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Halophytenvegetation Im Chaco Boreal, Paraguay - Pflanzengeographie, Ökologie Und Dynamik in Zeiten Des Klima- Und Landnutzungswandels

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Halophytenvegetation Im Chaco Boreal, Paraguay - Pflanzengeographie, Ökologie Und Dynamik in Zeiten Des Klima- Und Landnutzungswandels Halophytenvegetation im Chaco Boreal, Paraguay - Pflanzengeographie, Ökologie und Dynamik in Zeiten des Klima- und Landnutzungswandels Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades "Doctor rerum naturalium" der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Biologie der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von M.Sc. Christian Vogt aus Filadelfia, Paraguay Göttingen, März 2014 Betreuungsausschuss Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Abteilung Vegetationsanalyse und Phytodiversität, Albrecht-von- Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Abteilung Palynologie und Klimadynamik, Albrecht-von-Haller- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Referent: Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Abteilung Vegetationsanalyse und Phytodiversität, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Abteilung Palynologie und Klimadynamik, Albrecht-von-Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner, Abteilung Waldbau und Waldökologie der Tropen, Burckhardt- Institut, Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie Prof. Dr. Christoph Leuschner, Abteilung Pflanzenökologie und Ökosystemforschung, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Prof. Dr. Markus Hauck, Abteilung Pflanzenökologie und Ökosystemforschung, Albrecht- von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Free Floater Nachwuchsgruppe - Biodiversität, Makroökologie und Biogeographie Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. März 2014 Meinen Eltern gewidmet Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis .............................................................................................................. iii Tabellenverzeichnis .................................................................................................................. iv Danksagung ............................................................................................................................... v 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Problemstellung und Motivation .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Aktueller vegetationskundlicher Kenntnisstand im Untersuchungsgebiet ...................... 2 1.3. Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit ..................................................................................... 4 2. Naturräumliche Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsgebietes ..................................... 5 2.1. Geografische Lage des Gran Chaco und des Chaco Boreal .............................................. 5 2.2. Geologische Verhältnisse und Böden im Chaco Boreal ..................................................... 5 2.3. Hydrologie .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.4. Klimatische Verhältnisse ...................................................................................................... 8 2.5. Engeres Untersuchungsgebiet ............................................................................................ 11 2.5.1. Untersuchungsorte im Departamento Alto Paraguay .................................................................. 13 2.5.2. Untersuchungsorte im Departamento Presidente Hayes ............................................................. 13 3. Phytogeographische Charakterisierung und Lebensformen-spektrum der Flora salzbeeinflusster Habitate im Chaco Boreal, Paraguay ........................................................ 16 3.1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 16 3.2. Methoden .............................................................................................................................. 17 3.2.1. Checkliste der Gefäßpflanzen im paraguayischen Chaco ........................................................... 17 3.2.2. Artenliste der salzbeeinflussten Habitate im paraguayischen Chaco .......................................... 17 3.2.3. Lebensformenspektrum............................................................................................................... 17 3.2.4. Phytogeographische Einordnung ................................................................................................ 18 3.3. Ergebnisse ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.3.1. Taxonomische Diversität ............................................................................................................ 19 3.3.2. Lebensformenspektrum............................................................................................................... 20 3.3.3. Phytogeographische Charakterisierung ....................................................................................... 22 3.4. Diskussion............................................................................................................................. 24 3.4.1. Biologische Diversität im überregionalen Vergleich .................................................................. 24 3.4.2. Phytogeographische Charakterisierung ....................................................................................... 25 4. Klassifikation und ökologische Charakterisierung der Salz-marschen im Chaco von Paraguay .................................................................................................................................. 28 4.1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.2. Methoden .............................................................................................................................. 29 4.2.1. Vegetationsaufnahmen ................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.2. Bodenanalysen ............................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.3. Datenauswertung ........................................................................................................................ 29 4.3. Ergebnisse ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.3.1. Klassifikation und Beschreibung der Gesellschaften .................................................................. 30 i 4.3.2. Ökologie und Dynamik der Salzmarschen .................................................................................. 37 4.4. Diskussion............................................................................................................................. 41 4.4.1. Halophytengesellschaften im überregionalen Vergleich ............................................................. 41 4.4.2. Syntaxonomische Einordnung der Gesellschaften ...................................................................... 42 4.4.3. Ökologische Eigenschaften der Salzsteppen ............................................................................... 43 5. Gesellschaften und strukturelle Diversität der Gehölzvegetation salzhaltiger Standorte im paraguayischen Chaco ....................................................................................................... 46 5.1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 46 5.2. Methoden .............................................................................................................................. 47 5.2.1. Vegetationsaufnahmen ................................................................................................................ 47 5.2.2. Bodenanalysen ............................................................................................................................ 47 5.2.3. Datenauswertung ........................................................................................................................ 48 5.3. Ergebnisse ............................................................................................................................ 49 5.3.1. Klassifikation und Beschreibung der Gesellschaften .................................................................. 49 5.3.2. Ökologische Eigenschaften der Gesellschaften .......................................................................... 64 5.3.3. Strukturelle Zusammensetzung der Gesellschaften .................................................................... 66 5.4. Diskussion............................................................................................................................. 72 5.4.1. Vegetationseinheiten im regionalen Vergleich ........................................................................... 72 5.4.2. Syntaxonomische Einordnung .................................................................................................... 74 5.4.3. Strukturelle Vergleiche ............................................................................................................... 75 5.4.4. Ökologische Eigenschaften ......................................................................................................... 76 6. Abschließende Diskussion und
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