allanut nerisassaqartitsisarlutik. plants, which in turn provide food for igen udgør fødegrundlaget for mange many insects and animals. insekter og dyr. Tamaani naafusartut tassaanerupput qaqqat akornini narsaamanerni orpigannguaqarfit, paarnaquteqar- The natural vegetation in the Disko Bay Den naturlige vegetation i området be- fusut Issittullu naasuinit naafgineqartut. Naasut Area consists mainly of mountain heath står især af fjeldhede med dværgbuske, nalinginnaanerusut tassaapput avaalaqissat, paarna- with dwarf shrubs, heather, and low-Arc- lyng og lavarktiske urter. Typiske plan- qutit (paarnat), pilut (kigutaarnat), issutit paarnaqu- tic herbs. Typical plants are dwarf birch, ter er dværgbirk, fjeld-revling (”sorte- tikuluullu. Naasut assigiinngitsut Kalaallit Nunaanni black crowberry, bog bilberry, bell-heath- bær”), mosebølle, kantlyng og blålyng. namminermi naasartut 510-upput, taakkulu afaat er and blue heath. Greenland's fora in- Den grønlandske fora omfatter 510 sinneqalugit Qeqertarssuarmi eqqaanilu naasarput. cludes 510 native species and more than hjemmehørende arter, og langt over Pisuttuatsiaraanni qalipaatit assigiinngitsorpassuit, half of these are found in the Disko Bay halvdelen fndes i området omkring tunguusat, tungujortut, aappalaartut, aappalaartut Area. On a single short hike, it is possi- Diskobugten. Man kan på en enkelt qaquartut, sungaartut aappaluaartut, sungaartut qa- ble to experience a true palette of col- kort vandretur opleve et sandt farvespil qortullu takusassaapput – soorlu niviarsiaq tungu- ours in purple, blue, red, pink, orange, i lilla, blå, rød, lyserød, orange, gul og ngasumik aappalaartoq, Kalaallit Nunaanni inuiaa- yellow, and white – for example, the hvid – fx den rødviolette storblomstret sutsitsinni naasoq ilisarnaaterput, imaluunniit naasoq purple-fowered broad-leafed willow- gederams, Grønlands nationalblomst, tipigeqisoq qaqortunik sikkernilik, qajaasaq. herb, Greenland's national fower, or the eller den stærkt duftende hvidblomstre- highly fragrant white-fowered marsh de mose-post. labrador-tea.
Snow gentian. Sne-ensian. Tungujortunnguit.
20 21 The snow bunting arrives from North Snespurven ankommer fra Nord- Qupaloraarsuk upernalaaginnartoq Ameri- The glaucous gull is very elegant with Gråmågen er elegant med den ly- Naajarujussuaq pinnersuuvoq, tunua qaser- America to Western Greenland in early amerika til Vestgrønland i det tidli- kamit Avannarlermit Kitaanut tikiuttarpoq, its light-grey upper side, white wing segrå overside, hvide vingespidser toq-qaamasuulluni, suluisa nuui qaqortuullutik spring and breeds abundantly in rocky ge forår og yngler talrigt i stenede amerlallutillu qaqqalimmi ujaqqat akorngini tips, and white bottom side. It breeds og hvid underside. Den yngler ved saavalu qaqortuulluni. Sinerissami innani por- mountain areas and even in built are- fjeldområder og i byerne. piaqqisarlutik. on the coast of steep clifs and rock kysten på stejle kystfjelde og klip tusuuni qutaarluusuni piaqqiornerugajuppoq. as in towns. walls. 34 35 Q O AS FIUSIM R A S I S T I
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76 77 Disko is a mountainous island that lies Disko er en fjeldrig ø, der ligger som Qeqertarsuaq qaqqarpassuaqarpoq, diskos-itut ilu- like a shapeless discus (hence the name) en uformelig diskos (deraf navnet) smidt siluttutut isikkoqarluni, imaanut nunavimmiit 100 thrown into the sea 100 km west of i havet 100 km vest for fastlandet. Det kilometerisut ungasitsigisumut nalugiunneqarsima- the mainland. The Greenlandic name grønlandske navn for både øen og dens sutut. Illoqarftuaa qeqertarlu nammineq kalaallisut for both the island and its only town is eneste by er Qeqertarsuaq, den store ø. Qeqertarsuarmik ateqarput. Qeqertarsuarmi angisuu- Qeqertarsuaq, “the large island”. And it is Og øen er stor, lidt større end Sjælland, juvoq, Sjællandimiit anginerulaarluni, inoqarpiarani- indeed large, slightly bigger than Zealand men tyndt befolket. Der bor ca. 850 li. Illoqarfmmi Qeqertarsuarmi qeqertap kujaterpi- in Denmark, but sparsely populated. mennesker i byen Qeqertarsuaq, der aani pinnersumik inissisimasumi 850-it missaannik About 850 people live in the main town ligger smukt placeret på en halvø på inoqarpoq, Qeqertarsuullu avannaani-kitaani 35 of Qeqertarsuaq, which is beautifully sit- øens sydspids, og ca. 20 beboere i byg- kilometerinik ungasissuseqarluni ippoq Kangerluk, uated on a peninsula on the island's south- den Kangerluk, 35 km nordvest for 20-t missaannik inulik. ern tip, and an additional 20 people live in Qeqertarsuaq. the settlement Kangerluk 35 km north- Illoqarfk Qeqertarsuaq 1773-mi arfanniarnermik east of Qeqertarsuaq. Byen Qeqertarsuaq blev oprindeligt ingerlatsivissatut aallartinneqarsimavoq. Suli arfan- anlagt i 1773 som hvalfangerstationen niarneq, puisinniarneq aalisarnerlu pingaarnertut Qeqertarsuaq was founded in 1773 as a Godhavn. Fangst af hvaler og sæler og inuussutissarsiutaapput, taamaakkaluartorli illoqarfk whaling station. Hunting of whales and fskeri er stadig byens hovederhverv, moderniuvoq, niuvertarfppaaloqarluni, sulifnnik seals as well as fshing are still the town's men ellers er byen i dag en moder- ingerlatsiviulluni uummaarissumillu umiarsualive- main business but it is also a modern town ne by med butiksliv, småindustri og qarluni. Tamakku saniatigut takornariartitsinerup with shops, small-scale industry, and a vi- en levende havn. Byen har derudover iluani periarfssaqarluarpoq, soorlu pisuttuarfeqarluni, brant port. The town has much to ofer meget at byde på inden for turisme fx qimusserarfeqarluni, sermertanik takuniaaveqarluni, in tourism, for example hiking, dog sled- vandre-, hundeslæde- og gletsjerture ingammillumi arfernik takuniaaviulluarluni. Qeqer- ding, glacier walks, and of course whale for ikke at tale om hvalsafari. Man kan tarsuaq taamaallaat helikopterimik Aasianniit Ilulis- watching. During the summer and au- kun komme til øen med helikopter fra saniillu tikinneqarsinnaavoq, aasakkullu umiatsiamik tumn, the island can be reached by boat Aasiaat eller Ilulissat eller med båd om tikinneqarsinaalluni. and during the winter by helicopter only. sommeren. Qeqertarsuup Diskup Nunarsuup pinngorsima- Disko Island is geologically much young- Disko er geologisk set langt yngre og nerani sananeqaataa nunavimmiit nutaajunipilus- er and very diferent from the mainland. meget anderledes end fastlandet. Store suuvoq allaalluinnarlunilu. Nunap ilarujussua
78 79 Arctic summer. To the left Kuannit Val- Arktisk sommer. Til venstre ses Issittumi aasaq. Saamia-tungaani Qeqertar- ley on Disko Island. Above white cot- Kuannit-dalen på Disko. Ovenfor suarmi Kuannit qooruat. Qulaani ukaliusat tongrass in a swampy area in front of polar-kæruld i det fugtige moseom- masarsummi Ilulissani Zionip oqalufiata saa- the Zion Church in Ilulissat. råde foran Zionskirken i Ilulissat. vani.
108 109 In the winter darkness, stunning north- I vintermørket oplyses nattehimlen Ukiumi unnuaanerani qilak arsarnernit qor- On the First Sunday of Advent, the I Ilulissat bliver byens juletræer Ilulissani sapaassuarmi illoqarfiup orpia ern lights frequently paint the sky in jævnligt i nordlysets smukke grøn- sorpaluttunit qaammartinneqartarpoq. Christmas trees of Ilulissat are lit. In the tændt første søndag i advent. I ikinneqartoq. Qanittumi tassa oqalufik shades of green, yellow, and red. lige skær. foreground Naalakatta Illua Church, forgrunden ses Naalakatta Illua-kir- Naalakkatta Illua siullermik Qullissani atuus- originally built in Qullissat but moved ken, der oprindeligt blev bygget i simagaluartoq, aamarsuarsiorfilli 1973-mi to Ilulissat in 1973 when the coal min- Qullissat på Disko, men blev flyttet matuneqarmat Ilulissanut nuunneqarsima- ing town was shut down. til Ilulissat i 1973, da kulminebyen soq. lukkede.
124 125 THANK YOU / TAK TIL / QUJAFFIGAAVUT
This book would not have been possi- Denne bog havde ikke været mulig Atuagaq una piviusungorsimasinnaanngikkaluarpoq ble without the invaluable support and uden den uvurderlige støtte og hjælp, arlalippassuarnit tapersersorneqarnanga ikiorneqarna- assistance I have received from so many jeg har fået fra mange sider. Jeg har ngalu suliarisimasuugukku. Inuit 50-it sinneqartut wonderful people. I have interviewed and interviewet og talt med over 50 men- apersorlugillu oqaloqatigisimavakka, taakkununngalu talked to over 50 people and I feel a great nesker, og dem føler jeg stor taknem- qujassutissaqaqaanga. Ingammik qujafginiarpakka deal of gratitude for this. A special thank melighed til. En særlig stor tak skal gå aaqqisuisoqarfmmi sulisut, piumassuseqarluinnarlu- you goes to the members of the Editorial til redaktionens medlemmer, der altid tik paasiniaaqqaarnermi, isumassarsiornermi aaqqis- Board for always being engaged help- engageret har hjulpet med research, suinermilu nalilerneqarsinnaanngitsumik ilanngus- ing me with research, editing, sharing idéudvikling, redigering og i det hele saqarlutik ilisimasaqarlutillu suleqataasimasut: of ideas, and contributing with priceless taget med uvurderlige bidrag og viden: knowledge:
Jacob Sørensen Head of Section, Ministry of Nature, Environ. & Energy, Greenland Mette Frost Senior Advisor, Greenland & the Arctic, WWF-Denmark Martin Bo Hansen Director, World of Greenland Torkel Gissel Nielsen Professor, DTU Aqua Ulla Skovsbøl Freelance Journalist & Editor Martin Emil Blicher Senior Scientist, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Gustav Bech Editor, Global Økologi & organictoday.dk
182 183 In addition to a tireless Editorial Board, Udover en utrættelig redaktion vil jeg Aaqqisuisoqarfup qasusuitsup saniatigut uku naleqar- I would like to thank the following great gerne takke følgende for værdifulde bi- luartunik ilanngussisimasut atuakkamullu tapersersu- people for their kind contributions and drag og opbakning til bogen: isimasut qutsaviginiarpakka: steady support of the book:
Mette Hyldgaard Normander (my lovely wife), Luit Penninga, Erik Bjerregaard, Bodil Davidsen, Aron Emil Petersen, Lars Riber-Bruun, Maria Hammer, Arne Niemann, Inger Dreyer, Rasmus Troelsen, Hanne Holm Andersen, Lasse Spotteck, Tore Skare Rasmussen, Daniel Yeow, Johan Rosenmunthe & Niels-Henrik Lynge.
Finally, I would like to send a big thank Endelig vil jeg gerne sende en stor tak Kiisalu Kalaallit Nunaanni sulifeqarfit uku you to the following Greenlandic com- til følgende grønlandske virksomheder qujafgerujussuarniarpakka: panies for fnancial support of the book: for økonomisk støtte til bogen:
Hotel Arctic World of Greenland Bank of Greenland BankNordik Hotel Iceford IceCap Tours.
184 185 186 187 SOURCES AND RECOMMENDED LITERATURE Bo Normander (f. 1971) har Bo Normander (in. 1971) uki- arbejdet som naturfotograf ut qulit sinnerlugit pinngorti- KILDER OG ANBEFALET LITTERATUR i mere end 10 år parallelt tamik assiliisutut sulisimavoq, med sit arbejde som forsker, ilisimatusarnermi, pinngorti- NAJOQQUTARISAT ATUAGASSATULLU INNERSUUSSAT naturformidler og debattør. taq pillugu oqalugiartarner- Han har et bredt kendskab mi oqalliseqataasarnermilu sa- til arktisk natur og miljø og niatigut. Issittumi pinngortitaq har skrevet en række rappor- avatangiisillu pillugu anner- ter og videnskabelige artikler tuumik ilisimasaqarpoq, rap- om natur og biodiversitet. Bo portiliullattaarluni, ilisima- Bo Normander (b. 1971) has been har tidligere været formand tusarnermullu tunngasunik a nature photographer for more for Det Økologiske Råd allatiginnittarluni, pinngorti- than a decade in parallel with his og forsker ved Danmarks taq uumassuseqarnerullu assi- Miljøundersøgelser (nu en giinngisitaarnera pillugit. Bo - Arctic Station: Disko's environment, www.arktiskstation.ku.dk/english/about/environment carrier as an environmental re- del af Aarhus Universitet), siornatigut Det Økologiske - Committee for Greenlandic Mineral Resources to the Beneft of Society: To the beneft of searcher and communicator. He hvorfra han har en ph.d. i Rådimi siulersuisuusimavoq, Greenland. 52 pages. University of Greenland & University of Copenhagen, 2014. is highly knowledgeable about mikrobiel økologi. I dag er Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser - Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF): Arctic biodiversity assessment - status and Arctic nature and the environ- han programleder ved WWF (maanna Århus Universitetimut trends in Arctic biodiversity. 676 pages. Arctic Council, 2013. ment, and has written a number Verdensnaturfonden. atasoq) ilisimatusartutut sulif - - DMI: Climate changes over time, www.dmi.dk/en/klima of reports and scientif c articles gisimallugu, tassanngalu mik- - DMI: Greenland, www.dmi.dk/en/groenland on nature and biodiversity. Bo has robiel økologi-mi ph.d. angu- - Génsbøl, Benny: Nature guide to Greenland [in Danish]. 448 pages. Gyldendal, 2005. previously been the Chairman of simallugu. Ullumikkut WWF - GEUS: Ilulissat Icefjord – a world heritage site. 116 pages. Geological Survey of Denmark the Danish Ecological Council and Verdensnaturfonden-imi prog- and Greenland, 2004. Senior Researcher at the National ramlederitut sulivoq. - Greenland – be a pioneer: Nature & climate, Environmental Research Institute www.greenland.com/en/about-greenland/nature-climate (now part of Aarhus University), - Greenland Institute of Natural Resources: Birds and mammals, from which he holds a Ph.D. in www.natur.gl/en/birds-and-mammals microbial ecology. Today he is - Greenland's Ministry of Environment and Nature: The ffth national report to the Convention Programme Manager at WWF on Biological Diversity. 32 pages. Government of Greenland, 2014. Denmark. - Ilulissat Icefjord: Experience Kangia – the ofcial guide to the World Heritage site. 82 pages. Qaasuitsup Kommunia, 2013. - Naturporten: Greenland's animals and plants [in Danish], www.naturporten.dk - NunaGIS: Maps of Greenland, www.nunagis.gl - Rune, Flemming: Wild Flowers of Greenland. 350 pages. Gyldenlund Publishing, 2011. - Silis, Ivars: Disko – the blue bay. 255 pages. Gyldendal, 2011. - Statistics Greenland, www.stat.gl
188 189