1 HISTORY of POLAND HIST 234/POL 234 FALL 2017 Instructor
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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church Under Communism Kathryn Burns Union College - Schenectady, NY
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2013 More Catholic than the Pope: An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church under Communism Kathryn Burns Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Burns, Kathryn, "More Catholic than the Pope: An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church under Communism" (2013). Honors Theses. 638. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/638 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “More Catholic than the Pope”: An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church under Communism By Kathryn Burns ******************** Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History UNION COLLEGE June 2013 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………..........................................1 Chapter I. The Roman Catholic Church‟s Influence in Poland Prior to World War II…………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Chapter II. World War II and the Rise of Communism……………….........................................38 Chapter III. The Decline and Demise of Communist Power……………….. …………………..63 Chapter IV. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….76 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..78 ii Abstract Poland is home to arguably the most loyal and devout Catholics in Europe. A brief examination of the country‟s history indicates that Polish society has been subjected to a variety of politically, religiously, and socially oppressive forces that have continually tested the strength of allegiance to the Catholic Church. -
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland Ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE. Pawe≥Bukowski † This paper examines the effect on current student performance of the 19th century Partitions of Poland among Austria, Prussia and Russia. Despite the modern similarities of the three regions, using a regression discontinuity design I show that student test scores are 0.6 standard deviation higher on the Austrian side of the former Austrian-Russian border. This magnitude is comparable to the black vs. white test score gap in the US. On the other hand, I do not find evidence for differences on the Prussian-Russian border. Using a theoretical model and indirect evidence I argue that the Partitions have persisted through their impact on social norms toward local schools. Nevertheless, the persistent effect of Austria is puzzling given the histori- cal similarities of the Austrian and Prussian educational systems. I argue that the differential legacy of Austria and Prussia originates from the Aus- trian Empire’s policy to promote Polish identity in schools and the Prussian Empire’s efforts to Germanize the Poles through education. JEL Classification: N30, I20, O15, J24 úI thank Sascha O. Becker, Volha Charnysh, Gregory Clark, Tomas Cvrcek, John S. Earle, Irena Grosfeld, Hedvig Horvát, Gábor Kézdi, Jacek Kochanowicz, Attila Lindner, Christina Romer, Ruth M. Schüler, Tamás Vonyó, Jacob Weisdorf, Agnieszka WysokiÒska, Noam Yuchtman, the partici- pants of seminars at Central European University, University of California at Berkeley, University of California at Davis, Warsaw School of Economics, Ifo Center for the Economics of Education and FRESH workshops in Warsaw and Canterbury, WEast workshop in Belgrade, European Historical Economics Society Summer School in Berlin for their comments and suggestions. -
Presence of Julian Tuwim in Lithuania
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS LODZIENSIS FOLIA LITTERARIA POLONICA 6(36) 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1505-9057.36.11 Teresa Dalecka* The (Non)Presence of Julian Tuwim in Lithuania The relatively poor reception of Julian Tuwim’s works in Lithuania stems from the 1960s. In that period, unofficial literature circulated the country, influ- encing society as a form of cultural resistance, sole means to preserve national identity. Literary works became synonymous with defending culture and society. One of the dominating directions of the development of Lithuanian literature was reconstructing bonds with the pre-war national-agricultural vision of the world and historical memory. The second direction was, often through translations, re- constructing Western modernistic trends1. Lithuanian writers were searching for various forms of modified avant-garde trends in Western poets, Julian Tuwim among them. Having reclaimed independence in 1991, Lithuanian literature became simi- lar to Western literature. A lot of new opportunities opened up. Among the most interesting ones, there were phenomena like: unstable identity of the subject, pop- ularity of grotesque, disappearance of lyricism in poetry, intertextuality, domi- nance of essay in prose, and stylistic experiments including merging highbrow and mass literature2. Contemporary Lithuanian writers reflect various outlooks and philosophies in their works. Young authors feel less overwhelmed by tradi- tion than their predecessors. At the same time, the reasons to rebel against literary canons are diminishing: Currently, the most important issue is the audience of literature and the ques- tion of the place for subjective works in a chaotic world of commercialised soci- ety, ruled by market competitiveness, along with modernised communication3. -
Anthology of Polish Poetry. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program, 1998 (Hungary/Poland)
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 444 900 SO 031 309 AUTHOR Smith, Thomas A. TITLE Anthology of Polish Poetry. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program, 1998 (Hungary/Poland). INSTITUTION Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 206p. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020)-- Guides Classroom - Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Anthologies; Cultural Context; *Cultural Enrichment; *Curriculum Development; Foreign Countries; High Schools; *Poetry; *Poets; Polish Americans; *Polish Literature; *World Literature IDENTIFIERS Fulbright Hays Seminars Abroad Program; *Poland; Polish People ABSTRACT This anthology, of more than 225 short poems by Polish authors, was created to be used in world literature classes in a high school with many first-generation Polish students. The following poets are represented in the anthology: Jan Kochanowski; Franciszek Dionizy Kniaznin; Elzbieta Druzbacka; Antoni Malczewski; Adam Mickiewicz; Juliusz Slowacki; Cyprian Norwid; Wladyslaw Syrokomla; Maria Konopnicka; Jan Kasprowicz; Antoni Lange; Leopold Staff; Boleslaw Lesmian; Julian Tuwim; Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz; Maria Pawlikowska; Kazimiera Illakowicz; Antoni Slonimski; Jan Lechon; Konstanty Ildefons Galczynski; Kazimierz Wierzynski; Aleksander Wat; Mieczyslaw Jastrun; Tymoteusz Karpowicz; Zbigniew Herbert; Bogdan Czaykowski; Stanislaw Baranczak; Anna Swirszczynska; Jerzy Ficowski; Janos Pilinsky; Adam Wazyk; Jan Twardowski; Anna Kamienska; Artur Miedzyrzecki; Wiktor Woroszlyski; Urszula Koziol; Ernest Bryll; Leszek A. Moczulski; Julian Kornhauser; Bronislaw Maj; Adam Zagajewskii Ferdous Shahbaz-Adel; Tadeusz Rozewicz; Ewa Lipska; Aleksander Jurewicz; Jan Polkowski; Ryszard Grzyb; Zbigniew Machej; Krzysztof Koehler; Jacek Podsiadlo; Marzena Broda; Czeslaw Milosz; and Wislawa Szymborska. (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Anthology of Polish Poetry. Fulbright Hays Summer Seminar Abroad Program 1998 (Hungary/Poland) Smith, Thomas A. -
Cultural Life in Independent Poland 1. Introduction 1. Difference Between
- 1 - Cultural Life in Independent Poland 1. Introduction 1. Difference between the atmosphere of the twenties and the thirties. The joy, even euphoria, that followed the recovery of independence in 1918 was faithfully noted by literature. Around 1930, the tone changed. The economic crisis, the violation of the constitution by the military junta, the emergence of fascist groupings on the Right, propagating antisemitism and announcing ‘a night of long knives’ for ‘Jews and intellectuals,’ converged with Hitler’s grab for power in neighbouring Germany. Marxist publications began to attract writers, although few felt able to place their trust in Stalin. The Communist Party of Poland, considered a foreign agent and, thus, illegal, was given a low rating in Moscow because of its efforts to adapt itself to specific local conditions; its leaders were called to Moscow in 1938 and executed by order of Stalin, while the party itself was disbanded under the pretext that it was infested with traitors. In intellectual circles a feeling of impotence and presentiments of an imminent European catastrophe prevailed. It is no wonder, then, that the literature of the thirties was marked by apocalyptic or humorously macabre visions. 2. Conditions for cultural life now very different. 3. Richness of interwar cultural life. 2. Poetry 1. Skamander - 2 - The dominant literary clique in Poland in the optimistic years of the 1920s, as distinct from the 1930s when the mood in the country became much gloomier and more apocalyptic was known as the the Skamander group. As the first generation of writers to come to maturity in an independent Poland, they were eager to throw off the heavy burden of commitment to the Polish cause which had weighed down literature in the nineteenth century. -
July 6-24, 20:30-22:00 Polish Time; 30 Academic Hours, 2 Credits/ECTS Points Lecturer: Jan Lencznarowicz Ph.D
HISTORY OF POLAND: FROM KINGDOM TO THIRD REPUBLIC (in English) July 6-24, 20:30-22:00 Polish time; 30 academic hours, 2 credits/ECTS points Lecturer: Jan Lencznarowicz Ph.D. hab., [email protected] All classes and the exam will be held on the Pegaz platform (or: Teams). All participants who marked this course on their application form will receive an invitation from the professor. Requirements for credits/ECTS points: 1. Students are required to attend all classes, no more than 1 class can be missed, each additional absence: -5%.The attendance counts for maximum 40% of the final grade; 2. Final oral exam based on the material from the lectures and on individual research – 60% of the final grade. The exam will be held upon individual arrangement with the lecturer, after the course ends but no later than July 29. The exam will be recorded. 3. Grading scale: 81–100% A excellent/bardzo dobry 76–80 B+ very good/+dobry 66-75 B good/dobry 61-65 C+ satisfactory/+dostateczny 51-60 C sufficient/dostateczny 0–50 F fail/niedostateczny Please keep in mind that if you don’t take the exam the course will not be listed on your Transcript of Studies (as if you had never taken it). SCHEDULE July 6, Monday THE FORMATION OF POLISH STATE. FIRST PIASTS 966–1138. CHRISTIANIZATION. TERRITORIAL FRAGMENTATION (1138–1320). TARTARS AND TEUTONIC ORDER. REUNIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY 1320–1370 July 7, Tuesday JAGIELLONIAN EPOCH IN 14TH-16TH CENTURIES. POLISH- LITHUANIAN UNION AND WARS WITH TEUTONIC ORDER July 8, Wednesday POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH. -
Facing History's Poland Study Tour Confirmed Speakers and Tour Guides
Facing History’s Poland Study Tour Confirmed Speakers and Tour Guides Speakers Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, Director Center for Holocaust Studies at the Jagiellonian University Dr. Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs is the Director of the Center for Holocaust Studies at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. She received her Ph.D. in Humanities from Jagiellonian University. Dr. Ambrosewicz-Jacobs was a fellow at several institutions. She was a Pew Fellow at the Center for the Study of Human Rights at Columbia University, a visiting fellow at Oxford University and at Cambridge University, and a DAAD fellow at the Memorial and Educational Site House of the Wannsee Conference. She is also the author of Me – Us – Them. Ethnic Prejudices and Alternative Methods of Education: The Case of Poland and has published more than 50 articles on anti-Semitism in Poland, memory of the Holocaust, and education about the Holocaust. Anna Bando, President Association of Polish Righteous Among Nations The Association of Polish Righteous Among Nations was founded in 1985. Its members are Polish citizens who have been honored with the title and medal of Righteous Among the Nations. The goals of the society are to disseminate information about the occupation, the Holocaust and the actions of the Righteous, and to fight against anti-Semitism and xenophobia. Anna Bando, nee Stupnicka, together with her mother, Janina Stupnicka, were honored in 1984 as Righteous Among the Nations for their rescue of Liliana Alter, an eleven year old Jewish girl, from the Warsaw ghetto. The two smuggled her out of the ghetto as well as provided her false papers and sheltered her until the end of the war. -
Poles and Jews: the Quest for Self-Determination 1919- 1934
Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919- 1934 By Feigue Cieplinski Poland became an independent nation against all odds in the interwar period and retained her sovereignty from 1919 to 1939; hence the concept “interwar Poland.” The vicissitudes of her existence earned her the name of “God’s Playground.” [1] The Jews within her borders shared her history since 1240 C.E. Their freedoms during this period, unequaled in other places of Western Europe, earned Poland the Biblical allusion of “New Canaan.” [2] In contrast, some scholars have described Poland’s Jewry in the interwar Republic as being “On the Edge Of Destruction.” [3] That Polish Jewry was in distress is attested by the urgent visit of Mr. Neville Laski, a member of the British Joint Foreign Committee closely associated with the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the Joint Distribution Committee, in 1934. [4] His August visit fell between two historical events framing Polish Jewry’s status: seven months before, in January of that year, Poland and Germany signed a bilateral non- aggression declaration and in September Colonel Josef Beck, as Foreign Minister, announced in Geneva, his country’s unilateral abrogation of the Minorities Treaty in force since 1919. The scholars listed below have studied separately either the birth of Poland and the imposition of the Minorities Protection Treaty, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, or the situation of the Jews in Poland. However, they have paid scant attention to the nexus between the rise of Hitler, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, the demise of the Minorities Protection Treaty, and the consequent worsening situation of Polish Jewry. -
Zionists and “Polish Jews”. Palestinian Reception of We, Polish Jews
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS LODZIENSIS FOLIA LITTERARIA POLONICA 6(36) 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1505-9057.36.07 Michał Sobelman* Zionists and “Polish Jews”. Palestinian Reception of We, Polish Jews In memory of professor Chone Szmeruk At the beginning of the sixties, Allenby street – the main commercial thorough- fare of Tel Aviv – was a Polish street. There, one could find all the official institutions like the embassy of the People’s Republic of Poland, where MP Antoni Bida resided, and in front of which masses of poor people gathered (according to the modified proverb “When in poverty, visit a Jew”). There were the offices of “Orbis”, a branch of the PKO bank and as many as three Polish bookshops, each of which would have been considered the best in any Polish city, Warsaw included. After the Six-Day War in June 1967 both the embassy and Orbis vanished, and a year later, after the memo- rable events of March, new immigrants from Poland appeared in Allenby street. If a list of best-selling books had been published in those bookshops at the time, I have no doubt that beside the Israeli stories by Hłasko, the top places would have been taken by Tuwim for children, The rhyme market and, first of all,Polish Flowers. I remember the bookshop of Edmund Neustein in the underground passage at Allenby particularly well, where, between the shelves, you could still feel the spirit of Marek Hłasko, who had died a few months earlier. One Friday afternoon in spring 1970 was especially memorable, when from the speaker of a Bambino turntable came the voice of Ewa Demarczyk singing Tomaszów and Grande Valse Brillante, and, soon after, Stanisław Wygodzki, a poet and a friend of my father from pre-war Będzin, recited emotionally the beginning of the prayer from Polish Flowers: Let clouds above us glow afire Pound through our hearts like a bell of gold, Open our Poland like the entire Sky you split open with a lightning bolt J. -
Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-Wwii Population Transfers
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FORCED MIGRATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL: EVIDENCE FROM POST-WWII POPULATION TRANSFERS Sascha O. Becker Irena Grosfeld Pauline Grosjean Nico Voigtländer Ekaterina Zhuravskaya Working Paper 24704 http://www.nber.org/papers/w24704 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 June 2018, Revised October 2018 We received excellent comments at Boston University, the Chicago Booth Miniconference on Economic History, the NBER Political Economy Meeting, the Conference on ‘Deep-Rooted Factors in Comparative Development’ at Brown University, the ‘Workshop in Political Economy and Economic Policy’ at QMU London, the Oxford-Warwick- LSE (OWL)Workshop, the ‘Culture, Institutions and Prosperity’ conference in Paris, and seminars at Barcelona GSE, Bristol, Cambridge, Chicago Harris, DIW Berlin, EEA-ESEM 2018, Frankfurt, Harvard, PSE, Simon Fraser, UPF, and Warwick. We thank Samuel Bazzi, Luis Candelaria, and Giampaolo Lecce for insightful discussions, Ilona Kawalec from CBOS for outstanding collaboration, and Vladimir Avetian for excellent research assistance. Sascha O. Becker acknowledges financial support by the ESRC Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (grant no. ES/ L011719/1). Ekaterina Zhuravskaya thanks the European Research Council (ERC) for funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (grant agreement No. 646662). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2018 by Sascha O.