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Transcript: Battles of Belief in WWII Battles of Belief in WWII Transcipt: September 1, 2007 Part 1 Stephen Smith : From American Public Media, this is an American RadioWorks documentary. Jay Garner : We were willing to put ourselves on the line. It was the killing that we objected to. World War II has been called "The Good War." But not everyone at the time agreed. Rather than carry guns, a group of conscientious objectors volunteered for a groundbreaking government experiment. They signed up to starve. Todd Tucker : These men were deeply idealistic Max Kampelman : I felt I was doing service. And task is to fight evil, resist evil. Starving for science in World War II. Plus, how radio became a weapon of war. Both stories in Battles of Belief, from American RadioWorks . First, this news. Radio Archive : This radio program comes to you thanks to millions of young men in uniform. Americans fighting overseas. Smith : World War II. Sixteen million Americans served in uniform. On the home front, millions more worked in American defense factories or volunteered to help the war effort. President Franklin Roosevelt mobilized the nation. FDR : Never in the memory of man has there been a war in which the courage, the endurance, and the loyalty of civilians played so vital a part. Film Archive : The battlefields of America are the production lines. The sweat, and muscle, and brains of men and women pounding out the tools of victory. Slugging out more and more and more. Twisting the axis into a trembling question mark. Men and women... Archive : If we don't stop that there guy Hitler, there won't be no White Houses for you and me, or education for any of us. Archive : All you women between 20 and 50, the Army needs you. Speed the attack, join the WAC. Copyright ©2007 American Public Media ®. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to American Public Media. This transcript may not be reproduced in whole or in part without prior written permission. For further information, please contact [email protected] . From American Public Media, this is Battles of Belief in World War II, an American RadioWorks documentary. I'm Stephen Smith. Looking back at World War II, it's easy to believe that Americans all felt the same - that fascism was evil and had to be defeated. After all, we call it "the Good War," and the people who fought it "the Greatest Generation." But the story is more complicated than that. From its earliest days, World War II was a struggle for minds and hearts, around the world and in the Unites States. Over the coming hour, we'll consider two little-known stories from World War II. The first, about a select group of American men who refused to fight, but still risked their lives for the people of Europe - by starving. The second, how a powerful device called radio became a modern weapon of war. Both stories reflect the battles of belief that were fought by the Allies and the Axis in World War II. Announcer : Number day in America's first peacetime compulsory military service program. October 1940. As the war spreads in Europe, the United States prepares for the day it may have to enter the fight. Lottery numbers for the peacetime draft are pulled from a fishbowl. Announcer : Number 158 in Oakland, California, laundry worker Kwang Kwan Fu. Among the 800,000 men called up, a future U.S. President. Announcer : At Palo Alto, John Kennedy, the ambassador's son, got the 18th number drawn. It was the first peacetime draft in the nation's history. It was also the first time the government made special provisions for people who refused to fight - conscientious objectors (CO) whose religious or philosophical beliefs forbade them to kill. In World War II, about 44,000 men were granted CO status. Bob Willoughby : I would just rather be killed myself than kill someone else. 20 year old Bob Willoughby was a CO from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Willoughby : Well, I was raised in the Church of the Brethren, which is of course a historic peace church, and I just knew I couldn't bring myself to aim a rifle or anything else at a person with the intent to kill. The historic peace churches - the Brethren, Mennonites and Quakers - follow the non-violent teachings of Jesus to the letter. Same with Sam Legg, though he was an Episcopalian from New Jersey. Sam Legg : I just could not visualize Jesus in the uniform of a U.S. soldier or any kind of a soldier. I just didn't follow. I said, well, if he couldn't do it, I couldn't do it. No, I cannot Copyright ©2007 American Public Media ®. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to American Public Media. This transcript may not be reproduced in whole or in part without prior written permission. For further information, please contact [email protected] . participate in war. It is wrong. It creates more hardship than it solves, more poverty, destruction, and surely sows the seeds of further conflict. Max Kampelman : My name is Max Kampelman and I'm now a retired lawyer and a retired diplomat. I was a pacifist in college. I registered as a conscientious objector rather than follow the course that many other pacifists took which was refusing to register and going to jail. I felt citizens have a responsibility to their government. You serve where you can and where the government tells you to serve. In the first World War, there were basically two options for conscientious objectors: fight or go to jail. In World War II, the draft law allowed COs to opt for non-combat service in uniform. Many became medics. Or, they could work for a new outfit called the Civilian Public Service. That's what Bob Willoughby, Sam Legg and Max Kampelman chose. CPS men cleared forest trails, they worked on farms, and tended patients in mental hospitals. Todd Tucker : These men were deeply idealistic. Author Todd Tucker has written about COs in World War II. Tucker : It's hard to understand now how deep your commitment to pacifism would have to be to take this stance during World War Two, which was, you know, almost universally regarded as a just cause. For you to be one of these 12,000 men who would take this incredibly unpopular stance, I mean, you had to be almost painfully idealistic. Jay Garner : We were willing to put ourselves on the line to protect other humans. It was the killing that we objected to. Jay Garner of Ohio was in the Civilian Public Service. The son of Brethren missionaries, he'd grown up in India and been deeply influenced by the non-violent teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. Garner had hoped to serve as a combat ambulance driver, but that option was blocked to men in the Civilian Public Service. Garner : Soon after drafted, I was transferred to the Oregon coast where I was firefighting. Then from there, I transferred to the Augusta state mental hospital taking care of a 20-bed dormitory of old men. When a brochure came out and said, "Would you starve that others might be better fed?" So Jay Garner volunteered to starve. He was among some 200 conscientious objectors across the country who signed up for a yearlong starvation experiment. The year was 1944, and the U.S. military wanted to know how best to feed the hungry people that would be liberated from Nazi- controlled Europe. Of the 200 volunteers, 36 men were chosen. Half a century later, we interviewed them about the experiment and why they volunteered. Here's Henry Scholberg of Minnesota. Copyright ©2007 American Public Media ®. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to American Public Media. This transcript may not be reproduced in whole or in part without prior written permission. For further information, please contact [email protected] . Henry Scholberg : American boys were dying on the battlefields, suffering imprisonment, getting wounded. And I felt it was unfair for me to be able to sleep in a comfortable bed at night and always have three meals. I felt I should be prepared to sacrifice. Many of the men wanted to demonstrate physical bravery as well as the courage of their convictions. All around them, the picture shows and the radio waves were filled with patriotic messages. Archive : He was an American. He loved and fought for some patch of earth in his native land. He died in a distant field to keep war and the slave makers from them who are dear to him. Archive : Because we know there is only one way to win a war and that's by fighting. Conscientious objectors didn't get a lot of public attention during the war. But they got a little coverage in newsreels and on radio - some flattering, some not. Newsreel : These young men are Seventh-day Adventists who would serve their country, but not by manipulating a weapon to kill. A medical corps has been established by students of the Washington Missionary College. It is patriotism, say these young men, who maintain they strive to obey the Commandment thou shalt not kill. Radio Archive : Today we bring you strange tale of Johnny Castle, hat salesman and conscientious objector. Here's a radio drama produced in 1943 by the federal government featuring Hollywood star John Garfield in the role of a pacifist.
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